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PubMedDate not supplied

Gender, self-reported health, and health-related lifestyles in Poland.

Little is known about gender differences in the health of individuals in the former Eastern Europe. Determinants of health and health-related lifestyles may operate differently there than in the West. Data from the 1994 Polish General Social Survey (PGSS) are used to estimate structural and psychosocial effects on self-reported health, risk behaviors, and social participation for women and men. Employment improves the chance of better health for men, whereas marital happiness increases the probability of better health for women; smoking declines with education among men but not among women; and excessive drinking increases for unhappily married men. Religiosity protects the health of both women and men. This research sheds light on the possible sources of gender differences in health in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Trans fatty acids in human milk in Poland and their association with breastfeeding mothers' diets.

AIM: To determine the content of trans fatty acids in human milk in relation to breastfeeding mothers' diet. METHODS: Samples of milk were collected from 100 breastfeeding mothers and 7-d dietary records and anthropometry from 69 mothers were obtained. RESULTS: The following total trans fatty acids contents (median (lower-upper quartile); % wt/wt) in milk samples were determined: 1) data for Spring: colostrum--1.37 (1.00-2.00), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.59 (1.49-3.34) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.36 (1.55-3.92); 2) data for Autumn: colostrum--1.80 (1.42-2.48), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.41 (1.79-4.31) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.77 (1.53-4.18). The major sources of trans fatty acids in mothers' diets were bakery products, confectionery and snacks. Mothers who had high level of trans isomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. CONCLUSIONS: Bakery products, confectionery and snacks are a major source of trans fatty acids in maternal diet in Poland. The levels of trans fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Secular changes in body height and weight in children and adolescents in Poznan, Poland, between 1880 and 2000.

AIM: A secular trend in body height and weight is well documented. The first observations concerning this phenomenon in Poland were made at the end of the 19th century. The aim of this study was to assess changes in body height and weight during the 20th century, with special emphasis on the last decade. METHODS: The results of body height and weight measurements obtained in eight subsequent surveys (1880-1886, 1922-1927, 1946-1950, 1960-1961, 1970-1971, 1980-1981, 1990-1991 and 1999-2000) were included in the analysis. Mean values were compared and differences between the surveys were analysed. RESULTS: In general, in the 20th century, children grew taller and heavier and reached final body height and weight more rapidly. The biggest differences in body height and weight in the 20th century, observed at growth spurt, were about 17 cm and 11 kg, respectively, for boys, and 13 cm and 13 kg for girls. The magnitude of secular changes in body height and weight in the 20th century was not stable. There were periods of increased and decreased intensity of acceleration of physical development (the 1950s and 1970s, and the 1960s and 1980s, respectively), as well as a period of deceleration (the 1940s). In the last decade, the tendency has been towards deceleration in most age groups studied. CONCLUSION: The acceleration of physical development in children in Poznan has now ceased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Diurnal variability of delta13C and delta18O of atmospheric CO2 in the urban atmosphere of Kraków, Poland.

This article presents the results of measurements of the isotopic composition and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, performed on air samples from Kraków (Southern Poland) in different seasons of the year. A simple isotope mass balance model has been applied to determine the contributions of different sources of CO2 to the urban atmosphere of Kraków city: the latitudinal/regional background, biospheric contributions and anthropogenic emissions. The calculations show that during the summer and early autumn the dominant contribution to local CO2 peaks is the biosphere, making up to 20% of atmospheric CO2 during the nocturnal temperature inversion in the lower troposphere. During early spring and winter, anthropogenic emissions are the main local source.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed2004

Stable carbon isotopic composition of tree rings from a pine tree from Augustów Wilderness, Poland, as a temperature and local environment conditions indicator.

Tree rings can be used as archives of climatic and environmental data with annual resolution. Tree rings widths, maximum late wood density and other parameters as stable composition in tree rings can be used for the reconstruction of past climatic and environmental changes. Stable carbon isotope ratios in tree rings may provide valuable information on past climatic conditions. 13C/12C ratios of plant organic matter can reflect corresponding 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 during formation of the rings. Investigations of isotopic carbon composition in tree rings from in the ecologically clean the Augustów Wilderness region in the north-eastern part of Poland (22 degrees 58'E, 53 degrees 51'N) (nowadays a sanctuary) were undertaken. Series of delta13C in alpha-cellulose and in wholewood were acquired. Those measurements constituted a part of more complex investigations of carbon isotope composition in tree rings including the measurements of radiocarbon concentration and tree ring widths. This article presents preliminary results. It is argued that contrary to the tree ring widths and delta13C in wholewood that do not reveal significant correlation with temperature, the variation of delta13C in the latewood alpha-cellulose is correlated with combined July and August temperatures.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed2006

Millimeter scale variations in the isotopic composition of vein sulphide minerals in the Kupferschiefer deposits, Lubin area, SW Poland.

A slice of black shale rock cut by various metal sulphide veins of different generations from the Kupferschiefer deposits of Lubin, Poland was subjected to bombardment in a Laser Microprobe Combustion Reactor to produce SO2 for S-isotope analyses. The delta34S values ranged from-22 to-29 per thousand consistent with previous findings using conventional IRMS and attributable to primary generation of H2S by bacterial sulphate reduction. Systematic trends in delta34S values of a few per mil over distances of the order of mm attest to low temperatures of mineralization with accompanying change in the isotope composition of the fluids due to kinetic or equilibrium isotope fractionation.

Copper↗
PubMed2000

Working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland.

The study deals with working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland. Data come from 50 small enterprises from the Warsaw area. Information about the evaluation of working conditions and the existence of programmes for their improvement was gathered with the help of questionnaires addressed to employees and employers. The results constitute a "photograph" of the Polish reality at the beginning of its transition from planned to market economy. The study revealed a lack of programmes for the improvement of working conditions in a significant number of the enterprises studied as well as little interest in occupational safety on the part of employers (owners). The study also revealed that all decisions--including those about the improvement of working conditions--were made by employers. Hence, the need for the widest possible dissemination of knowledge on occupational safety and the protection of human in the working environment with particular stress put on employers. Employers who are knowledgeable in this field and who are aware of its importance can significantly influence the improvement of working conditions in small enterprises.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

The damping of off-central impact for selected industrial safety helmets used in Poland.

The paper presents a review of head injury criteria and determines an assessment criterion for test results. Parameters characterizing the protection properties of off-central impacted industrial helmets are chosen and the test stands used in the Central Institute for Labour Protection to test those parameters are presented. The idea of damping 2 selected industrial helmets used in Poland is discussed. The test results of the parameters characterizing the protection properties are compared for damped and not damped helmets.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

RD50 value as the criterion for setting maximum admissible levels of occupational exposure to irritants in Poland.

The aim of this work is to analyse Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) values proposed for irritants by the Group of Experts for Chemical Agents in Poland, based on the RD50 value. In 1994-2004, MAC values for irritants based on the RD50 value were set for 17 chemicals. For the purpose of the analysis, 1/10 RD50, 1/100 RD50 and the MAC/RD50 ratio were calculated. The determined MAC values are within the 0.01-0.09 RD50 range. The RD50 value is a good rough criterion to set MAC values for irritants and it makes it possible to estimate quickly admissible exposure levels. It has become clear that, in some cases, simple setting the MAC value for an irritant at the level of 0.03 RD50 may be insufficient to determine precisely the possible hazard to workers' health. Other available toxicological data, such as NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) and LOAEL (Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level), should always be considered as well.

Hazardous Substances↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of total work inability in Poland in 2000 and 2001 according to age, disease diagnosis and occupation.

This study was to determine the main health-related reasons, age and occupation of those who took early retirement. This was done through an analysis of the data from Poland's Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) from 2000 and 2001. An analysis of these data showed an increase in the number of certificates confirming total inability to work in people over 40 years old. Over 50% of certificates work were issued to workers in 2 age-groups: 45-49 and 50-54. Diseases of the circulatory system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue as well as mental and behavioural disorders are the main causes of early inability to work. Approximately 70% of people who obtained certificates confirming total inability to work had blue- and blue-and-white-collar jobs.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing health knowledge, health beliefs, and health behavior in Poland through a health promoting television program series.

This study examined the impact of a health promoting television program series on health knowledge and the key factors of the health belief model (HBM) that have led people to engage in healthy behavior (exercising, losing weight, changing eating habits, and not smoking/quitting smoking). Using data from a posttest comparison field study with 15) viewers and 146 nonviewers in Poland, we found that hierarchical regression analysis showed stronger support for the HBM factors of efficacy, susceptibility, seriousness, and salience in their contribution toward health behavior among television viewers compared with nonviewers. Cues to action variables (including television viewing) and health knowledge boosted efficacy among viewers. Without the advantage of receiving health information from the television series, nonviewers relied on their basic disease fears on one hand, and interest in good health on the other to take steps toward becoming healthier. A health promoting television series can increase health knowledge and enhance health beliefs, which in turn contribute to healthy behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Efficiency in removing pollutants by constructed wetland purification systems in Poland.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency between Phragmites communis, Salix viminalis, and Populus canadensis in removing the heavy metals Al, Ba, Mn, Ni, Sr, V, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb and the eutrophying macroelements phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, chloride, sulfate, Ca, Mg, K, and Fe from sewage in subsurface flow constructed wetlands in Poland. The effectiveness of the sewage treatment system was higher in summer compared to winter for the removal of (1) all heavy metals, phosphate (P) and mineral nitrogen (N) for all of species, (2) sulfates (S) for Phragmites and Salix, (3) iron (Fe) for Salix, and (4) chloride (Cl) for Salix and Populus. Analysis of variance indicated that there was no significant difference between the purifications systems in phytoremediation of Mn; so all species were equally effective (99%, prob. level 0.001). The Salix wetland system was most effective in purification of water and removal of macroelements (24-82% in summer, 10-80% in winter with Fe 97%), Cd (58-71%), V (100%), and Zn (84-92%). The Phragmites system was most effective in purification and removal of Al (81-97%), Ba (70-95%), Pb (64-81%), and Sr (24-51%), while in the case of Cu (49-60%) and Ni (55-67%) the Populus wetland system proved most effective. The outflowing water of the wetlands contained elements in amounts exceeding the admissible levels as established for unpolluted water both in winter and summer. Therefore the effectiveness of the observed phytoremediation systems in this study was not sufficient alone to remove these elements and can be considered as a supplemental tool in purification of sewage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Polonium 210Po in cigarettes produced in Poland.

This paper discusses the results of 210Po determinations in the fourteen most frequently smoked brands of cigarettes, which constitute over 80% of total cigarette consumption in Poland. The 210Po activity in the cigarette samples analysed (tobacco, ash, filter before and after smoking) were measured using alpha spectrometry (Canberra-Packard). The data indicates that there is considerable variation in the polonium content of these brands. The highest 210Po content per sample was found in the cheap "Popularne" brand (24.12 mBq), the lowest in "Caro" (4.23 mBq). There was also a large difference between the polonium remaining in the ash in comparison with its total content in the tobacco in all the brands (from 4.3% for "Golden American" to 71.0% for "Sobieski King-Size"). The analysis has demonstrated that filters absorbed only a small amount of the polonium contained in the tobacco. "Caro" cigarettes have the most efficient filter, retaining 25.1% of the polonium contained in the tobacco, but most filters absorbed only 0.1-7.2% of polonium. The daily inhalation of 210Po by Polish smokers who get through one pack per day ranges from 20 to 215 mBq, but people smoking two or more packs of "Popularne" brand will inhale over 430 mBq of polonium per day.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Mercury in mushrooms and soil of the Tarnobrzeska Plain, south-eastern Poland.

Mercury was quantified in the fruiting bodies of 15 species of higher mushrooms and underlying soil substrate collected from the Tarnobrzeska Plain in south-eastern part of Poland in 1995. In total, 405 samples each of caps, stalks or whole fruiting bodies and 221 samples of soil (0 10cm layer) were examined. The area under investigation can be considered generally as unpolluted with mercury since the mean concentrations in underlying soil substrate of 14 mushroom species were between 21 +/- 9 and 58 +/- 31 ng/g dry wt. (total range between 4.5-240). Somewhat elevated concentrations, of 630 +/- 80 ng/g dry wt., were noted for underlying soil substrate of Livid Entoloma (Entoloma sinuatum). Among the mushroom species examined, King Bolete (Boletus edulis), Livid Entoloma, and Red-capped Scaber Stalk (Leccinum rufum) contained the greatest mercury concentrations both in the caps (between 1,800 +/- 600 and 3,500 +/- 1,100 ng/g dry wt.) and stalks (between 900 +/- 400 and 2,300 +/- 1,000 ng/g dry wt.). Because of the relatively great bioconcentration factors (BCF) of mercury, which averaged between 73 +/- 44 and 220 +/- 270 in the caps, and between 37 +/- 28 and 170 +/- 240 in the stalks, King Bolete, Bay Bolete (Xerocomus badius) and Red-capped Scaber Stalk can be considered as good mercury accumulators. Nevertheless, apart from the Common Earth Ball (Scleroderma citrinum), that can be considered as an excluder of mercury due to the BCF value of less than 1, other species examined were characterised by BCFs greater than 1. The caps were usually characterised with greater mercury content than the stalks (Hg(Cap)/Hg(stalk) quotients > 1) and the reverse was noted only for Bay Bolete. Due to a statistically significant relationship between mercury content of the caps/stalks and underlying soil substrate (p<0.001) in Filamentous Pax (Paxilus filamentosus), and in the stalks of Red-capped Scaber (p < 0.05) and Brick Tops (Hypholoma sublateritium) (caps; p < 0.05), these species can be suggested to exhibit bioindication potential for soil mercury contamination.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

Mercury in mushrooms and soil from the Wieluńska Upland in south-central Poland.

Concentrations of mercury were determined in the fruiting bodies of 15 species of higher mushrooms and underlying soil substrate collected from Wieluńska Upland in northern part of Sandomierska Valley in south-central Poland in 1995. A total of 197 samples of caps, 197 stalks, 30 whole fruiting bodies and 227 soil (0-10 cm layer) were analyzed. Mean mercury concentrations in soil substrate corresponding to 15 mushroom species were between 28 +/- 17 and 85 +/- 62 ng/g dry matter (total range between 3.0-190 ng/g). The average cap to stalk concentration quotients of Hg were around 2 (range between 1.1 +/- 1.1 and 2.8 +/- 1.4). However, this quotient in Larch bolete (Suillus grevillei) was 4.4 +/- 6.3. Concentrations of Hg varied depending on the mushroom species. Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) and Horse mushroom (Agaricus arvensis) contained the greatest mean mercury concentrations both in caps (between 4500 +/- 1700 and 4400 +/- 2400 ng/g dry matter) and stalks (between 2800 +/- 1300 and 3000 +/- 2000 ng/g dry matter). Both the Parasol Mushroom and Horse mushroom were characterised also by a greater potential to bioconcentrate mercury from soils as evidenced by great bioconcentration factors (BCFs), which were between 170 +/- 160 and 130 +/- 120 for caps, and 110 +/- 97 and 89 +/- 92 for stalks. Mercury concentrations in caps and stalks of False death cap (Amanita citrina) increased (p < 0.05) with increasing soil mercury contents. An opposite trend was observed for Quéleta brittle gills (Russula queleti), Grat knight-cap (Tricholoma terreum), Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), Common scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum) and Slippery jack (Suillus luteus).

Agaricales↗
PubMed2003

Environmental protection problems in the vicinity of the Zelazny most flotation wastes depository in Poland.

The Zelazny Most depository of wastes from copper-ore processing, located in southwest Poland, is the largest mineral wastes repository in Europe. Moreover, it is located in a seismically active area. The seismicity is induced and is connected with mining works in the nearby underground copper mines. Any release of the contents of the repository to the environment could have devastating and even catastrophic consequences. For this reason, geophysical methods are used for continuous monitoring the state of the repository containment dams. The article presents examples of the application of geoelectric methods for detecting sites of leakage of contaminated water and a sketch of the seismic hazard analysis, which was used to predict future seismic vibrations of the repository dams.

Copper↗
PubMed2003

Identification of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Poland by multilocus sequence typing.

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 35 isolates of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered in Poland during 1995-1996 distinguished 10 different sequence types (ST). The majority of the isolates were assigned to two Polish clones of serotypes 6B and 23F, although the international clones, Spain23F-1 and Spain9V-3, were also identified. Similar results were obtained using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), providing a direct comparison of these two typing methods.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Selected DNA repair polymorphisms and gastric cancer in Poland.

Impaired DNA repair capacity may adversely affect cancer risk, particularly in subjects exposed to DNA damaging carcinogens, as found in tobacco smoke, or among subjects deficient for protective factors, as found in fruits and vegetables. We studied tobacco use, fruit and vegetable intake, and common non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in four DNA repair genes in relation to gastric cancer risk, in a population-based, case-control study of 281 incident gastric cancer cases and 390 controls, in Warsaw, Poland. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Increased risks of gastric cancer were found for smokers (OR=3.1, CI=1.9-5.1 for pack-years>or=40 versus never smokers) and subjects with low fruit intake (OR=2.2, CI=1.3-3.6 for 1st versus 4th quartile); risk associated with vegetable intake was not statistically significant. Allele frequencies among the controls were consistent with those previously reported for the 5 polymorphisms studied: XRCC1-Arg399Gln, XPD-Lys751Gln, MGMT-Ile143Val, Leu84Phe, and XRCC3-Thr241Met. None of the studied polymorphisms were independently associated with gastric cancer risk. Smoking-associated risks, however, were greatest for carriers of the XRCC1-399 ArgArg genotype (Pinteraction=0.004). Risks associated with low intake of fruits or vegetables tended to be modified by selected polymorphisms in XRCC1, XPD and MGMT (Pinteraction=0.1-0.2). Risk modification was not found for the other repair polymorphisms. Selected DNA repair polymorphisms did not have independent effects on gastric cancer risk; however, they may modify smoking- and probably diet-related risks for this disease. These results need replication in larger epidemiological studies of gastric cancer.

Adult↗