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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging, clinical, electrodiagnostic, and intraoperative findings.

The diagnosis of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has relied primarily on clinical and electrodiagnostic findings. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used in the evaluation of peripheral nerve entrapment disorders to document signal and configuration changes in nerves. We performed a prospective study on a population of 31 elbows in 27 patients with ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow. The study correlated MRI findings with clinical, electrodiagnostic, and operative findings. A control population consisting of 10 asymptomatic subjects also was studied by MRI. Electrodiagnostic evaluation confirmed ulnar neuropathy in 24 (77%) elbows of the 31, with localization to the elbow region in 21 (68%). MRI, using a short tau inversion recovery sequence, demonstrated increased signal of the ulnar nerve in 30 (97%) elbows of the 31 and enlargement of the ulnar nerve in 23 (74%). No MRI abnormalities were found in the control population. MRI signal increase of the ulnar nerve occurred an average of 27 mm proximal to the distal humerus and extended distally an average of 4 mm below the distal humerus. The mean total length of increased ulnar nerve signal was 34 mm. Ulnar nerve enlargement occurred an average of 19 mm proximal to the distal humerus and extended distally an average of 8 mm above the distal humerus. The mean total length of ulnar nerve enlargement was 12 mm. The 12 patients who underwent a surgical procedure for ulnar nerve entrapment were found to have ulnar nerve compression, with 9 (75%) having excellent and 3 (25%) having good postoperative results. In this study, MRI was both sensitive and specific in diagnosing ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow as defined by clinical, electrodiagnostic, and operative findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Risk factors for fibroadenoma: a case-control study in Australia.

Risk factors for fibroadenoma were examined in a case-control study involving 117 fibroadenoma cases ascertained by a major private pathology laboratory in Adelaide, Australia, between January 1983 and October 1985. For each case a population control was randomly selected from the electoral roll in Adelaide and matched to the corresponding case by sex, age, and socioeconomic grading of area of residence. Another 189 women whose first biopsy for benign breast disease was examined in the same laboratory during the same time period as those of the cases, but did not show evidence of epithelial proliferation, were also included in the study as a biopsy control group. Risk of fibroadenoma was associated inversely with the Quetelet index, but there was no evidence of an association with age at menarche or menopausal status. The risk of fibroadenoma decreased with an increasing number of full-term pregnancies and was increased in association with use of oral contraceptives at an early age (under 20 years); however, these two associations were observed only when cases were compared with the population controls. Alcohol consumption and dietary fat intake were found not to be associated with altered risk of fibroadenoma, while in multivariate analyses, duration of cigarette smoking and daily vitamin C intake were both shown to have inverse associations with risk of fibroadenoma. Although fibroadenoma does share some risk factors with breast cancer, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that it represents a precursor state.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is overrepresented in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We determined the prevalence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD in SLE patients with and without CVD compared with controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-six women (aged 52+/-8.2 years) with SLE and a history of CVD (SLE cases) were compared with 26 age-matched women with SLE but without manifest CVD (SLE controls) and 26 age-matched population-based control women (population controls). Common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasound as a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis. SLE cases had increased IMT compared with SLE controls (P=0.03) and population controls (P=0.001), whereas IMT of SLE controls did not differ from population controls. SLE cases had raised plasma concentrations of circulating oxidized LDL (OxLDL; P=0.03), as measured by the monoclonal antibody EO6, and autoantibodies to epitopes of OxLDL (P<0.001); dyslipidemia with raised triglycerides (P<0.001) and lipoprotein(a) (P=0.002) and decreased HDL-cholesterol concentrations (P=0.03); raised alpha-1-antitrypsin (P=0.002), lupus anticoagulant (P=0.007), and homocysteine levels (P=0.03); more frequent osteoporosis (P=0.03); and a higher cumulative prednisolone dose (P=0.05) compared with SLE controls. Disease duration, smoking, blood pressure, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: alpha set of distinct CVD risk factors separate SLE cases from SLE controls and population controls. If confirmed in a prospective study, they could be used to identify SLE patients at high risk for CVD in order to optimize treatment.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1999

A cytogenetic study of nuclear power plant workers using the micronucleus-centromere assay.

A cytogenetic study was performed in 215 nuclear power plant workers occupationally exposed to radiation using the micronucleus-centromere assay for peripheral blood lymphocytes. As control population served administrative staff with yearly doses below 1 mSv. The increase of the micronucleus frequency with age, observed in the non-smoking control population, is mainly due to an enhanced number of centromere-positive micronuclei, pointing to an increased chromosome loss. No differences in the number of micronuclei, centromere-positive and centromere-negative micronuclei between smokers and non-smokers are observed. An analysis of the micronucleus data vs. the dose accumulated over the 10 years preceding the venepuncture shows no significant clastogenic or aneuploidogenic effects of the exposure in the studied population which is representative for workers in the nuclear industry at present. According to the linear fits to our data an increase of the micronucleus frequency pro rata 0.5 per 1000 binucleated cells per year, related to the centromere-negative micronuclei, may be expected for workers with the maximal tolerable dose of 20 mSv/year.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Serum immunoreactive melatonin in boys with delayed puberty.

Serum immunoreactive melatonin was measured in thirty-three male subjects with delayed puberty, thirty of whom had simple (idiopathic) delayed puberty (SDP) and three of whom were GH deficient. The results were compared with a control population of twenty-six subjects. Significantly elevated values of serum melatonin were demonstrated in both groups of abnormal subjects as compared with the control population (P less than 0.0001). No significant fall of serum melatonin was noted in the subjects with simple pubertal delay prior to the onset of puberty. However, there was a significant fall of serum melatonin in these subjects between mid and late puberty (P less than 0.025). The results suggest that whilst melatonin may inhibit puberty, a fall in serum levels is not essential for the commencement of puberty in man.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Blood-pressures in offspring of hypertensive parents.

The blood-pressures in a material of 59 children aged 6-17 years and 49 adults aged 18-37 years, all of whom had one parent with essential hypertension were compared with control materials. Despite the facts that all of these had one parent with essential hypertension and 2/3 had, in addition, at least one grandparent with essential hypertension, the blood-pressures in the age-group 6-17 years did not differ from the control population. This held true also for the pulse, obesity index, weight and HDL/total cholesterol. In the age-group 18-37 years, 22% had diastolic blood-pressures of over the 95% control percentile. In the group of men as a whole, the diastolic blood-pressure (phase 4) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in the control population while no difference in the systolic blood-pressure was found. It is concluded that it does not appear to be necessary to control the blood-pressure in children under the age of 18 years with one hypertensive parent more frequently than in other children, while there may be good reasons for controlling the blood-pressure in young adults over 18 years if one of the parents has hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Family planning in India.

The government of India is paying increasingly more attention to family planning in the country. For the years 1969-1974, the so-called Fourth Development Plan Period, the budget for family planning and population control is nearly 12 times that for the previous 5-year period. A total of $432.75 million has been appropriated for family planning and population control during the Fourth Development Plan. A large percentage of this money has been marked for research and development of new methods and means for the most practical family planning and fertility control. Most of this research is coordinated by the Indian Council of Medical Research. Fertility control in India consists of public education, family counseling, and direct medical aid.

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Reproductive failure as a health priority in the Third World: a review.

Family planning is synonymous with contraception in most third world countries, even though--in a great number of these countries--infertility, foetal death and child loss together constitute an important public health problem resulting in a high prevalence of childlessness. In underdeveloped countries much less attention has been paid to reproductive failures than in contraceptive failure and a highly biased approach towards "population control" has dominated. It is argued that childlessness represents a neglected aspect of family planning and that narrow-minded and goal-oriented population control is likely to be unsuccessful if it does not take into account all determinants of human reproductive failure.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Although the association between streptococcal infection and guttate psoriasis is well known, to date there has been little information on whether only limited groups and/or serotypes of beta-hemolytic streptococci are involved. One hundred eleven patients with a sudden onset or deterioration of psoriasis were investigated for evidence of streptococcal infection. Of these patients, 34 had acute guttate psoriasis, 30 had a guttate flare of chronic psoriasis, 37 had chronic plaque psoriasis, and 10 had other types of psoriasis. RESULTS: Serologic evidence of recent streptococcal infection was present in 19 (58%) of 33 patients with acute guttate psoriasis compared with seven (26%) of 27 patients with guttate exacerbations of chronic psoriasis. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from 19 (17%) of all 111 patients (9 [26%] of 34 with acute guttate psoriasis, four [13%] of 30 with guttate exacerbations of chronic psoriasis, and five [14%] of 37 patients with chronic psoriasis) compared with seven (7%) of 101 of a control population of patients being seen for treatment of viral warts. Other beta-hemolytic streptococci were found with equal frequency in the study and control populations. Thirteen isolates of 10 different streptococcal serotypes were obtained from the 64 patients with guttate psoriasis. These serotypes were similar in distribution and prevalence to those present in the local community. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the strong association between prior infection with S pyogenes and guttate psoriasis but suggests that the ability to trigger guttate psoriasis is not serotype specific.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Objective evaluation of psychological abnormality in irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is frequently regarded as a psychological disorder. Data on objective evaluation of psychological abnormalities among IBS patients and control subjects are scanty in our country. We therefore objectively studied patients with IBS. METHODS: 42 patients satisfying the Manning's criteria and Munich workers' for diagnosis of IBS underwent psychological evaluation using the following tests: a) Eyesenck personality questionnaire. b) State and trait anxiety inventory according to Speilberger's method. c) Hamilton depression rating scale for detection of depression. d) Whitely index of hypochondriasis and discriminant function by Pilowsky's illness behavior questionnaire. RESULTS: Neuroticism was detected in 76% of IBS patients compared to 9% in control population (p < 0.01). State and trait anxiety scores were 44.5 +/- 17.1 and 49.0 +/- 15.3 respectively in IBS patients; these were higher than those in controls (35.5 +/- 7.5 and 41.2 +/- 6.1 respectively; p < 0.01). Severe depression was observed in 26% of IBS patients and 6% of control subjects (p < 0.05). Significantly higher hypochondriasis score was observed in IBS patients as compared to controls (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Neuroticism, hypochondriasis and depression were significantly more prevalent in IBS patients attending a clinic, compared to control population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Normal perinatal mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus in a series of 300 consecutive pregnancy outcomes.

Reports of outcomes of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes have consistently found increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. The primary objective of our study was to compare the perinatal mortality rate in type 1 diabetic pregnancies with that of the general population. The secondary objective was to compare the morbidities in these groups. A series of 247 women with type 1 diabetes had 300 consecutive pregnancy outcomes analyzed over a 10-year period. They were compared with the control population from the same hospital. Perinatal mortality was 6.6/1000 (95% CI, 0-17), which was significantly lower than the control population rate of 31/1000. There was an increased incidence of morbidity including maternal hypertension, cesarean section, preterm delivery, birth injury, large for gestational age infants, admissions to neonatal intensive care, neonatal hypoglycemia, and phototherapy. Pregnancies in type 1 diabetes can be associated with a normal perinatal mortality rate although morbidity remains elevated compared with controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Distal adenomatous polyps are rare in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: There is an increased risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of left sided adenomas in patients with IBD aged 55-64 years with a local age matched control population. METHOD: A review of clinical notes. The prevalence of adenomas in patients with IBD attending for either sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy was compared with local age matched controls that participated in the national screening trial for colorectal cancer with flexible sigmoidoscopy. RESULTS: Of 106 patients (61 male, 45 female, mean age of 59 years), 80 suffered from ulcerative colitis, 20 from Crohn's disease, and six from indeterminate colitis. All patients had undergone at least one flexible sigmoidoscopy and 75 had a colonoscopy. Distal adenomas were found in three patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 67 of 749 controls (2.8% v 8.9%, chi(2) = 4.6, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that distal adenomatous polyps are rare in patients aged 55-64 years with IBD compared with a control population. This supports the hypothesis that lesions other than polyps are important for the development of colorectal cancer in patients with IBD.

Adenomatous Polyps↗
PubMed2001

Association of estrogen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms with sporadic breast cancer.

We have utilized a cross-sectional association approach to investigate sporadic breast cancer. Polymorphisms in 2 candidate genes, ESRalpha and GRL, were examined in an unrelated breast cancer-affected and age-matched control population. Several polymorphic regions within the ESRalpha gene have been identified, and some alleles of these polymorphisms have been found to occur at increased levels in breast-cancer patients. Additionally, variations in GRL have the potential to disrupt cell transcription and may be associated with cancer formation. We analyzed 3 polymorphisms, from codons 10 (TCT to TCC), 325 (CCC to CCG) and 594 (ACA to ACG) of ESRalpha, and a highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, D5S207, located within 200 kb of the GRL. When allelic frequencies of the codon 594 (exon 8) ESR polymorphism were compared between affected and unaffected populations, a significant difference was observed (p = 0.005). Results from the D5S207 dinucleotide repeat located near GRL also indicated a significant difference between the tested case and control populations (p = 0.001). Allelic frequencies of the codon 10 and codon 325 ESR polymorphisms were not significantly different between populations (p = 0.152 and 0.181, respectively). Our results indicate that specific alleles of the ESR gene (alpha subtype) and a marker for the GRL gene locus are associated with sporadic breast-cancer development in the tested Caucasian population and justify further investigation of the role of these and other nuclear steroid receptors in the etiology of breast cancer.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol and cigarette smoking and the risk of colorectal adenomas.

Whether alcohol and tobacco can be considered as risk factors for the occurrence of adenomas remains inconclusive. A case-control study was carried out to examine these factors while taking into account possible confounding factors. One hundred eighty-two patients with colorectal adenomas and similar numbers of hospital and population controls were compared as to intake of alcohol and various nutrients including smoking and drug intake. There was a positive association between cigarette smoking and adenoma risk compared with hospital controls, the RR being 2.3 (1.1-4.6). Overall alcohol intake was no risk factor in hospital controls, but drinking liquor was associated with an increased risk, the RR being 4.1 (1.3-13.4) and was especially marked in males [RR 10.2 (2.3-46.2)]. Compared with population controls, there was no increased RR associated with smoking or alcohol intake. None of the risk factors was positively associated with disease risk in those with small or large adenomas. These findings suggest that alcohol and tobacco play no major role in the formation or growth of adenomas.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections: case-control population-based surveillance study of patients in Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003.

Candida parapsilosis has emerged as an important yeast species causing fungemia. We describe the incidence and epidemiology of C. parapsilosis fungemia. Data from active population-based surveillance in Barcelona, Spain, from January 2002 to December 2003 were analyzed. We focused on 78 episodes of C. parapsilosis fungemia, and we compared them with 175 Candida albicans controls. C. parapsilosis accounted for 23% of all fungemias. The annual incidences were 1 episode per 10(5) patients, 1.2 episodes per 10(4) discharges, and 1.7 episodes per 10(5) patient days. All isolates but one (99%) were fluconazole susceptible. Seventy-two isolates (92%) were inpatient candidemias. Forty-two episodes (51%) were considered catheter-related fungemia, 35 (45%) were considered primary fungemia, and 3 (4%) were considered secondary fungemia. Risk factors for candidemia were vascular catheterization (97%), prior antibiotic therapy (91%), parenteral nutrition (54%), prior surgery (46%), prior immunosuppressive therapy (38%), malignancy (27%), prior antifungal infection (26%), transplant recipient (16%), neutropenia (12%), and prior colonization (11%). Multivariate analysis of the differential characteristics showed that the factors that independently predicted the presence of C. parapsilosis fungemia were neonate patients (odds ratio [OR], 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 26.8; P = 0.002), transplant recipients (OR, 9.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 43.3; P = 0.005), patients with a history of prior antifungal therapy (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.8 to 15.9; P = 0.002), and patients who received parenteral nutrition (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.6; P = 0.028). The overall mortality rate was lower than that associated with C. albicans candidemia (23% versus 43%; P < 0.01). In summary, C. parapsilosis was responsible for 23% of all candidemias and was more frequent in neonates, in transplant recipients, and in patients who received parenteral nutrition or previous antifungal therapy, mainly fluconazole. The mortality rate was lower than that associated with C. albicans fungemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Photostress recovery in chronic open angle glaucoma.

Photostress recovery time was measured in 30 eyes from 15 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma, and 30 eyes from 15 individuals of a similar age group with no ophthalmological disorder. The average recovery time in patients with glaucoma was 70.47 (SD 35.39) seconds. The average recovery time in the control population was 41.97 (SD 17.34) seconds. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was a small positive correlation between age and recovery time in the control population, whereas there was no correlation between age and recovery time in the glaucoma group. There was no correlation between visual acuity and recovery time for either group. There was also no correlation between intraocular pressure and recovery time for the glaucoma group. It was not possible to control for pupillary dilatation in this study. However, it has been previously demonstrated that pharmacological meiosis will not delay photostress recovery time in normal subjects. This is the first report of photostress recovery testing in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma. The results are discussed in terms of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and previous photostress studies in patients with macular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Major causes of the regional difference in fertility rate: factor analysis of 72 counties and county-level cities in Anhui Province.

The author compares fertility rates among 72 counties and county-level cities in Anhui Province, China. "The many causes of fertility difference...may be categorized into two major groups: social, economic and cultural factors; and population control (mainly birth control) factors.... This paper uses modern statistical methods and techniques, proposes necessary hypotheses and, through factor analysis, transforms the myriad of indexes related to economy, culture and population control in the 72 counties and cities into two indices.... Following the factor analysis, the counties and cities are then categorized into groups and types according to the values of these two indices."

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Low birthweight and neuromotor development: a population based, controlled study.

The aims of the study were to investigate: (a) the relationship between low birthweight (LBW) and pre-school neuromotor development; and (b) the predictive value of various pre-, peri-, and neonatal factors for neuromotor development in LBW pre-school children. A population based sample of 144 5-year-old LBW children (birthweight < 2000 g) with no major handicaps was compared with a random sample of 163 normal birthweight term controls. Using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, impaired performance on the balance scale was seen more often in LBW boys than in controls (odds ratio 5.5, 95% CI 1.5-20.3), while performance on the eye-hand coordination and locomotor scales was comparable for the two groups. LBW girls were comparable to controls on all these scales. On neurological examination, an increased frequency of minor neurological signs was found in LBW boys, while increased ankle tone and/or leg hyperreflexia was more common in LBW girls compared to controls. Small head circumference at birth was associated with an increased frequency of minor neurological signs in LBW boys, and lack of breastmilk in the neonatal period with impaired balance in LBW boys. None of the other pre-, peri- or neonatal factors were predictive of neuromotor development. We conclude that motor functions essential for daily activities are intact in most LBW preschoolers.

Child Development↗