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PubMed1963

THE TOXICITY OF CARBAMATES TO ADULT ANOPHELES STEPHENSI.

Experiments to evaluate the residual contact toxicity of five carbamates to adult Anopheles stephensi have shown that four of the compounds (Hercules 7522, UC 10854, Bayer 39007 and RE-5305) were effective as contact insecticides for at least three months when applied as wettable powders on plywood at a dosage of 1 g/m(2). They were rapidly sorbed, however, on dried mud bricks stored at 25 degrees C and 50%-55% relative humidity, and were unstable on fresh limewash. The authors conclude that, although these compounds show promise as residual insecticides, their residual properties may be expected to vary according to the properties of the building materials to which they are applied. A fifth carbamate, Sevin, was much less effective as a contact insecticide.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

CHROMOSOME CHANGES AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS.

Certain insecticide-resistant strains of anopheline mosquitos found in the field or developed in the laboratory are known to contain a high proportion of heterozygotes for chromosomal inversions, but up till now it has not been clear how this could be causally related to resistance. In the present investigation, 2 resistant strains and 2 susceptible strains of Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and the hybrids between them, were examined for the frequency of inversions. It was found that neither the resistant nor the susceptible strains were characterized by inversion buckles. Moreover, no new inversions appeared in the hybrids between them. It was therefore concluded that where heterozygosity for inversions has been observed in anophelines, it is a characteristic of hybrids due to parental differences resulting from geographic separation, and has no relation to specific insecticide resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Trial of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets for the control of malaria transmitted by Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles anthropophagus.

In 1985-1987, a field trial of malaria control using deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets was carried out with 4,450 people in the Buji district, Bao'an County, Guangdong Province, China. The vectors were exophilic Anopheles sinensis (80%) and the endophilic and anthropophilic An. anthropophagus (20%). The first impregnation of the nets was in June 1985 and the second in April 1986. About 87% of the population slept under treated nets. The indoor vector density decreased by 93% and remained at the same level during the second year. During the second year the average monthly malaria incidence was 1.3% for January-June, a decrease of 74.6% as compared with pretreatment data, and 0.85% from July to December, a decrease of 92.7%. In April 1986 and April 1987, the treatment was extended to the whole Buji District, which has a total population of approximately 40,000. The average monthly malaria incidence (April-December 1986 and 1987) was 0.54% and 0.17%, a decrease of 64.7% and 89% respectively as compared with the same period for the previous year.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

The WHO programme for the evaluation and testing of new insecticides.

For many years the World Health Organization has been engaged in a programme for the control of vector-borne diseases, and in 1960 established a programme for evaluating and testing new insecticides, the special objectives being to find new compounds that would overcome the problem of insecticide resistance and not lead to further contamination of the environment.This paper reviews the present status of control of some of the principal vector-borne diseases of man and describes the WHO programme for insecticide evaluation and testing and the results it has achieved.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1998

The dawn of DDT and its experimental use by the Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico, 1943-1952.

The Rockefeller Foundation played an important early role in promoting the use of DDT for malaria control. During World War II the Foundation helped test DDT in the United States. North Africa and Italy. From 1945 to 1952 the Foundation carried out an experimental anti-malaria program in Mexico as part of its global mission to diffuse knowledge of how to control malaria-bearing mosquitoes with DDT.

DDT↗
PubMed2004

Development of biodegradable aluminium carboxymethylcellulose matrices for mosquito larvicides.

The use of ecofriendly biodegradable controlled-release formulations of mosquito larvicides could reduce the frequency of application and losses due to degradation of the insecticide compared with conventional formulations. Among the 20 matrices developed by entrapping the organophosphorus mosquito larvicide, fenthion, in carboxymethylcellulose ionotropically cross-linked with aluminium ions which were studied for release profiles, two matrices, CRF3b and CRF5b, were found to be stable for 16 and 14 weeks under simulated field conditions. The average concentration of fenthion released per week ranged from 0.06 to 3.5 mg litre(-1) for CRF3b and 0.09 to 2.72 mg litre(-1) for CRF5b. Of these two formulations, CRF3b was the more stable, maintaining the concentration of the active ingredient at the level required to effect mosquito control. The cumulative release of fenthion per pellet was 80% from CRF3b and 72% from CRF5b. Based on the study with fenthion, two similar matrices for triflumuron, a benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator, STAR3b and STAR5b were developed. These matrices were stable up to 16 weeks with the average concentration of triflumuron released per week ranging from 0.05 to 3.44 mg litre(-1) for STAR3b and 0.07 to 2.71 mg litre(-1) for STARSb. The cumulative release of triflumuron per pellet was 75% from STAR3b and 76% from STAR5b. From the results of this study under simulated conditions, it is estimated that the application of four pellets of either fenthion or triflumuron per square metre of the breeding surface may play a useful role in controlling Culex quinquefasciatus Say in larval habitats for about 4 months.

Aluminum↗