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PubMed1996

Risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Taiwan.

A population-based case-control study was conducted in Taiwan between July 1991 and June 1994 to evaluate the significance between risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among Taiwanese women. Personal interviews were compiled with 288 histologically confirmed CIN who were matched by age to 576 randomly selected controls with normal cervical smears. Using logistic regression models to simultaneously evaluate the effects of multiple factors as predictors of CIN, we found that the strongest risk was associate with HPV infection (OR = 5.02). Other significant risks included husband's visiting prostitutes (OR = 2.56), four or more vaginal deliveries (OR = 2.01), two or more induced abortions (OR = 1.96), and multiple sex partners (OR = 1.87). A protective effect was also noted with the use of condoms (OR = 0.38). These data support the hypothesis that CIN is sexually transmitted in Taiwan's population and may have a viral etiology. Furthermore the results indicate the important role of the husband's visiting prostitutes and the nonuse of condoms as contributing factors in the high incidence rate for CIN in a population.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1996

Sex masks: the double life of female commercial sex workers in Mexico City.

The central topic of the article is the divided world of female commercial sex workers (FCSW) in Mexico City. Fourteen focus group sessions were conducted with 133 FCSW from varying socio-economic levels and types of work site, as well as seven individual interviews. FCSW live in a constant double bind, as mother and "prostitute," and come into daily contact with society's double standard for women. Reactions include justifying sex work as a better paying employment opportunity for women, as a necessary evil, and as a type of social service, while at the same time hiding their profession from their families. FCSW also live out an archetypal female ambivalence, their selves divided between the mother/"saint" and the traitor/"prostitute." This article defines elements which should be taken into account in culturally appropriate programs for prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission, especially the importance which FCSW give to their role as mothers and promotion of the condom as a physical and symbolic barrier between professional and private life.

Condoms↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of liver disease and infection by hepatitis B, delta virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in two Spanish penitentiaries.

We studied the prevalence of liver disease and the carrier state for hepatitis B (HBV), delta virus (HDV) and HIV-1 infection in two Valencian penitentiaries, one for males and the other for females. Serological results were correlated with history of intravenous drug addiction, alcohol abuse, homosexuality or prostitution (high-risk groups), and duration and number of internments. A high prevalence of increased transaminase levels (52.2%) and serological markers for HBV infection (66.5%) was observed amongst the inmates, figures being higher amongst high-risk individuals and inmates confined for more than 6 months. No signs of HDV or HIV-1 infection were found amongst the prison staff. Anti-HIV-1 positivity was observed most frequently amongst individuals combining both drug abuse and homosexuality/and prostitution.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

[Partnership and sex behavior of consumers of illegal drugs: a survey of 654 persons in the "open" drug scene in Zurich].

In the spring of 1991, a survey was carried out in the "open" drug scene in Zürich's Platzspitz area with the objective of studying drug users' behaviour with regard to relationships and sexuality, a random sample of 654 users (both male and female) of illegal drugs being interviewed and the data drawn from these interviews being compared with corresponding data on average young adults aged 17 to 30. The latter data have been continuously collected since 1986 to evaluate Switzerland's strategy to prevent AIDS. About fifty per cent of drug users are in steady relationships, which is a smaller proportion than among average young adults. On the other hand, occasional sexual contacts (whether or not a steady relationship exists) are three times as frequent among drug users. The use of condoms is slightly more frequent here than among the average population, but is not as yet-and especially among those who are HIV-positive-consistent enough by any means. The influence of drug abuse on sexuality is usually felt to be negative (decline in libidinal energy, impotence), and often brings about a decrease in sexual contacts. This is equally true of both opiates and stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine). Promiscuous behaviour is rare as such and does not occur with any greater frequency than among the average population. However, a large proportion of drug users is at some stage exposed to prostitution. In summary, one can say that the preventive strategy continues to be deficient where the sexual activities of drug users are concerned. A greater effort should be made, in this context, to target the following groups: persons already frequenting advice centers, persons who are HIV-positive, and male prostitutes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Sexual behavior of unmarried Colombian University students: a five-year follow-up.

The results of a 5-year follow-up survey on the sexual behavior of unmarried Colombian University students are reported. On the whole, these findings corroborate the earlier data. Coital incidences of 93.9% among males and 38.3% among females, as well as the important role prostitution still plays in the sexual lives of males, show that the double standard is much in force. However, there are indicators of its erosion, such as male students' decreasing reliance on prostitutes as sources of sexual outlet and the appreciable incidence of female premarital coitus, which could reach 50% among those students that eventually marry.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Behavioral differences and emotional conflict among male-to-female transsexuals.

Salient differences in behavior between two groups of male transsexuals have been studied. Topics investigated are transsexualism and homosexuality, prostitution and employment, affectlessness, need for reassurance, and deprecation of others. The hypothesis is advanced that those who are leading more stable lives and who are working in gainful employment have developed a stronger self-system which has enabled them to come to terms more effectively with the basic emotional conflict underlying transsexualism than have those who are and have been engaged in homosexuality and prostitution.

Emotions↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Frankfurt, Germany.

In the present study 150 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from prostitutes in Frankfurt, Germany, were investigated for their in vitro susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution test. While 21.3% of gonococci were highly resistant to penicillin (MICs > or = 2 mg/l), 49.4% of the organisms were moderately sensitive (MICs = 0.125-0.5 mg/l) and only 29.3% of strains were fully susceptible to penicillin (MICs < or = 0.06 mg/l). No resistance to other antibiotics tested was observed, with the exception of doxycycline, to which overall resistance was 9.7%. Genotypic analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by the restriction enzyme technique showed that most penicillin-resistant strains could be grouped into two main bacterial clones, whereas penicillin-susceptible isolates displayed a remarkable heterogeneity. This observation suggests that a restricted number of resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains are likely to spread within the prostitute population of Frankfurt, Germany.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Hepatitis C virus infection in sexually promiscuous groups.

As there is insufficient data available on the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by sexual transmission, the prevalence of anti-HCV was determined in several sexually promiscuous groups (78 female prostitutes, 55 clients of prostitutes and 146 homosexual men) who denied intravenous drug abuse. The overall HCV infection rate was much higher in the sexually promiscuous groups (8.97%, 16.36% and 5.48% respectively) than in voluntary blood donors (0.48%), suggesting that HCV infection can be transmitted by sexual intercourse. Consequently, promiscuity may be a risk factor for this infection.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1995

[Pruritus of the artificial vagina of a transsexual patient caused by gonococcal infection].

Report on a 31-year-old male-to-female transsexual prostitute with a 3-week history of worsening pruritus and dysaesthesia in her neovagina, which had been constructed by means of penile skin invagination. The microbial diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) showed gonococcal infection in the high vagina, while none was found in the urethra. Other STD and allergic contact sensitization were excluded. Despite the regularly stratified epithelium of the neovagina, which is physiologically resistant to gonococcal infection, this possibility must be considered in transsexual prostitutes.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

HIV knowledge and sexual risk behaviors of street children in Takoradi, Ghana.

A pilot survey was conducted among 100 street children aged 11-19 years and data collected regarding HIV knowledge, risk behaviors, home and sexual experiences, and factors that contributed to their relocation to the street environment. Data indicated that 80% of the street children had at least minimal knowledge of HIV and 54% perceived themselves to be at risk for contracting HIV. More than three-fourths of the females, and over half of the boys reported ever having sex. There were significant differences between males and females for sexual activity, physical and sexual abuse, and prostitution, as girls were more likely to be sexually active, physically abused, and involved in prostitution.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Sexual identity formation and AIDS prevention: an exploratory study of non-gay-identified Puerto Rican MSM from working class neighborhoods.

As a subgroup of men who have sex with men (MSM), non-gay-identified (NGI) behaviorally bisexual Latino MSM are associated with heightened probabilities of HIV transmission, yet they have eluded HIV/AIDS interventionists. This exploratory study of Puerto Rican MSM drug users employed multi-session qualitative interviews to examine early life experiences related to gender identity and sexual orientation, and the place of risky drug and sexual behaviors in the process of sexual identity formation. NGI participants experienced sexual debut between ages 13 and 20, and most were recruited to prostitution as young teens by NGI age mates who were also members of drug use networks. Participants emphasized their role as insertive sexual partners and that they maintained relationships with pasivo biological males. It is feasible to recruit NGI MSM through primary male sexual partners and drug use networks. HIV/AIDS prevention based on awareness of developmental histories holds promise for intervening before NGI youth engage in male prostitution or injection drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Some aspects of the diagnosis of specific vaginal infections in the Rotterdam STD clinic population.

We studied specific vaginal infections in 351 consecutive women who visited the Rotterdam STD clinic. Prostitutes less often had vaginal or vulvar complaints than non-prostitutes (Fisher test, p less than 0.01), but more often had abnormal discharge (Fisher test, p less than 0.001). Normal secretions were found in 52% of the women. Clue cell-positive discharge (CCPD) was by far the most prevalent vaginal disease entity (32%). The wet mount showed pseudo-hyphae in 14 women (4%) and Trichomonas vaginalis was detected in 20 (6%). Microscopy (normal saline, no KOH 10%) had an overall sensitivity of 18% in the diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection. The sensitivity substantially rose with the 'degree' of infection. In the case of trichomoniasis the sensitivity was 55%. The rates of positive cultures of Candida species, T. vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were 21%, 13%, 9% and 10% respectively. Symptoms and signs were not of much help in the correct classification of the different diagnostic categories due to considerable overlap. However, curdy secretions are indicative of candidal infection. Tests for anaerobic overgrowth showed a 99% correct classification of normal secretions, which implies that smelling the vaginal secretions on the withdrawn speculum is a major diagnostic office procedure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlamydial genital infection in Algiers: a sero-epidemiological survey.

Using a microimmunofluorescence test, the prevalence of antichlamydial immunoglobulin (Ig) G in 720 people in Algiers was studied. 34 (36%) of women with low genital infection, 28 (30%) of 91 patients attending a cancer screening clinic, and 44 (100%) of prostitutes had antichlamydial IgG at a titre greater than or equal to 1:16. Among 180 women seeking a rubeola test, 48 (26.6%) had IgG titres greater than or equal to 1:16. 144 infants less than 3 months old were also tested and 16.6% of them had IgG titres greater than or equal to 1:160; 20 (20.7%) of 97 men with chronic urethritis had IgG titres greater than or equal to 1:16. Antibody titres suggesting active disease in prostitutes, patients attending the cancer screening clinic and women with low genital infection were found in 95%, 11% and 17% respectively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in Somalia.

The prevalence in Somalia of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined in a survey of 236 female prostitutes, 80 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients, 79 male soldiers, and 43 tuberculosis patients. Of 98 (22%) serum samples repeatedly anti-HCV reactive by first and second generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, only 8 (1.8%) were anti-HCV positive by immunoblot assay (RIBA-2). Anti-HCV seropositivity by immunoblot assay was not associated with any risk group or with positive syphilis serology (found in 18% of subjects) or antibody to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (in 1.4% of subjects). These data indicate that sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus is not common in Somalia among sexually active populations, including female prostitutes and other groups at high risk of STDs and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Criminal consequences of childhood sexual victimization.

Using a prospective cohorts design, we assess the long-term criminal consequences of childhood sexual abuse through an examination of official criminal histories for a large sample of validated cases of childhood sexual abuse, compared to cases of physical abuse and neglect and a control group matched for age, race, sex, and approximate family socioeconomic status. Compared to other types of abuse and neglect, early childhood sexual abuse does not uniquely increase an individual's risk for later delinquent and adult criminal behavior. Childhood sexual abuse victims were at increased risk of arrest as a juvenile for being a runaway. As adults, child sexual abuse victims were at higher risk of arrest for sex crimes than controls, as were victims of physical abuse and neglect. Childhood sexual abuse victims were more likely to be arrested for prostitution as adults than other abuse and neglect victims and controls, regardless of gender. However, there was no support for a direct relationship among child sexual abuse, arrests for running away in adolescence, and adult arrests for prostitution. The findings also suggest an association for males between physical abuse and arrests for violent sex crimes (rape and/or sodomy). Caution is needed in interpreting these findings because of exclusive reliance on official record data and the possible impact of agency intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Phlebotomy in inoculation risk patients: a questionnaire survey of knowledge and practices of hospital doctors in Liverpool.

To assess the knowledge of hospital doctors about patients at increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus, and the precautions they took during phlebotomy in such patients, an anonymous postal questionnaire was sent to all 307 hospital doctors working at two District General Hospitals in Liverpool, UK. Two hundred and thirty-eight (77.5%) of the questionnaires were returned. More than 90% of respondents considered a history of male homosexuality, intravenous drug abuse, prostitution or a child of a prostitute to indicate an inoculation risk. There was uncertainty about a previous prison sentence in the 1980s, residence in a home for the mentally handicapped, previous residence in the tropics and hospital treatment in the tropics. Thirty-eight percent of doctors would never enquire about sexual preference, 54.1% about a previous prison sentence and 15.7% about intravenous drug abuse in their clinical history. Although 97.4% of doctors would sometimes or always wear gloves during phlebotomy of an inoculation risk patient, 25.5% always resheathed the needle after phlebotomy and 20.8% would never take the sharps box to the patient. More effort is required to identify accurately inoculation risk patients and greater care is needed in phlebotomy techniques.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of Threshold: an independent living program for homeless adolescents.

The Threshold Project, a residential treatment program, was designed to work with homeless and alienated young women who were approaching 18 years of age but lacked the skills, values, and attitudes necessary to care for themselves and assume the responsibilities of adulthood. Project services were designed to prepare these young women for independent living and to break the intergenerational cycle of abuse and neglect experienced by this population. Threshold offered a series of progressively more independent living experiences to young homeless women ages 16-18 years, who had been sexually/physically/emotionally abused or neglected, and who had been involved in or at high risk for prostitution. A majority of the clients responded well to the requirements of the program, including the expectation that they maintain employment and participate in educational programs during the semi-independent living phase of the project. A follow-up assessment undertaken after clients left the project found that 42% of the young women met all "success" criteria, that is, they lived independently (or in stable situations), attended school and/or were employed, had not engaged in prostitution or other offense behavior, and did not abuse alcohol or other substances.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Methadone-assisted rehabilitation of Swedish heroin addicts.

During its first 20 years of existence a national Swedish methadone maintenance programme received 174 heroin addicts. Programme policy, with a massive emphasis on vocational rehabilitation, and outcome data are described. In 75% of the cases the subjects abandoned their drug abuse behaviour and took up work while 25% were expelled from the programme due to violation of rules. The stability of the programme was established by 14 yearly check-ups of the percentage working and studying, which remained about 80%. The tendency towards maturing out of addiction was low in Swedish heroin addicts (6%) as evidenced by a special study including a 6-year follow-up of 34 subjects fulfilling admission criteria. Half of this group received methadone, while the other half were randomly assigned controls. The death rate among controls was at least 73 times the expected for the age group studied (20-24 years), while 81% of those receiving methadone became free of drug abuse and vocationally rehabilitated. The control group also showed a high rate of drug abuse-related morbidity. Among 34 female heroin addicted prostitutes 71% abandoned drugs and street prostitution and took up regular work.

Adult↗