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Results for “PERSONALITY, PATHOLOGICAL”

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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

The influence of personality-related factors upon consultation for two different "marginal" organic pathologies with and without reports of auditory symptomatology.

Obscure Auditory Dysfunction (OAD) is explained by a combination of hearing-related deficits and personality factors Saunders & Haggard (1992). In this study, we determine which factors are associated specifically with OAD and which are associated with the seeking of medical attention in general. We achieved this by obtaining a second patient group with a parallel syndrome to OAD, called "chronic pelvic pain without obvious organic pathology" (CPPWOOP). CPPWOOP patients complain of lower abdominal pain that is not explainable by conventional medical tests. Fifteen CPPWOOPs underwent the OAD test battery. For the analyses they were retrospectively matched to 15 of the original OADs and their matched controls. The three groups were compared by analysis of variance and Kruskall-Wallis analyses. The CPPWOOPs and controls performed significantly better than OADs on hearing-related variables, but did not differ from each other, whereas the OADs and CPPWOOPs were significantly more anxious than the controls, but did not differ from each other. We conclude that anxiety-related traits are associated with the seeking of medical attention in general, whereas the hearing-related deficits we measured are associated specifically with OAD. Anxiety-related traits should, therefore, be considered when dealing with marginal pathologies, but in depth investigation may also reveal an organic basis; therefore, patients should not be dismissed as simply neurotic.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Stress and infectious disease in humans.

This article reviews research on the role of stress in infectious disease as measured either by illness behaviors (symptoms and use of health services) or by verified pathology. Substantial evidence was found for an association between stress and increased illness behavior, and less convincing but provocative evidence was found for a similar association between stress and infectious pathology. Introverts, isolates, and persons lacking social skills may also be at increased risk for both illness behaviors and pathology. Psychobiological models of how stress could influence the onset and progression of infectious disease and a psychological model of how stress could influence illness behaviors are proposed.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol consumption and incidence of benign breast disease.

We evaluated whether moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of developing benign breast disease (BBD), a potential "precursor" or marker for breast cancer development. This study evaluated associations between reported alcohol consumption and BBD diagnosis among 75,826 women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Between 1989 and 1997, 16,035 women reported a first diagnosis of BBD (317/10,000 person-years), of which 2,999 diagnoses were confirmed by tissue biopsy (59/10,000 person-years). Of the pathology specimens reviewed, 532 were nonproliferative benign breast conditions, and 932 were proliferative conditions. Person-time models provided estimates of the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Reported recent adult consumption of alcohol was not associated with increased BBD incidence. Compared with women who did not drink alcohol, the age- and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted RRs for any reported BBD were 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95-1.02) for those who consumed <5 g/day, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89-0.98) for those who consumed 5-14.9 g/day, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.98) for those who consumed >or=15 g/day. The adjusted RRs for biopsy confirmed BBD and any proliferative benign condition were similiar. However, reported alcohol consumption of >or=15 g/day between ages 18 and 22 years was associated with higher rates of biopsy-confirmed BBD (age- and body mass index-adjusted RR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.30), nonproliferative BBD (RR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09-1.96), and any proliferative BBD (RR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.05-1.69), but not atypical hyperplasia. In this study, recent alcohol consumption was associated with slightly lower rates of reported BBD. However, greater alcohol consumption earlier in life (ages 18-22 years) was associated with higher proliferative BBD rates, suggesting that timing of exposure may be relevant to disease incidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Management of primary sleep disorders among elderly persons.

Sleep complaints are common in geriatric patients. The clinician's first task is to separate sleep problems originating in the physiologic changes of aging from those originating in pathological processes. Normal elderly persons have greater difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, compared with younger persons, and sleep is qualitatively more shallow with more involuntary movements and abnormal breathing. Sleep complaints reach a pathological level as elders begin to experience deterioration of function during their period of normal wakefulness, manifested as excessive sleepiness, concentration deficits, and mood changes, or the emergence of bizarre or dangerous behavior during sleep. Sleep disorders are associated with excess physical and psychiatric morbidity and are treatable. An approach focused on sleep-related syndromes is a useful basis for rational treatment, and the treatment of many sleep disorders can be provided without expensive sleep laboratory testing.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Defense mechanisms and personality in depression.

There is a longstanding belief that personality represents a structure that is stable over time, and changes, if at all, very slowly. Nonetheless, clinical and empirical evidence suggests that in patients with some Axis I disorders, the rate of personality disorders using DSM criteria decreases after treatment, suggesting that personality as assessed by phenomenological systems is state-dependent. An alternative to the DSM phenomenological system of conceptualizing personality is the dynamic concept of character, that is, a predictable pattern of both adaptive and pathological defense mechanisms, and personality organization comprised of object relations, ego strengths, and superego development. Data from this study address the hypothesis that defense mechanisms and personality organization remain relatively stable in patients treated for Axis I disorders, irrespective of clinical improvement. Patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) entered randomized, controlled medication trials. Defensive functioning was evaluated with the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) [Bond et al., 1983: Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:333-338], and personality organization was assessed with the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO; Clarkin et al., unpublished), both at baseline and at the completion of the clinical trial. Data were analyzed for whether an individual's pattern of defense mechanisms and personality organization were stable over time regardless of response to treatment of MDD. The question was also asked whether a predominant pattern of defense mechanisms or level of personality organization predicts response to treatment or dropout rate. Among treatment responders, nonresponders and drop-outs, baseline DSQ scores were similar except for "image-distorting" defenses, which were significantly more prevalent among drop-outs compared to responders (P = .016). Post-treatment DSQ values revealed a significant decrease in "maladaptive" defenses (P = .01) in the entire sample, while intermediate and "adaptive" defenses remained unchanged. This same pattern was found to hold true in treatment responders. When comparing treatment responders and nonresponders at the end of the trial, medication responders used significantly less "maladaptive" defenses than did nonresponders (P = .003), and had a significantly higher, or healthier level of "overall defensive functioning" (P = .04). Baseline and post-treatment IPO values did not show significant differences. Results of the study address the question of whether there are personality characteristics that are enduring and that can be appreciated irrespective of an Axis I disorder.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impulsivity in self-mutilative behavior: psychometric and biological findings.

This paper examines impulsivity as a central factor in moderate/superficial self-mutilation such as skin-cutting and burning. A sample of 165 subjects were divided into four groups, namely self-mutilators, patients with any modes of impulsive behavior other than self-mutilation, patients without any impulsive behavior, and normal probands. All were administered the 10th version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Inventory for the Assessment of Factors of Aggressiveness. They also were interviewed carefully in regards to both impulsive and self-mutilative behavior. A d-fenfluramine challenge test was administered to 36 females and prolactin levels were measured. On the whole results implicate impulsive personality functioning as a major factor in subjects with moderate/superficial self-mutilative behavior whose trait pathology is similar to personality disordered patients with other modes of self-harming impulsive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Gastric volvulus. Clinical contribution].

After discussing the classification of the various types of gastric volvulus, the aetiopathogenetic factors that occur in this rare stomach pathology are reviewed. The personal series is reported and the clinical, radiological and above all therapeutic aspects connected with the pathology discussed. It is concluded that, in these cases too, the aims to pursue are the formulation of early diagnosis and implementation of quick, correct treatment for the purpose of eliminating the basic pathology and preventing necrosis of the gastric wall setting in.

Adolescent↗