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PubMed1994

Item and order dissociation in humans with prefrontal cortex damage.

Subjects with bilateral, right or left prefrontal cortex damage and age matched controls were tested for item and order recognition memory for spatial location, word, abstract picture and hand position information. Prefrontal cortex damaged subjects showed, in general, no deficits on item recognition tests relative to controls with the exception of a deficit for hand positions. In contrast, prefrontal cortex damaged groups had severe deficits on all order recognition tests relative to controls. With respect to lateralization, order recognition memory deficits occurred for right, bilateral, but not left prefrontal cortex damaged subjects for spatial location information, but for both right and left prefrontal cortex damaged subjects for words, abstract pictures, and hand position. The data suggest that the prefrontal cortex mediates temporal order information for all modalities tested as well as item recognition memory for egocentric spatial information.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Episodic memory and learning in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

This study explored the pattern of memory functioning in 58 patients with chronic schizophrenia and compared their performance with 53 normal controls. Multiple domains of memory were assessed, including verbal and non-verbal memory span, verbal and non-verbal paired associate learning, verbal and visual long-term memory, spatial and non-spatial conditional associative learning, recognition memory and memory for temporal order. Consistent with previous studies, substantial deficits in long-term memory were observed, with relative preservation of memory span. Memory for temporal order and recognition memory was intact, although significant deficits were observed on the conditional associative learning tasks. There was no evidence of lateralized memory impairment. In these respects, the pattern of memory impairment in schizophrenia is more similar in nature to that found in patients with memory dysfunction following mesiotemporal lobe lesions, rather than that associated with focal frontal lobe damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Under what conditions is recognition spared relative to recall after selective hippocampal damage in humans?

The claim that recognition memory is spared relative to recall after focal hippocampal damage has been disputed in the literature. We examined this claim by investigating object and object-location recall and recognition memory in a patient, YR, who has adult-onset selective hippocampal damage. Our aim was to identify the conditions under which recognition was spared relative to recall in this patient. She showed unimpaired forced-choice object recognition but clearly impaired recall, even when her control subjects found the object recognition task to be numerically harder than the object recall task. However, on two other recognition tests, YR's performance was not relatively spared. First, she was clearly impaired at an equivalently difficult yes/no object recognition task, but only when targets and foils were very similar. Second, YR was clearly impaired at forced-choice recognition of object-location associations. This impairment was also unrelated to difficulty because this task was no more difficult than the forced-choice object recognition task for control subjects. The clear impairment of yes/no, but not of forced-choice, object recognition after focal hippocampal damage, when targets and foils are very similar, is predicted by the neural network-based Complementary Learning Systems model of recognition. This model postulates that recognition is mediated by hippocampally dependent recollection and cortically dependent familiarity; thus hippocampal damage should not impair item familiarity. The model postulates that familiarity is ineffective when very similar targets and foils are shown one at a time and subjects have to identify which items are old (yes/no recognition). In contrast, familiarity is effective in discriminating which of similar targets and foils, seen together, is old (forced-choice recognition). Independent evidence from the remember/know procedure also indicates that YR's familiarity is normal. The Complementary Learning Systems model can also accommodate the clear impairment of forced-choice object-location recognition memory if it incorporates the view that the most complete convergence of spatial and object information, represented in different cortical regions, occurs in the hippocampus.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1998

Interhemispheric memory transfer in the intracarotid amobarbital procedure.

The authors examined interhemispheric memory transfer in 32 patients with lateralized temporal lobe complex partial epilepsy (15 right onsets, 17 left onsets). Visually presented verbal, nonverbal, and two types of dually encodable stimuli were displayed during amobarbital anesthesia, and recognition memory was tested with verbal and nonverbal (pointing) response modalities. No relationship was found between the material specificity of stimuli and response modality. The only significant findings were for poorer recognition memory after injection of the hemisphere contralateral to the seizure focus. Visual information presented predominantly to one hemisphere during anesthesia is available to the other hemisphere for recognition memory on clearing.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Differential rates of visual information processing in full-term and preterm infants.

This study investigated the effect of increasing familiarization time on the visual recognition memory of 6- and 12-month-old full-term and preterm infants. Infants were given trials in which they viewed a shape for either 10-, 15-, 20-, or 30-sec familiarization and were then tested for visual recognition memory using the paired comparison technique. While the older infants showed evidence of recognition memory after less familiarization time than the younger ones, at both ages preterms required considerably longer familiarization than full-terms. The pattern of performance replicates our earlier finding of developmental lags in the visual information processing of 6-month-old preterms and extends these findings to 12-month-olds. These results suggest that there are persistent differences between preterm and full-term infants throughout at least the first year of life in this very fundamental aspect of cognition.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Primate rhinal cortex participates in both visual recognition and working memory tasks: functional mapping with 2-DG.

The rhinal cortex in the medial temporal lobe has been implicated in object recognition memory tasks and indeed is considered to be the critical node in a visual memory network. Previous studies using the 2-deoxyglucose method have shown that thalamic and hippocampal structures thought to be involved in visual recognition memory are also engaged by spatial and object working memory tasks in the nonhuman primate. Networks engaged in memory processing can be recognized by analysis of patterns of activation accompanying performance of specifically designed tasks. In the present study, we compared metabolic activation of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex during the performance of three working memory tasks [delayed response (DR), delayed alternation (DA), and delayed object alternation (DOA)] to that induced by a standard recognition memory task [delayed match-to-sample (DMS)] and a sensorimotor control task in rhesus monkeys. A region-of-interest analysis revealed elevated local cerebral glucose utilization in the perirhinal cortex in animals performing the DA, DOA, and DMS tasks, and animals performing the DMS task were distinct in showing a strong focus of activation in the lateral perirhinal cortex. No significant differences were evident between groups performing memory and control tasks in the entorhinal cortex. These findings suggest that the perirhinal cortex may play a much broader role in memory processing than has been previously thought, encompassing explicit working memory as well as recognition memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effects of type I and type II corticosteroid receptor agonists on exploratory behavior and spatial memory in the Y-maze.

We investigated the effects of two adrenal steroid agonists on adrenalectomized (ADX) rats' performance on the Y-maze. The Y-maze was chosen because memory can be assessed quickly and because it is sensitive to various parameters of exploratory behavior and spatial memory performance. Four days after surgery, ADX rats were injected with aldosterone (ALDO, a selective Type I receptor agonist), RU362 (a selective Type II receptor agonist) or sesame vehicle at three different time points (120 min prior to Trial 1, immediately after Trial 1 or 120 min after Trial 1). SHAM-operated rats injected with vehicle were also tested. The results indicate that vehicle-treated ADX rats were impaired on spatial recognition memory compared to SHAM rats. Treatment with ALDO restored spatial recognition memory performance of ADX rats to a level comparable to SHAM-treated rats by acting on acquisition and consolidation, whereas treatment with RU362 did not change the poor spatial recognition memory performance of ADX rats. Discrimination memory was improved only when either agonist was injected prior to the first trial, strongly suggesting a non-selective effect of corticosteroids on discrimination memory such as increasing arousal. A detailed analysis of exploratory behavior showed that both the ALDO- and RU362-treated rats explored the Y-maze more than the ADX and SHAM groups at all periods of the experiment. These results show that the non-specific increase in exploratory behavior induced by replacing corticosteroids targeted at Type I and Type II receptors was used differentially with the ALDO-treated rats learning and consolidating spatial information better than the RU362-treated rats. These data are discussed along with other evidence to suggest that Type II receptors may require the simultaneous occupancy of Type I receptors to affect learning and memory processes.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1999

Rat hippocampal neurons are critically involved in physiological improvement of memory processes induced by cholecystokinin-B receptor stimulation.

The involvement in memory processes of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) through its interaction with the CCK-B receptors was studied. The two-trial recognition memory task was used. Control animals showed recognition memory after a 2 hr time interval but not after a 6 hr time interval between the two trials. The improving effect of a selective CCK-B agonist, BC 264, intraperitoneally administered (0.3 microgram/kg) in the retrieval phase of the task (6 hr time interval), was also observed after its injection (1 pmol/0.5 microliter) in the dorsal subiculum/CA1 of the hippocampus but not in the caudate/putamen nucleus or in the prefrontal cortex of rats. The CCK-B antagonist L-365,260 injected (10 ng/0.5 microliter) into this region of the hippocampus abolished the improving effect of BC 264 injected intraperitoneally. Furthermore, L-365,260 injected in the hippocampus suppressed the recognition of the novel arm normally found in the controls (2 hr time interval) when it was injected before the acquisition or the retrieval phase of the task. In addition, an increase of the extracellular levels of CCK-like immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of rats during the acquisition and retention phase of the task was observed. Finally, CCK-B receptor-deficient mice have an impairment of performance in the memory task (2 hr time interval). Together, these results support the physiological involvement of the CCKergic system through its interaction with CCK-B receptors in the hippocampus to improve performance of rodents in the spatial recognition memory test.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Tone probe event-related potential differences during a face recognition task in prepubertal children and Turner Syndrome girls.

Hormones have been shown to play a role in both cerebral development and neurocognitive function. Turner Syndrome (TS) provides the opportunity to study the effect of the lack of estrogen on neurocognitive development. In this study, event-related potential (ERP) differences were examined among 12 TS girls, 20 prepubertal control girls, and 20 prepubertal control boys during a face recognition memory task. Stage of puberty was determined by Tanner Scale rating and hormonal assay. ERPs to pairs of auditory probe stimuli were recorded from eight scalp sites while participants performed a faced recognition memory (FRM) task. For the N2 component of the ERP (which has previously been associated with evaluation of stimulus information, categorization difficulty, and attention), control boys displayed greater right versus left hemisphere amplitude, control girls displayed greater left versus right hemisphere amplitude, and there was no amplitude asymmetry for TS girls. Further, control girls had greater left hemisphere N2 amplitude than control boys and TS girls, and greater right hemisphere N2 amplitude than TS girls. The results suggest more right hemisphere activation during face recognition in boys, while the opposite pattern was present in control girls. In contrast, TS girls displayed no asymmetry, indicative of more uniform involvement of the left and right hemispheres during face recognition. These findings are consistent with differences in cortical organization related to face recognition memory processing among prepubertal control boys, girls, and TS girls. They also support the notion that sex differences in cognitive function are present prior to pubertal onset, and that lack of endogenous sex hormones (e.g., estrogen) during prenatal/perinatal development (i.e., for TS girls) may influence brain organization and, in turn, neurocognitive processes that relate to face recognition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Neuropsychological differentiation of small vessel disease, Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia.

This study examined the neuropsychological profile of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD, n=72), vascular dementia due to diffuse subcortical small vessel disease (SVD, n=18) and mixed dementia (AD+SVD, n=18). Five simple tests were analysed, i.e. verbal recall and recognition memory, object naming, word fluency and clock reading. Pairwise discriminant analyses classified 79-83% of the cases correctly. Mixed dementia (MD) patients showed lower word fluency; otherwise, their profile was indistinguishable from AD. Recognition memory and clock reading were identified as predictors of SVD vs. AD diagnosis. The potential of single variables to distinguish the groups was tested by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. A clock reading cut-off score close to maximum separated SVD from AD and MD. Recognition memory separated SVD from AD. These results show that neuropsychological tests can distinguish SVD and MD from AD with high sensitivity (88-94%). Due to the overlapping of scores and a higher prevalence of AD, specificity was moderate (65-76%) and positive predictive values were low, whereas sensitivity and negative predictive indices were high.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive processes involved in delayed non-matching-to-sample performance in Parkinson's disease.

Visual recognition memory was assessed in terms of delay duration, memory load and amount of interference(s) in non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using an automated delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMS) task with trial-unique stimuli. Special attention was focused on the different cognitive functions engaged by these patients in solving this recognition memory task. Thirteen patients with PD, carefully selected according to their stable regimen and anticholinergic medication, were compared to 12 controls matched by age and educational level. Besides the DNMS task, a neuropsychological battery that included tasks carefully selected according to processes potentially required to perform the DNMS task (e.g. attention, executive functions, visual discrimination and motor speed) was administered to the subjects. As compared with controls, patients with PD showed a deficit on most DNMS subscores, except those requiring the least cognitive load. The correlative analysis between the DNMS and other neuropsychological tasks suggests involvement of long-term memory mainly in the DNMS performance for the control group, contrasting with a major involvement of executive functions for the patients with PD. These data indicate that visual recognition memory impairment in non-demented patients with PD is largely due to an executive dysfunction, notably in working memory. Several hypotheses are proposed concerning the neuronal substrates underlying the impairment on the visual DNMS task in PD.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The clinical aspects of memory disorders: contributions from experimental studies of amnesia and dementia.

Many of the standardized memory tests employed by clinical neuropsychologists fail to demonstrate important differences in the memory disorders of amnesic and demented patients. To exemplify this heterogeneity of amnesic symptoms, the anterograde and retrograde amnesias of patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) and of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome are compared. While both patient groups have similar MQs, they differ dramatically in their recall and recognition memory and in their ability to acquire procedural (rule-based) information. The Korsakoff patients are impaired in both recall and recognition memory but are able to acquire and retain mirror reading skills. In contrast, the patients with HD are impaired in their acquisition of procedural knowledge and in verbal recall although their recognition memory approaches normality. The importance of such information for the assessment of the patients' memory disorders is discussed.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Early assessment of sensorimotor and cognitive development in high-risk infants.

Assessed 88 infants at risk for mental retardation on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and a measure of visual recognition memory at 3 months corrected age. Bayley scales were administered again when the infants were 1-year-old. At 3 months of age the Bayley scales and the measure of visual recognition memory were not significantly correlated. Both measures, however, showed significant correlation to the Bayley scales administered at 1 year of age. Results from regression analyses indicated that each measure at 3 months of age was related to a different source of variance in the 1-year measure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that at 3 months of age the visual recognition memory measure is a better early window into later cognitive development than the Bayley scales.

Child Development↗
PubMed1993

Declarative and nondeclarative memory in opposition: when prior events influence amnesic patients more than normal subjects.

Amnesic patients and normal subjects read the names of nonfamous persons. Then, after being told that all the names were nonfamous, subjects judged the fame of names on a mixed list of new famous names, old nonfamous names, and new nonfamous names. Finally, they took a recognition memory test involving old and new nonfamous names. In this way, declarative (explicit) memory and nondeclarative (implicit) memory were placed in opposition. That is, recollection that a name had been recently presented (and was therefore nonfamous) opposed the facilitatory effect by which prior presentation ordinarily increases the tendency to judge that name as famous. Normal subjects exhibited good recognition memory and no fame-judgment effect--that is, no difference in fame judgments for new and old nonfamous names. By contrast, for the amnesic patients recognition memory was poor, but a strong fame-judgment effect occurred--that is, amnesic patients judged old nonfamous names as famous. The results provide additional evidence that the fame-judgment effect is supported fully by nondeclarative (implicit) memory and is independent of the limbic/diencephalic brain structures damaged in amnesia.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Short-term conceptual memory for pictures.

Three converving procedures were used to determine whether pictures presented in a rapid sequence at rates comparable to eye fixations are understood and then quickly forgotten. In two experiments, sequences of 16 color photographs were presented at rates of 113, 167, or 333 msec per picture. In one group, subjects were given an immediate test of recognition memory for the pictures and in other groups they searched for a target picture. Even when the target had only been specified by a title (e.g., a boat) detection of a target was strikingly superior to recognition memory. Detection was slightly but significantly better for pictured than named targets. In a third experiment pictures were presented for 50, 70, 90 or 120 msec preceded and followed by a visual mask; at 120 msec recognition memory was as accurate as detection had been. The results, taken together with those in 1969 of Potter and Levy for slower rates of sequential presentation, suggest that on the average a scene is understood and so becomes immune to ordinary visual masking within about 100 msec but requires about 300 msec of further processing before the memory representation is resistant to conceptual masking from a following picture. Possible functions of a short-term conceptual memory, such as the control of eye fixations, are discussed.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2004

Memory structures for encoding and retrieving a piece of music: an ERP investigation.

This study examined behavioral and neural correlates of expert musical memory, specifically the hypothesis that particular bars within a complex piece of music would serve as structural markers for encoding to and retrieval from memory. Six pianists were asked to learn and memorize a set prelude by J.S. Bach for performance, and to identify bars that they employed for structuring the prelude into component sections. Following performance from memory, the participants took part in a visual recognition memory task, in which single bars from the prelude had to be distinguished from matched new bars. During the recognition task, the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, and event-related potentials (ERPs) from correctly identified prelude stimulus trials were averaged according to their hypothesized status into "structural" and "nonstructural" bars. The results showed that correct identification of structural bars was significantly faster (and tended to display higher accuracy) than recognition of non-structural ones. In addition, recognition of structural bars was associated with a significantly greater negative ERP peak of 300-400 ms latency and a right centro-parietal scalp distribution. This mid-latency negativity appears to index processing of stimuli that served as cues for encoding and retrieval of a complex semantic structure, and is qualitatively and conceptually different from other previously identified recognition memory ERPs (such as the "old/new" effect), as well as from the classic N400 ERP. The data support existing theories of expert memory and music cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Rate of maturation of the hippocampus and the developmental progression of children's performance on the delayed non-matching to sample and visual paired comparison tasks.

Although it has been widely speculated that the hippocampus, and the type of memory dependent upon the hippocampus, develops late in primates just as it does in rats (e.g., Nadel & Zola-Morgan, 1984; Bachevalier & Mishkin, 1984; Schacter & Moscovitch, 1984), the evidence to date would not seem to support this. Instead, there is behavioral evidence of very early recognition memory and anatomical evidence of very early hippocampal maturation in human and non-human primates. It is true, however, that the standard delayed non-matching to sample task, which requires recognition memory, is not mastered until quite late. The reason for this late mastery would appear to be the late emergence of some other ability required for the task, not recognition memory. The candidates for what that ability might be are (1) the capacity to plan and execute an indirect, two-action sequence, (2) the capacity to understand that the object stands for the reward, but is not the reward itself, (3) the ability to deduce an abstract rule, (4) the ability to make explicit on testing what can be shown implicitly during play, (5) the ability to quickly encode visual stimuli (speed of encoding), and (6) the ability to resist interference. Only empirical work will enable us to decide among these candidate abilities; that work is currently underway.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

EEG detection of early Alzheimer's disease using psychophysical tasks.

In this study, we hypothesized that a quantitative EEG (qEEG) method for measuring EEG variability combined with specific psychophysical tasks could improve the classification accuracy of subjects with normal aging vs. mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (ADRD). The cross-sectional sample consisted of 48 subjects (32 normal aging and 16 ADRD: n = 3 mild dementia, n = 13 MCI FAST stage 3). During EEG recording, subjects performed two visual, delayed recognition memory tasks as well as a task that tested their ability to perceive structure-from-motion (SFM). These EEG data were used to compute qEEG measures of the (normalized) variance of posterior cortical activity during the first 150 milliseconds (ms) after stimulus onset and the variance of anterior cortical activity during the second 150 ms epoch. The ratio, anterior/posterior cerebral qEEG value, was then computed for each subject, and the optimal cutoff value identified to discriminate normal from impaired subjects. An optimal qEEG cutoff value for the delayed recognition memory tasks correctly discriminated 30 of the 32 normal aging subjects (94% specificity) and 14 of 16 MCI-to-mild ADRD subjects (88% sensitivity). On the other hand, the application of this qEEG measure to EEG data recorded while subjects performed a SFM task did not distinguish between ADRD and normal aging any better than chance. In conclusion, this qEEG measure is specific to the psychophysical task being performed by the subject. When it was combined with delayed recognition memory tasks, it yielded results that are comparable to the accuracies reported by PET scan studies of normal aging vs. AD with mild cognitive impairment. These results warrant further evaluation.

Aged↗