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Results for “PECTORALIS MUSCLES”

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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1973

The tone of respiratory muscles in acute changes of circulation induced by acetylcholine.

The role of respiratory muscles in acute changes of circulation and ventilation due to acetylcholine in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits was investigated. Significant increase of end-expiratory thoracic circumference and insignificant increase of abdominal one was found and was taken as a measure of changed respiratory muscles tone. The authors emphasize the important role of the respiratory muscles in the regulation of the thoracic and the abdominal volume. The increased lung volume is due to the action of the respiratory muscles of thorax and diaphragm. The abdominal muscles and diaphragm may regulate the abdominal volume and play important part in the redistribution of the blood.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1980

Advances in muscle and musculocutaneous flaps.

The use of the muscle and musculocutaneous unit as a reconstructive tool by the plastic and reconstructive surgeon is expanding to all body regions. The initial four basic factors required in use of the muscle flap for reconstructive surgery now include such modifications as: (1) transfer of the sensory nerve to the musculocutaneous unit with the flap for sensory preservation; (2) use of minor vascular pedicles as a point of rotation for certain muscle flaps, (3) use of combinations of more than one muscle flap with common proximal vascular supply; and (4) transfer of the bony origin of the muscle unit with the muscle flap. Refinements and further additions to this list are demonstrated throughout this text and will certainly increase as the muscle flap is adapted for use in coverage of difficult wounds. An accurate knowledge of the vascular anatomy of muscles will allow safe modifications in the design of the muscle and musculocutaneous unit by the reconstructive surgeon.

Fascia Lata↗
PubMed1982

Postnatal growth and organ development in the quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica).

In a previous study it has been shown that the pattern of organ growth of the goose, a species with a high growth rate factor, is characterized by a rapid early development of the digestive organs and the liver. The present study describes the postnatal growth and the pattern of organ development of the quail, a species with a low growth rate factor. The results show that the pattern of organ growth is characterized by a rapid early development of the wings, pectorals and feathers. These results support the hypothesis that the rate of which growth proceeds is at least partly determined by the distribution of growth between different organs.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

The immunology of experimental Chagas' disease. IV. Production of lesions in rabbits similar to those of chronic Chagas' disease in man.

Eight rabbits that received a single inoculation of trypomastigotes of a virulent strain of Trypanosoma cruzi first developed a transient acute illness associated with parasitemia; later, 4 of these rabbits died with chronic myocarditis and/or with megacolon in the absence of demonstrable parasitemia or encysted parasites in tissues. Two of these rabbits with chronic myocarditis died unexpectedly. Three of the inoculated rabbits that survived the infection were sacrificed 18 months later and showed similar but less severe microscopic lesions. The remaining rabbit is alive and well at the time of writing (26 months) with negative blood cultures but high hemagglutinating antibody titers to T. cruzi antigens. The natural course of T. cruzi infection in rabbits and the lesions observed postmortem are similar to those recorded for humans with chronic Chagas' disease. Multiple injections of particulate subcellular antigens of T. cruzi in rabbits resulted in microscopic lesions similar to those observed in rabbits that survived protozoan infection. Sera of rabbits inoculated with T. cruzi have antibodies to striated and smooth muscle structures. However, evidence provided in this and in other experiments strongly suggest that the lesions of chronic Chagas' disease are produced by delayed hypersensitivity to T. cruzi antigens.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

In vivo assessment of breast muscle, abdominal fat and total fat volume in meat-type chickens by magnetic resonance imaging.

Measurements were performed on commercial broiler chickens by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tomography. A total of 72 chickens were scanned at the age of 6, 7, 8, 10, 16 and 20 weeks. MRI scans based on spin echo sequence were taken in the three orthogonal planes. The volume of the pectoral muscles increased from 259 cm3 to 1035 cm3 in males and from 250 cm3 to 875 cm3 in females between 6 and 20 weeks of age. Abdominal fat volume increased from 18.9 cm3 to 153.2 cm3 in males and from 19.3 cm3 to 267.0 cm3 in females between 7 and 20 weeks of age. Total body fat volume increased from 129 cm3 to 557 cm3 in males and from 171 cm3 to 1321 cm3 in females between 6 and 20 weeks of age. The correlation coefficients between the total volume of fat pixels and the amount of abdominal fat determined in the coronal plane by MRI were 0.85 and 0.95 in the male and female sex, respectively. Changes found in the pectoral muscles (mm. pectorales) as well as in total and abdominal fat volume were in close agreement with dissection data obtained at the slaughterhouse and with laboratory data based on the measurement of total body chemical composition in both sexes. This MRI method can be a good complement to computed tomography (CT) scanning in the transversal plane.

Adipocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of genotype and overfeeding on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks.

We conducted a study to evaluate the effects of genotype (Muscovy, Pekin and their crossbred, hinny and mule) and overfeeding (14 days from 12 weeks of age) on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks. Birds of the four genotypes were also reared contemporaneously with a growing diet distributed ad libitum. Muscle samples (Pectoralis major and Sartorius) were collected at 14 weeks of age on 8 ducks per treatment. The muscle fibre typing, the total lipid and triglyceride contents in myofibres and the relative surface occupied by adipocytes on the cross-sectional area of the muscles were determined by histological and image analysis. Overfeeding induced a marked increase of body weight but had no significant effect on the muscle weight, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of myofibres and the muscle typology. In muscles, overfeeding induced a large accumulation of lipids, mainly in adipocytes whose relative surface increased 1.5 fold in P. major and 2.1 fold in Sartorius and an increase in triglyceride content of fast twitch oxydo-glycolytic and glycolytic fibres in P. major only (+ 37 and + 16% respectively). Genotype had no significant effect on the muscle typology. By comparison with the other genotypes, Muscovy ducks exhibited the highest body weight, the highest muscle weight which could partly be explained by the highest fibre CSA and the lowest intramuscular fat content in adipocytes and myofibres (only fast twitch oxydo-glycolytic fibres in P. major). We observed the reverse situation for the Pekin ducks. The crossbred ducks always presented intermediate values except for body weight.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Pectoralis major segmental anatomy and segmentally split pectoralis major flaps.

This report presents the anatomic studies, animal studies, and initial clinical experience that provide a basis for splitting pectoralis major muscle and myocutaneous flaps into independent segmental subunits. The anatomic study of 105 human cadaver pectoralis major muscle and myocutaneous units and their neurovascular supply indicated a consistent segmentation of muscle morphology, neurovascular supply, and myocutaneous territory. Three major independent segments (clavicular, sternocostal, and external) were identified. These findings provide the anatomic basis for segmentally splitting pectoralis major flaps, and the surgical technique that evolved is described. Segmentally split pectoralis flaps were experimentally tested in animals and subsequently used in 36 clinical reconstructions. The variety of forms of segmentally split pectoralis major flaps used in this series is described and analyzed. The technique of segmentally splitting flaps provides a method both for leaving innervated muscle segments in situ to preserve donor motor function and for deriving two independent flaps from one muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Possible maternal inheritance of breast muscle morphology in turkeys at sixteen weeks of age.

During the study of inheritance of breast muscle morphology of turkeys during embryonic development and posthatch in two experiments, interesting results were obtained at 16 wk of age. In experiment 1, an experimental line (F) selected long term for increased 16-wk BW was crossed reciprocally with a commercial sire line (B). Samples of pectoralis major muscle were obtained from three males and three females of each genetic group. The F line was reciprocally crossed with a randombred control line (RBC2) in experiment 2, and p. major muscle samples were taken from 10 males and 10 females of each genetic group. The RBC2 line was the base population for the F line. The muscle samples were obtained in a manner to avoid contraction. After fixing, the muscle samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to view muscle morphology. Distinct morphological types were observed in the muscle samples for the B, F, and RBC2 lines. The pectoralis major muscle from the B line was, in general, characterized by large fibers with a well-defined extracellular matrix (perimysial and endomysial spaces). Similar to the B line, representative samples of the RBC2 line had a well-defined extracellular matrix but muscle fiber size was not as large as that of the B line. Representative samples of the F line were characterized by a greatly reduced extracellular matrix with the muscle fibers not well defined. For the reciprocal crosses in both experiments, representative samples indicated the offspring had breast muscle morphology similar to that of the female parent, suggesting maternal inheritance. There was no sex effect on breast muscle morphology in either experiment. In order to study the consistency of the results, muscle morphology of representative sections of muscle were subjectively rated by four individuals. The ratings ranged from 1 (little extracellar matrix and indistinct muscle fibers) to 5 (large extracellular space and distinct muscle fibers). Ratings of 2 to 4 were intermediate to these extremes. In experiment 1, ratings of the pure B line and the F sire x B dam cross were similar and higher than that of the pure F line and B sire x F dam cross, which did not differ in average rating. The results for experiment 2 were similar to those for experiment 1 in that the average ratings of the reciprocal crosses were similar to that of the female parental line. The results from the ratings support maternal inheritance of breast muscle morphology.

Animals↗