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Cellular immunity and diarrhoeal disease amongst patients infected with the human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 in Zaria, Nigeria.

This study was carried out to determine the aetiological agents associated with diarrhoea in Nigerians infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, and to correlate the cellular immunity status with the causes of diarrhoea. The mean duration of diarrhoea was 20.7 weeks. Giardia lamblia was the commonest pathogen and was isolated from the stools of 10 patients (25%). Isospora belli was isolated in 3 of the patients (7.5%) but in none of the controls. Other pathogens isolated include salmonella spp. (12.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (7.5%), hookworm (5%), and shigella spp. (5%). No pathogens were identified in seventeen cases (42.5%). No statistically significant difference was established in the stool microbiological findings of the cases and controls. No statistically significant relationship was established between stool microbiological findings and cellular immunity in the patients (ANOVA P > 0.05). It was concluded that the organisms associated with diarrhoea in the HIV-infected patient are similar to those found in HIV-seronegative patients with diarrhoea, and that there is no correlation between the degree of immunodeficiency and the aetiology of diarrhoea.

CD4 Lymphocyte Count↗
PubMed2003

Does having an outpatient visit after hospital discharge reduce the likelihood of readmission?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not having an outpatient visit after hospital discharge is associated with a lower likelihood of readmission for a statewide Medicaid population. DESIGN AND SETTING: A case-control study in the Delaware Medicaid program over a two-year period (7/1/93-6/30/95). PARTICIPANTS: 3,846 continuously enrolled patients aged 0-64 years who were hospitalized and were readmitted within 90 days (cases = 641) or not readmitted within 90 days (controls = 3,205). Subgroups included those readmitted for the same diagnosis (N = 720), for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (N = 906), or both (N = 276). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Likelihood of readmission within 90 days of discharge. RESULTS: Readmission was significantly more likely when an outpatient visit was made after hospital discharge, both before and after controlling for demographic variables and case mix (adjusted odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval = 1.20-1.80). When readmission for the same diagnosis was examined, having an outpatient visit was associated with an increased likelihood of readmission before but not after controlling for demographics and case mix (adjusted odds ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval = 0.67-1.86). The same was for those admitted for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (adjusted odds ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 0.74-1.85) and for those readmitted for the same ambulatory care sensitive condition (adjusted odds ratio = 1.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.54-4.29). CONCLUSIONS: This study fails to demonstrate that outpatient visits after hospital discharge are associated with fewer readmissions for nonelderly Medicaid patients. This suggests that it may not be appropriate to use hospital readmission rates as an indicator of the quality of outpatient care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Utilization of banana agricultural waste: production of cellulases by soil fungi.

Banana a major cash crop of Maharashtra is cultivated over 46900 hectares generating large amount of agro waste after the harvest. Attempts were made to utilize these agro wastes for production of cellulases. Of the 127 fungi isolated from the soil of banana field, 12 fungi were found to utilize cellulose as source of carbon. Trichoderma lignorum showed appreciable cellulolytic activity. It produced Cl, Cx and beta glucosidase in Carboxymethyl Cellulose Peptone medium as well as on agro waste based medium containing leaves, stem and rhizome powders. T. lignorum (0. 45 U/ml) produced maximum enzymes on leaf based medium.

Agriculture↗