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PubMed1976

Bubonic plague from direct exposure to a naturally infected wild coyote.

An 11-year-old boy developed axillary bubonic plague and plague meningitis 3 days after skinning a dead coyote near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The coyoto carcass was recovered 10 days later, and Yersinia pestis was isolated from spleen and marrow of the animal. This is the first report of human plague from exposure to a coyote. A review of experimental and epidemiologic studies suggests that severe plague infection in members of the family Canidae is unusual, and that the risk of acquiring plague from direct contact with coyote tissues is minimal. Nevertheless, certain precautions are outlined for persons working with wild coyotes.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1994

Contraceptive and reproductive risks for cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women.

BACKGROUND: Various contraceptive practices and reproductive factors have been associated with cervical neoplasia in case-control studies worldwide. METHODS: To investigate contraceptive and reproductive risk factors associated with high-grade cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women, we carried out a clinic-based case-control study among university-affiliated clinic attendees. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive use ever (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2-0.9) and past diaphragm use (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8) were protective for dysplasia in analyses adjusted for age, ethnicity, sexual behaviour, and for cervical papillomavirus (HPV) infection. After further adjustment for Pap smear screening interval, oral contraceptive use ever remained protective for dysplasia. Vaginal deliveries were strongly associated with dysplasia with > 2 vaginal deliveries associated with a 3.9-fold increase in risk after adjustment for age, ethnicity, sexual behaviour, and HPV infection. Using logistic regression models to simultaneously control for effects of multiple factors as potentially related to cervical dysplasia, we found low educational attainment, cervical HPV infection, cigarette smoking, history of any sexually transmitted disease, and having one or more vaginal deliveries to be associated with dysplasia; oral contraceptive use and past diaphragm use also remained protective for high-grade cervical dysplasia in these regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that use of oral contraceptives (ever) and past diaphragm use are protective for high-grade cervical dysplasia among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico. The clinic-based perspective of this research (versus population-based studies) may help explain some of these findings.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1979

Prison health and medical education.

Prison health has long been neglected as an area of serivice by organized medicine and a site for clinical education by health science centers. The University of New Mexico Health Science Center offers an elective, weekly clinical experience for preclinical medical students, senior nursing students, and senior pharmacy students at a prison facility in need of medical services. Students' reaction to the prison experience was strongly positive. Most developed empathy toward the inmates and a greater understanding of prison health problems. Inmates rated the student service highly and requested its continuation. This community health education experience has provided a noncontractual model of a university-prison health alliance.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed1990

Perspectives on health care delivery systems for American Indian families.

The national effort to improve services to children with special health care needs presents unique challenges for the delivery of services to American Indian families. This study took place in New Mexico. American Indian families whose children have special needs and health care providers were interviewed. Their responses about obstacles to health care for their children and suggestions for improving services were examined. Generally, both groups identified similar obstacles, although important differences between groups were noted. The findings point to the need for understanding cultural barriers and the unique concerns of low income families living in rural areas. This has important implications for planning changes in the health care system for American Indian children with special needs.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Formative research activities to provide Web-based nutrition education to adults in the Upper Rio Grande Valley.

The Internet is a promising new tool for disseminating cancer prevention information. Barriers to full implementation include disparities in access and skill and availability of information relevant at the local level. A nutrition education Web site to promote fruit and vegetable intake is being produced for a tri-ethnic adult population in Colorado and New Mexico. Development is guided by findings from formative research including focus groups with local residents, a survey on computer and Internet use with 200 adults in 1998, an assessment of public access computer sites, and in-depth discussion with local community computer skills trainers.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Smokeless tobacco consumption by Mexican-American University students.

A modified version of the Illinois Department of Public Health Smokeless Tobacco Survey was administered to 220 women and 134 men attending a state university in New Mexico. The respondents included 65 male and 83 female Mexican-Americans as well as 118 female and 59 male Anglo-Americans. All Mexican-American women identified themselves as nonusers of smokeless tobacco. Of the Anglo-American women, one indicated that she used snuff, and 3 disclosed that they chewed tobacco. 33% of the Anglo-American men and 18% of the Mexican-American men stated that they used smokeless tobacco products. A chi-squared analysis showed this difference was significant. Implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Effectiveness of customized Victim Impact Panels on first-time DWI offender inmates.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a customized Victim Impact Panel (VIP) on reducing 'driving while impaired' recidivism, alcohol consumption and drinking and driving behavior. The study was conducted at a 28-day Detention/Treatment Program in a largely rural county in northwestern New Mexico. Study participants were randomly assigned to attend or not attend a VIP while participating in the program for court-defined first-time driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders. There were no significant differences between the two groups on alcohol consumption, drinking and driving behavior, or recidivism within 2 years. These findings support the findings of other studies that VIPs do not produce a differential benefit with regards to recidivism of those convicted as a first-time DWI offenders.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗

PubMed1989

Age and race related changes in mammographic parenchymal patterns.

The relationship between breast parenchymal patterns and age was examined in a nonselected, nonreferred group. The three major racial-ethnic subgroups represented have markedly different incidences of breast cancer, with Anglos (nonHispanic caucasians), Hispanics, and American Indians having higher to lower incidence rates of breast cancer, respectively. Mammograms were performed in 519 victims of nonhospital, nonnatural or unexplained deaths in New Mexico. The percentage of dense breast patterns (DY + P2) decreased with age for all groups. American Indian women showed a much earlier shift to a lower density parenchymal pattern than Anglo or Hispanic women. At older ages Indian women continued to have a slightly lower percentage of dense breast patterns than the other groups. The changes in breast parenchymal pattern with age and ethnic groups may reflect factors related to risk of breast cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Recreation and risk around Los Alamos: are Hispanics more at risk?

The Department of Energy (DOE) and other federal facilities are involved in massive remediation and restoration efforts on lands that may eventually be turned over for recreation or other uses by the public. In addition, other sites are expected to continue their ongoing missions, but recreation may be sanctioned, or not discouraged, on their remediated lands. Understanding the amount and types of recreation of regional residents who might use such lands, as well as their willingness to use these lands, is critical to determining both cleanup and restoration standards, and potential future risk. In this article the recreational rates, current recreational use, and willingness to recreate on Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico are examined for 356 people interviewed at a well-attended gun show in Albuquerque, NM. There were few significant ethnic differences in recreational rates, although Hispanics had higher fishing rates and lower bird-watching rates than whites. Women hunted less, and photographed more, than men. Younger people fished and hunted more, and bird-watched less, than older people. There were no differences in recreational rates as a function of income or education. These data can be used for understanding potential exposure of people in the vicinity of Los Alamos.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Barriers to healthcare as reported by rural and urban interprofessional providers.

The research literature is replete with reports of barriers to care perceived by rural patients seeking healthcare. Less often reported are barriers perceived by the rural healthcare providers themselves. The current study is an extensive survey of over 1,500 healthcare providers randomly selected from two US states with large rural populations, Alaska and New Mexico. Barriers consistently identified across rural and urban regions by all healthcare professionals were Patient Complexity, Resource Limitations, Service Access, Training Constraints, and Patient Avoidance of Care. Findings confirmed that rural areas, however, struggle more with healthcare barriers than urban and small urban areas, especially as related to Resource Limitations, Confidentiality Limitations, Overlapping Roles, Provider Travel, Service Access, and Training Constraints. Almost consistently, the smaller a provider's practice community, the greater the reports of barriers, with the most severe barriers reported in small rural communities.

Alaska↗

PubMed2004

Appropriate preservation of dairy wastewater samples for environmental analysis.

Thousands of gallons of water are used in dairies to wash cows before milking and for cleaning equipment. The wastewater generated contains elevated levels of organic matter and pollutants, including nitrogen that once converted, may contaminate groundwater with nitrate. This study was conducted to determine the amount of sulfuric acid needed to preserve wastewater samples from a New Mexico dairy in the southwestern U.S. Titrations of wastewater from a local dairy using full strength (18 M) sulfuric acid were performed to determine the amount of acid needed to bring the pH of the sample to below two, the recommended pH for sample preservation. An average of 0.33 mL of acid was required for every 100 mL of wastewater. Due to sample variability, we recommend that 0.4 mL sulfuric acid be added for every 100 mL dairy wastewater sample to ensure adequate acidification. This quantity is twice the amount currently recommended in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.

Dairying↗

PubMed1994

Human plague--United States, 1993-1994.

From 1944 through 1993, 362 cases of human plague were reported in the United States; approximately 90% of these occurred in four western states with endemic disease (Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico). During each successive decade of this period, the number of states reporting cases increased from three during 1944-1953 to 13 during 1984-1993 (Figure 1), indicating the spread of human plague infection eastward to areas where cases previously had not been reported. In 1993, health departments in four states reported 10 confirmed cases of human plague to CDC; one case has been confirmed during 1994. This report summarizes information about the 11 cases of human plague reported during 1993-1994 and describes epidemiologic and epizootic trends of plague in the United States.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Implementation of the health center concept in a rural community: a case study.

A comprehensive health center integrates inpatient, outpatient, and public health services within the same medical and administrative structure. While health centers have been widely developed in other countries, only limited implementation has occurred in the United States. This case study documents the successful implementation of the health center concept in a sparsely populated area of northwestern New Mexico. This remote geographic setting and the socioeconomic characteristics of the area's tricultural population are described. The evolution of the delivery system with its network of satellite clinics predominantly staffed by mid-level primary care providers is presented. Program development and funding for the provision of a wide range of preventive and curative health services supported by communication, transportation, outreach, education, public health, and administration components are analyzed. Problems purported to hinder the implementation of comprehensive health centers in the United States are discussed from an experimental perspective.

Catchment Area, Health↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Joint replacement and case management in indigent hospitalized patients.

More than 260,000 total joint replacements are performed every year in the United States. The University of New Mexico Hospital is a publicly held hospital that provides healthcare to many patients who are uninsured and indigent. More than 200 joint replacement surgeries are performed every year at University Hospital, Albuquerque, NM, resulting in an average length of stay of 5.7 days and other patient outcomes. The average cost ranges from $18,000 to $22,000 per procedure, with a reimbursement rate of 61%. Nursing care of these patients can be a challenge and an orthopaedic nurse case manager can effect positive patient outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

The cost of sealant application in a state dental disease prevention program.

A school-based pit-and-fissure sealant activity was developed by the Dental Health Section, Health Services Division, New Mexico Health and Environment Department as an adjunct to an ongoing dental disease prevention program. The sealants were applied by dental hygienist and dental assistant teams using a "four-handed" technic. The teams took portable dental equipment directly into the schools to apply the sealants to newly erupted permanent teeth. The costs to seal 15,281 teeth in 3,272 children were calculated to be $1.59 per tooth, and $7.41 per child. The average time for sealant application was nine minutes, 24.6 seconds per child. The one-year retention rate was 83 percent complete retention and 10 percent partial retention.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Criminal investigation of child sexual abuse: a comparison of cases referred to the prosecutor to those not referred.

OBJECTIVE: The present study sought to identify characteristics of child sexual abuse cases which differentiate cases referred for criminal prosecution ("criminal-action") from those not referred ("dropped") by investigators. METHOD: The study sample consisted of 1043 children who completed a forensic interview for sexual abuse that allegedly occurred at the hands of an adult between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1996 in Bernalillo County of New Mexico. Data was systematically obtained from forensic interview files and offender records at the local prosecutor's office. RESULTS: Differences between criminal-action and dropped cases were found in relation to the children (age, sex and ethnicity), the alleged offenders (age, sex and relationship to child), and the case characteristics (disclosure and injury to the child). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provided insight into the characteristics of a previously ignored population (reported child sexual abuse cases that are not referred for prosecution). Recommendations are made to address the needs of these children and their families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Temporal and spatial variation in alkaloid levels in Achnatherum robustum, a native grass infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium.

The native North American perennial grass Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) Barkworth [= Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn.] or sleepygrass is toxic and narcotic to livestock. The causative agents are alkaloidal mycotoxins produced from infections by a systemic and asexual Neotyphodium endophyte. Recent studies suggest that toxicity is limited across the range of sleepygrass in the Southwest USA. We sampled 17 populations of sleepygrass with varying distance from one focal population known for its high toxicity levels near Cloudcroft, NM, USA. For some, we sampled individual plants twice within the same growing season and over successive years (2001-2004). We also determined infection levels in each population. In general, all populations were highly infected, but infection levels were more variable near the focal population. Only infected plants within populations near the Cloudcroft area produced alkaloids. The ergot alkaloid, ergonovine, comprised the bulk of the alkaloids, with lesser amounts of lysergic and isolysergic acid amides and ergonovinine alkaloids. Levels of all alkaloids were positively correlated among individual plants within and between growing seasons. Infected plants that produced no alkaloids in 1 yr did not produce any alkaloids within the same growing season or in other years. Levels of alkaloids in sleepygrass populations declined with distance from the Cloudcroft population, although infection levels increased. Infected plants in populations in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado produced no alkaloids at all despite 100% infectivity. Our results suggest that only specific Neotyphodium haplotypes or specific Neotyphodium-grass combinations produce ergot alkaloids in sleepygrass. The Neotyphodium haplotype or host-endophyte combination that produces toxic levels of alkaloids appears restricted to one locality across the range of sleepygrass. Because of the wide variation in alkaloid levels among populations, interactions between the endophyte and host, and consequences for herbivores, competitors, and pathogens and other components of the community, are likely to vary widely across the geographic range of this native grass.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1993

Standards of care for high-risk prenatal clients: the community nurse case management approach.

The New Mexico Families FIRST project seeks to reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality through a nursing case management approach. The responsibilities of this community nurse include outreach, education, and care coordination of Medicaid-eligible high-risk pregnant women and their children. The standards of care for these families are derived from a screening tool that identifies medical, demographic, environmental, and psychosocial risks. Although evaluation of the nurse role and the tools used to identify and care for these women and children has not been completed, sharing the developmental stages of the process should facilitate similar endeavors.

Adolescent↗