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Results for “Reproductive Rights”

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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Formation of connections between cultured identified neurones from the pleural ganglion of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina.

A cluster of electrically interconnected neurosecretory cells (the 'white cells') involved in the control of reproductive behavior was identified in the right pleural ganglion of the marine mollusc, Clione limacina. Pleural ganglia also contain large neurons (PL1 and PL2) having no connections with each other and with the white cells. Most isolated white cells put into the simple unconditioned medium (50% L-15) adhered to the bottom of uncoated dishes and demonstrated neurite outgrowth for 7-10 days. If growing processes overlapped, the white cells formed electrical connections with each other, but they formed no connections with the PL1 and PL2 neurons. It is concluded that in the case which was under study cellular intrinsic properties were sufficient for the formation of 'correct' connections between neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Abortion laws and policies: challenges and opportunities.

An analysis of abortion law reform in all regions of the world in the past 20 years shows that countries have turned from a concentration upon criminality to a concern with women's health and family well-being. Pragmatic approaches to achieve liberalization of abortion laws are described. Where legal reform is unlikely, specification of professional medical standards, clarification of laws and the scope of allowable action, as well as supportive statements by government officials, can facilitate services and may ultimately have a positive influence on legal reform.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed1996

Resolving the clinical and ethical dilemma involved in fetal-maternal conflicts.

A serious ethical dilemma occurs when a pregnant woman refuses a medically indicated intervention. Should respect for her autonomy preclude any approach other than to accept her decision? Should the caregivers have recourse to "gentle persuasion"? Is there ever a justification for invoking the power of court-ordered intervention? The societal views on this subject are first developed from an ethical perspective. The pertinent court cases that reflect on this topic are reviewed. The process of developing guidelines within our institution is related. Finally, the guidelines that were eventually developed are offered.

Beneficence↗
PubMed2000

Rethinking maternal-fetal conflict: gender and equality in perinatal ethics.

Practitioners who care for pregnant women face dilemmas when their patients use illicit drugs, reject medical recommendations, or cause fetal harm. Many ethics scholars characterize those situations as maternal-fetal conflicts. In conflict-based models, maternal rights are considered to conflict with fetal rights, or moral obligations owed to pregnant women are considered to conflict with those owed to their fetuses. I offer an alternative model of pregnancy ethics by applying relational and equality-based moral theories to situations of fetal harm by pregnant women. In this model, clinicians faced with ethical dilemmas should attempt to understand pregnant women and their decisions within their broad social networks and communities, ask how the clinician's personal standpoint influences outcomes judged to be ethical, and determine whether the clinician's ethical formulations reduce or enhance existing gender, class, or racial inequality. This model focuses on the mutual needs of pregnant women and fetuses rather than on their mutually exclusive needs. It also avoids many pitfalls of traditional ethical formulations, specifically their tendency to neglect gender-specific modes of moral reasoning, their implicit assumptions that application of universal principles like autonomy and beneficence results in objective ethical solutions, and their failure to account for the ways that projecting fetal needs perpetuates social inequalities. This model provides the ethical foundations for moving law and policy away from criminalization and toward prevention of prenatal harm.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

[Cochin Hospital Clinical Ethics Center: the first two years].

INTRODUCTION: In September 2002, Cochin Hospital (Paris, France) opened a Clinical Ethics Center for patients, health proxies and members of the healthcare staff to consult when they face medical decisions raising ethical issues, that is, presenting possible conflicts in values. Three years after the opening of this experimental center that remains unique in France, we evaluated its activities. OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare consultations in 2003 and 2004 and to compare our activity with that of similar units abroad. METHODS: The descriptive analysis is based on data routinely collected for all consultations. RESULTS: The Center received 47 calls in 2003 and 83 in 2004. The most frequent reasons for consultation were: end of life issues (28%), patients' rights (25%), and questions about assisted reproduction technologies (16%). Two factors explain the increase in activity between 2003 and 2004. First, patients and their proxies called much more often: 24 calls in 2004, compared with only 10 in 2003. Second, research protocols designed to focus on specific ethical questions faced by medical teams in their daily practice required them to call systematically in the relevant situations (39 calls in 2004, compared with 15 in 2003). Calls from healthcare workers about one-time or ad hoc ethics questions remained stable (22 in 2003 and 21 in 2004). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Healthcare staff appear to need clinical ethics consultations less for help on ad hoc issues than for long-term collaboration on specific and frequent ethical issues that remain difficult, despite their familiarity. These findings refute earlier fears that healthcare personnel would use these consultations to avoid their own ethical responsibilities. The increasing direct demand from patients and proxies should continue during the next few years, for it corresponds to a profound social trend, to defend one's autonomy in the face of illness and to make decisions and take responsibility for oneself.

Demography↗
PubMed2004

Should doctors be the judges? Ambiguous policies on legal abortion in Nicaragua.

Nicaragua's Penal Code permits "therapeutic abortion" without defining the circumstances that warrant it. In the absence of a legally clear definition, therapeutic abortion is variously considered legal only to save the woman's life or also to protect the health of the woman, and in cases of fetal malformation and rape. This paper presents a study of the theory and practice of therapeutic abortion in Nicaragua within this ambiguous legal framework. Through case studies, a review of records and a confidential enquiry into maternal deaths, it shows how ambiguity in the law leads to inconsistent access to legal abortions. Providers based decisions on whether to do an abortion on women's contraceptive behaviour, length of pregnancy, compliance with medical advice, assessment of women's credibility and other criteria tangential to protecting women's health. The Nicaraguan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology aimed to clarify the law by developing a consensus among its members on the definition and indications for therapeutic abortion. If the law designates doctors as the gatekeepers to legal abortion, safeguards are needed to ensure that their decisions are based on those indications, and are consistent and objective. In all cases, women should be the ultimate arbiters of decisions about their reproductive lives, to guarantee their human right to life and health.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In quest of the perfect analogy for using in vitro fertilization patients as oocyte donors.

Whether painted in totalitarian terror, like the organ farm story and The Handmaid's Tale, the science-fiction reality of Make Room! Make Room!, the cinema noir urban tragedy of prostitution, or the portrayals of slavery (Afro-American, Nazi-European, and Russian), this series of resemblances, I hope, illustrates the power of analogy to surface sensitivity to ethical issues in the efficient, and possibly entertaining, texture demanded by medical personnel. Although my quest was quixotic from the start, I hope that this exercise will encourage your consideration of using analogy as an educational tool to heighten the awareness in medical personnel to many issues, to allow our better service of patients and society.

Commodification↗