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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Prevalence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia virus-associated antigens (ATLA) in Japanese monkeys and other non-human primates.

The prevalence of adult T-cell-leukemia virus (ATLV) infection was examined in Japanese monkeys living naturally in various parts of Japan and in other species of non-human primates imported into and kept in Japan. Sera of 2,650 Japanese monkeys from 41 troops throughout Japan were tested. High incidences of anti-ATLV-associated antigen (ATLA)-positive monkeys were found in most troops, not only in the endemic area of human ATL(Southwestern Japan), but also in non-endemic areas. The incidence of sero-positive individuals increased gradually with age, reaching a maximum when the animals became adult, indicating age dependency, like that found by epidemiological studies on humans. Anti-ATLA antibodies were also detected in 90 of 815 sera of imported non-human primates of 33 species other than Japanese monkeys. All the anti-ATLA sero-positive monkeys were Catarrhines (Old World monkeys), mainly macaques of Asian origin. Some sero-positive monkeys were also found among animals of African origin, but no antibody was detected in Prosimians and Platyrrhines (New World monkeys). The clear-cut difference between the geographical distribution of sero-positive simians and that of humans indicates the improbability of direct transmission of ATLV from simians to humans.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

STLV-I antibodies in feral populations of East African vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Serum samples from feral populations of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were screened for antibodies to the simian T-lymphotropic virus, type I (STLV-I). Blood samples had been collected from 336 monkeys in 4 regions of central and southern Kenya in 1978 and 1979, from 114 monkeys in central Ethiopia in 1973, and from 85 monkeys from the Kampala region of Uganda in 1966. A total of 178/535 monkeys (33%) were seropositive (STLV-I+). Only 4/114 monkeys (4%) from Ethiopia were seropositive compared to 25/85 Ugandan monkeys (29%) and 149/336 Kenyan monkeys (44%). Epidemiological analysis of the Kenyan monkeys showed that 37% of the males and 54% of the females were STLV-I+, and that there was a progressive increase in the proportion of STLV-I+ monkeys of both sexes with age, rising from an average of 16% in infants (less than 9 months) to an average of 69% in adults (greater than 42 months). The proportion of STLV-I+ monkeys was higher among females in each age category. Seropositivity for antibodies to STLV-I had no apparent effect on the health of monkeys, and no association with the occurrence of Hepatocystis parasitemia was seen in this species. The analysis of data from infants of STLV-I+ mothers showed that seroconversion had occurred in 1 of 3 cases, suggesting that vertical transmission of the STLV-I virus is not an inevitable consequence for infants of seropositive mothers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Monkey leptin receptor mRNA: sequence, tissue distribution, and mRNA expression in the adipose tissue of normal, hyperinsulinemic, and type 2 diabetic rhesus monkeys.

OBJECTIVE: We have cloned the rhesus monkey leptin receptor and examined its mRNA expression levels in the adipose tissue of monkeys to investigate the regulation of gene expression of the leptin receptor. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Monkey leptin receptor cDNA was cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Tissue distribution of monkey leptin receptor was examined by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of monkey leptin receptor in adipose tissue of normal (n=10), hyperinsulinemic obese (n=8), and type 2 diabetic monkeys (n=8) were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Monkey leptin receptor cDNA had at least two alternatively spliced isoforms (long and short forms). The long form of the leptin receptor mRNA was expressed relatively highly in liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus, whereas the total leptin receptors were expressed in every tissue examined. The mRNA levels of the long form of the leptin receptor in adipose tissue were not correlated to body weight, fasting plasma insulin, plasma glucose, or plasma leptin levels. The mRNA levels of the long form of the leptin receptor were highly correlated to that of the total leptin receptor (long and short form). DISCUSSION: The long form of leptin receptor mRNA existed in adipose tissue as well as in liver and hypothalamus, suggesting that the leptin receptor in adipose tissue may be functional in adipose tissue. The expression of the leptin receptor mRNA in adipose tissue is not affected by obesity, hyperinsulinemia, or diabetes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia in macaques: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine.

Benzocaine (BNZ) and lidocaine (LC) are commonly used topical (spray) anesthetics approved for use in humans. Benzocaine has structural similarities to methemoglobin (MHb)-forming drugs that are current candidates for cyanide prophylaxis, while LC has been reported to increase MHb in man. In this study, we compared MHb and sulfhemoglobin (SHb) production in three groups of Macaques (Chinese rhesus and Indian rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)) after exposure to BNZ and LC. Formation of SHb, unlike MHb, is not thought to be reversible and therefore is considered to be of greater toxic significance. Both MHb and SHb levels were measured periodically on a CO-Oximeter. All rhesus macaques (n = 8) were administered an intratracheal/intranasal) dose of 56 mg (low dose) or 280 mg (high dose) of BNZ or 40 mg of LC in a randomized cross-over design (all animals received all three treatments). Pig-tailed macaques (n = 6) were given an intranasal dose of 56 mg of BNZ and 40 mg of LC. As no differences in the peak MHb or time to peak (mean +/- SD) were observed among the three macaque subspecies, the data were pooled. Lidocaine did not cause MHb or SHb formation above baseline in any monkey. In contrast, all monkeys (n = 14) had a significant elevation in peak MHb formation after 56 mg of BNZ, which ranged from 4.0% to 19.4% with an average of 8.6 +/- 4.0% (mean +/- SD), with peak MHb levels reached at 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1982

Transmission of hepatitis A virus among recently captured Panamanian owl monkeys.

The presence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in 60% of procured owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) held within the United States prompted a study of recently captured A trivirgatus in Panama. Only 2 of 145 newly captured monkeys, but all of 35 A trivirgatus held within a colony for over 100 days, were found to have anti-HAV. Of 41 sero-negative, newly captured monkeys followed prospectively, 25 became infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) as evidenced by seroconversion or demonstration of virus in the liver at death. Only one monkey that survived over 60 days within the colony was not infected. HAV was identified in the feces of most infected monkeys prior to the development of antibody and was antigenically indistinguishable from human HAV in cross-blocking radioimmunoassays. This colony-centered epizootic provides strong evidence that A trivirgatus is susceptible to HAV and should be investigated further as a potential model of human hepatitis A.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Therapeutic effect of the antiviral agent ribavirin in Junín virus infection of primates.

In order to assess the effect of the antiviral Ribavirin on the course of Junín virus infection in Callithrix jacchus, seven inoculated monkeys were treated with 15 mg of the drug, twice a day, starting 6 days after infection when all animals were viremic. The three untreated controls showed typical signs of Junín virus infection at 14 days pi and their mean time of death was 18 days. In contrast, no signs of illness were detected in Ribavirin-treated animals until 24 days pi, when marmosets showed signs of neurological involvement: 5 of these animals died (mean day of death: 36) but the two remaining treated monkeys improved and survived infection without sequelae. The comparison of survival rates (0% vs 28%) and the delay of the mean day of death observed indicates that the Ribavirin treatment used has therapeutic effect on Junín virus infection in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of serum antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in selected populations from two U.S. cities.

An ELISA was developed for measuring serum antibodies against the arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and a closely related isolate termed callitrichid hepatitis virus (CHV). The ELISA was used to test sera from healthy adults and from hepatitis patients. In Birmingham, Alabama, the seropositivity rate for healthy black women was 5.1% (7/138), and the rate for patients with all types of hepatitis or cirrhosis was 4.3% (2/46). In San Antonio, Texas, the seropositivity rate among a clinical series of patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis was 0 (0/20), and the rate among persons rejected from blood donation because of high serum alanine aminotransferase levels was 2.4% (2/82). These results indicate that infection with LCMV or CHV is common in Birmingham but that infection is not associated with hepatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The prostate of the nonhuman primate: normal anatomy and pathology.

The caudal and cranial prostate of different species of nonhuman primates were examined for histologic characteristics and pathological abnormalities. One hundred specimens from 12 species were represented. Among the pathologies found were: 1) cystic hyperplasia; 2) fibromuscular hyperplasia; 3) squamous metaplasia; 4) chronic and acute bacterial prostatitis; 5) prostate adenocarcinoma; and 6) other miscellaneous pathologic changes. A historical review of histological characteristics and pathological abnormalities of the nonhuman primate prostate is given. Based upon findings in this study, anatomical similarity of the caudal lobe of the prostate to the peripheral zone of the prostate in humans as described by McNeal is found. In the patas monkey the relationship of the cranial and caudal lobe suggests strongly the relationship seen between the central and peripheral zones in man. The case of prostatic adenocarcinoma described has only been reported in one other nonhuman primate.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Teratological and radiocephalometric analysis of craniofacial malformations induced with retinoic acid in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Fifteen pregnant Macaca mulatta were treated with doses of 20 or 40 mg of retinoic acid between 19--45 or 17--45 days of gestation, respectively, for 4--8 consecutive days. Based on gross examination, ten malformed infants, including one stillbirth and one abortus, four normal infants, and one resorption were produced. The most critical sensitive period was between days 24--35 of gestation, and the malformations primarily involved the craniofacial skeleton. Ten treated infants and eight age-matched controls were cephalometrically analyzed using craniometric points as closely correlated as possible with those in humans in order to define the craniofacial malformations induced prenatally by retinoic acid. Although all ten animals had detectable linear and angular deviations from the controls, four had cephalometric patterns which appeared to be of similar developmental origin.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1996

Histopathological and immunocytochemical demonstration of retinal degeneration in the squirrel monkey.

Here we describe the spontaneous appearance of a retinal degeneration in two squirrel monkeys (New World monkey). Since the retinal pathology sufficiently resembles that seen in human degenerative disorder, studies of degeneration in monkeys could contribute to the prevention and treatment of the human disorder. The histopathological examination of horizontal sections comprising the optic disc and the fovea revealed photoreceptor outer and inner segments only in the central fovea. The morphology of the photoreceptors and outer nuclear layer changed rapidly away from the central fovea. There was a loss of outer segments, a shortening of inner segments and disorganized and flattened cells were found in the outer nuclear layer. AO labelling not only detected opsin in the few areas where outer segments were present, but also in the inner segments and the outer nuclear layer. The OS-2 antibody failed to stain the outer segments of the blue sensitive cones. The COS-1 antibody stained many red/green sensitive cones in the fovea, but their density decreased quickly outside this region. Thus, we have detected retinal degeneration in two outbred squirrel monkeys who were being examined for other reasons unrelated to research in retinal degeneration. One was feral and the other was only two generations removed from the feral state. The identification of retinal degeneration in a non-human primate holds great promise for the development of a treatment for human retinitis pigmentosa because access to a primate model would be of invaluable importance for studying the biochemistry behind these disorders.

Animals↗