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PubMed1988

Immigration Act 1988, 10 May 1988.

This Act amends the Immigration Act 1971 to do the following, among other things: 1) remove from the 1971 Act the obligation of immigration rules to preserve the statutory rights of Commonwealth citizens settled in the UK as of 1 January 1973, and their wives and children, to enter and remain in the UK; 2) ensure that only one polygamous wife or widow of a polygamous marriage, who otherwise would have the right of abode in the UK because of marriage, has a right to enter as long as more than one such wife or widow is living; 3) restrict the right to appeal of a person refused leave to enter to those persons who have a certificate of entitlement to the right of abode or have been granted citizenship; 4) restrict the issues to be considered on appeal of a person who has been ordered deported after less than seven years in the UK, subsequent to legal entry, to liability to deportation, in effect removing consideration of all relevant circumstances; 5) provide that any appeal against a refusal to vary leave automatically expires if a deportation order is made; 6) make the offense of overstaying one's granted period of leave to enter a continuing offense so that the statute of limitations on the offense does not apply; 7) provide that persons with the right of freedom of movement in the European Community do not need leave to enter or remain in the UK; 8) provide for the immigration examination of passengers to take place prior to arrival in the UK; 9) provide that leave to enter for six months is deemed granted after an examination if notice for granting or refusing leave is not given within 24 hours; previously the leave was indefinite in time limit and was deemed granted after 12 hours; 10) extend from two months to indefinitely the time limits within which removal directions may be given for persons refused leave to enter; and 11) authorize employment and occupation restrictions to be placed on persons given temporary admission or released on bail. The Immigration (Restricted Right of Appeal Against Deportation) (Exemption) No. 2 Order 1988 (S.I. No. 1203) makes an exception to 4) above for persons claiming asylum.

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Family planning measures, February 1988.

In early 1988, family planning (FP) measures were announced by Mr. Liang Jimin, spokesman for the Chinese State FP Commission. The major points of the measures include: 1) stressing the leading role of the recent reform in general, 2) stabilizing FP policies, and 3) strengthening the organizational frameworks at the grassroots level and improving program performance in backward regions. The policies were explained in detail as follows: "1) to introduce a 'FP contract responsibility system' throughout the country, in order to guarantee the fulfillment of government targets of population plans, such as contracts between governments at different levels, contracts between local government and FP departments; 2) to include the performance of local FP programs as one of the criteria for evaluating the achievements of government officials at various levels, such as relevant provisions in officials' term contracts; 3) to sign FP contracts between couples at reproductive ages and local governments, such as local governments responsible for allocating birth quotas, providing contraceptive equipment and services, and paying incentives and subsidies; the couples would be responsible for using contraceptives and planning births; 4) to improve social security schemes with respect to FP, such as old-age pensions for couples with one child who have undertaken sterilization, only-child life insurance, and contraceptive operation insurance; 5) to increase the proportion of only children among all births and strictly control the quota of authorized second-births in rural areas; 6) to improve education and FP services by relying on community FP associations or "Key Households of FP", to help increase the use rate and reduce the failure rate of contraceptives, increase the quality of contraceptive operations, and reduce the incidence of induced abortion; 7) to adopt measures to eliminate early marriage and early reproduction and introduce population education in middle schools; 8) to enact new laws and regulations, such as 'regulations concerning FP administration at the grassroots level units' and 'regulations concerning FP administration of the highly mobile population'; 9) to increase international exchange and cooperation and import advanced technology and equipment for contraception."

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Makbul Ali v. Manwara Begum, 15 January 1987.

The Court held that a second wife is not responsible for any offense committed under Section 6(5) of the Bangladesh Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961. Section 6(5) provides penalties for the offense of marrying more than one woman without the permission of the Arbitration Council. The second wife in this case had been criminally charged along with the man who had allegedly married twice.

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Document on illegal marriages, 1987.

In December 1987, the State Family Planning Commission of China issued a document calling for government at all levels to take resolute measures to educate people about the Marriage Law and stop violations. The Document also provides that local governments should insist on legal registration and, after education with the help of associations of women, workers, and youths, punish Marriage Law violators. It stresses that local officials should abide by the law and stipulates that they will be severely punished for dereliction of duty or taking bribes.

Asia↗
PubMed1988

The Parsi Marriage and Divorce (Amendment) Act, 1988 (No. 5 of 1988), 25 March 1988.

This Act amends the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, of India in the following ways, among others: 1) marriage age is set at 21 for males and 18 for females (even if they have changed religion); 2) children of invalid marriages are legitimate if they would have been legitimate if the marriage had been valid; 3) divorce can be obtained on the grounds of incurable unsoundness of mind for a period of two years; cruelty; desertion for two years (instead of three, as previously); nonresumption of cohabitation after a decree for separate maintenance for one year (instead of two years); conversion to some other religion (not merely ceasing to be a Parsi); nonresumption of cohabitation for one year after a decree of judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, regardless of guilt; and mutual consent; 4) both husband and wife have equal rights to obtain provisional alimony and permanent alimony and maintenance from each other; 5) the age for custody and maintenance of children is increased from 16 to 18; and 6) all suits brought under the law are to tried in camera.

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Resolution No. 863, 1 December 1988.

This Resolution stipulates that the marriage advance provided for in Iraq Resolution Number 1517 of 12 November 1979 will be granted to persons who remarry a widow, as of the date this Resolution comes into force (not fixed in the Resolution).

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Ayisha Begum v. Hajiah Maideen, 21 June 1988.

The Court held that, in determining whether to authorize a Muslim man to take a second wife under Rule 11 of the Malaysia Muslim Marriage and Divorce Rules 1968, an objective test, rather than a subjective test, should be used. It ruled that, whether "a husband is competent to support more than one wife and will be able, if he marries more than one wife, to treat them with equity in accordance with the Muslim law" should be established by objective evidence, not merely by a husband's statement that he can support both wives and will treat them equitably. The Court allowed the appeal of the wife of the respondent against a decision of the Registrar of Muslim Marriages to allow the respondent to take a second wife.

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Act of 13 May 1987.

This Act makes the following changes in marriage law in the Netherlands: 1) a minor desiring to marry can apply to the magistrate's court for consent if the minor's parents will not consent; 2) "public notice of intended marriage" is no longer required; and 3) the waiting period of 1 year from the time of divorce to the time of remarriage for persons who were married, divorced, and then wished to remarry is abolished.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1995

[Population and household forecasts, 1994].

"The Netherlands Population and Household Forecasts are updated annually by Statistics Netherlands.... In the 1994 based forecasts the median age at marriage is expected to be one year higher than in the previous forecasts (from 29 to 30 years for men born in 1985 and 27 to 28 years for women born in 1985). Also, the median age at first childbirth is expected to be a half year higher than in previous forecasts. Furthermore, non-married cohabitation is expected to rise even faster than in former forecasts.... The increase in one-person households during this period will be about 610 thousand and the number of couples (with or without children) will increase by 330 thousand." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Religious identification and marriage.

"This study analyses religious intermix in Australia for both married and de facto couples. It uses 1991 Australian Bureau of Statistics customised matrix data purchased by the author.... These data indicate that religious intermixing in Australia is only numerically significant amongst dominant religious groups.... It seems that in de facto relationships religious adherence has little effect on choice of partner."

Australia↗