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PubMedDate not supplied

Bone mineral density and grip strength in postmenopausal Turkish women with osteoporosis: site specific or systemic?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of grip strength to site-specific bone mineral density of the metacarpal bone and also axial bone mineral density. The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the nondominant hand were measured by DEXA. SUBJECTS: A total of 187 postmenopausal women were included in the study. Of the patients, 102 were osteoporotic, and 85 were not osteoporotic and served as control subjects. METHODS: Grip strength of the nondominant hand was measured by hand-held dynamometer. Skinfold thickness of the nondominant hand was measured by a caliper (Holstain). Biochemical markers of bone turnover and other osteoporosis-related variables were also measured. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between groups regarding bone mineral density of the lumbar, femoral (neck) and hand regions and the grip strength (P < .05). Hand bone mineral density (BMD) was found to be correlated with bone mineral density of the lumbar and femoral (neck) regions in osteoporotic patients. Grip strength was correlated positively with the BMD of the nondominant hand. Grip strength was correlated negatively with age and years since menopause. Grip strength was also correlated positively with femoral neck BMD. CONCLUSION: The study provides support for a site-specific and also systemic relationship between muscle and bone. Grip strength is also a predictor of hand bone mineral density.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Mineralization of aged atrazine, terbuthylazine, 2,4-D, and mecoprop in soil and aquifer sediment.

The effect of aging of the herbicides atrazine, terbuthylazine, 2,4-D, and mecoprop on their bioavailability to degrading microorganisms was studied in soil and aquifer sediment. 14C-ring-labeled herbicide (2.5 mg/kg) was added to sterilized soil or aquifer sediment and stored at 10 degrees C for up to 103 d before inoculation with either the atrazine and terbuthylazine-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP (atrazine-degrading Pseudomonas) or an enriched culture able to mineralize 2,4-D and mecoprop. The initial mineralization rate and recovery of 14CO2 after 62 to 113 d of incubation were used as measures of the availability of the compounds to the microorganisms. Aging in soil reduced the initial mineralization of atrazine. Thus, only 17% of the added 14C-atrazine had been mineralized after 21 h of incubation when aged for 88 d as compared with 33% when the atrazine had been aged for 1 d. 14CO2 recovery was only 58% after 88 d of aging as compared with 81% when aged for 1 d. A similar effect of aging was seen with terbuthylazine. With 2,4-D, the effect of aging in soil on mineralization by the enriched culture was much smaller. Aging had no effect on mineralization of mecoprop in soil or on mineralization of any of the herbicides in aquifer sediment.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases within mineralizing bone cells in vitro in the presence of fluoride.

Fluoride is known to alter mineralization within bone, although the mechanism for its action is unclear. An important stage in the formation of mineralized tissues is the remodeling of the osteoid, facilitating mineral deposition. Using a bone mineralizing culture system derived from rat femur washes, this study investigated the influence of fluoride on MMP expression at a developmental stage relating to the onset of mineralization. Bone cells cultured in the absence of fluoride synthesized an active form of a 45-kD MMP, which was immunoreactive with an antibody to human MMP-1 (although full characterization of this MMP was not achieved), trace levels of an MMP immunoreactive with anti-MMP-3, and a 66-kD proteolytic species. Incubation in 10(-7) and 10(-5) M fluoride resulted in a decrease in expression of the 45-kD MMP, sharp increases in the expression of MMP-3, and the appearance of a band at 110 kD, which showed immunoreactivity for MMP-9. The influence of fluoride on MMP expression is likely to influence the composition of the remodeling matrix and subsequent mineralization and offers a potential mechanism by which fluoride alters mineralization.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Bone mineral and body composition analysis of whole body in 292 normal subjects assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry].

OBJECTIVE: To understand whole body bone mineral and body composition changes in normal subjects, and study the relationship between body composition and bone mineral. METHODS: 292 normal subjects aged 10-79 years old, including 140 males and 152 females, were selected to be measured bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) lean and fat of whole body by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Individuals were divided into age-groups by every ten years and were analyzed by statistical methods. RESULTS: In males, peak values of BMC, BMD, lean and fat were in the 30-39, 20-39, 30-39, 70-79 age-groups. In females, they were in the 30-39, 30-39, 30-49, 50-69 age-groups respectively. Peak values of BMC, BMD and lean were higher in males than that in females, but peak value of BMD was not significantly higher in males than that in females. Peak value of fat was higher in females than that in males. Loss of BMC and BMD for females were more pronounced than that for males. Loss of lean for males was more pronounced than that for females. There are significant positive correlation between lean, weight and bone mineral in males and females. Fat has significant effect on BMC in females only. CONCLUSIONS: The normal bone mineral and body composition data of whole body for males and females, and the characteristic of changes with aging are provided for analyzing the relationship between bone mineral and body composition with ease.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1992

[Interpretation of early radiological changes in the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis among coal miners].

Apart from certain changes which are typical for pneumoconiosis, the radiological picture of the lungs of sigma coal miners does frequently show some irregular small opacities of s, t and u types. The role and specificity of these changes in the early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis has not been too well defined by now. A 10-year study (conducted at 2 or 3 year intervals) was carried out among 150 miners from 2 mines characterized by different dust loading. Some irregular changes in the miners' lungs were observed. The control group derived from the same mines comprised 115 miners with no radiological changes found in their lungs. The evolution of radiological changes took place in 55.3% of the miners and was more intensive in the heavily dusted mine. Radiological changes were revealed in 38.3% of the controls. It was indicated that pneumoconiosis results much more frequently (38.6%) from the evolution of the irregular changes rather than directly from the proper radiological picture of the lungs (5.3%). In 44.7% of the subjects the changes of s, t and u type did not undergo any evolution, which may be due to their non-specific characteristics. The evolution of irregular opacities is dominating in the patients with bronchitis and emphysema. No significant correlation between smoking and the progress of irregular opacities was found. The observation of the further exposure to the dusts did not produce any clear results. The progress of the changes of s, t and u type was observed more frequently in those still working under ground, but more cases of pneumoconiosis were found in the miners who stopped working. This fact indicates that the further exposure affects the s, t and u type changes and confirms the observations by other authors concerning the manifestation of pneumoconiosis after the break of exposure. The results of the 10-year study prove that the miners with this sort of changes are exposed to a higher risk of pneumoconiosis, although the answer concerning specificity of irregular changes in the radiological picture has not yet been found.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Total bone mineral content and body composition by x-ray densitometry in newborns.

Measurement of total body bone mineral content and body composition has not previously been convenient in the newborn. X-ray densitometry, otherwise known as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), has been used in adults to assess with accuracy and precision the total body mineral content, lean mass, and fat. Body composition measurements were determined in vivo by DEXA in term newborns, and they were compared with values reported by chemical analysis of the cadaver, with skin-fold thickness measurements, and with bone mineral content measured by single photon absorptiometry. The intermeasurement coefficient of variation was < or = 2.5% for bone mineral content, and < or = 1% for fat and lean mass. The values for bone mineral content, fat, and lean mass fall within the ranges expected based on the reported values measured by chemical analysis of the infant cadaver. Triceps and quadriceps skin-fold measurements were best correlated with total body fat as measured by DEXA. The bone mineral content of the distal third radius site as measured by single photon absorptiometry in newborns showed significant correlation with total body bone mineral content. DEXA provides a reproducible and convenient method for the determination of body composition in newborns.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of soybean isoflavone and calcium on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of cultured osteoblasts in vitro].

To explore the effects of soybean isoflavone and calcium on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of cultured osteoblastic cells. Osteoblastic cells from newborn rat calvarial was cultured. Osteoblastic cells proliferation was measured by MTT, activity of APL was observed with Golden's method and ARS was used to measure the mineral nodes of osteoblasts. The results showed that the calcium group had not different from the control group on stimulating the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of rat calvarial osteoblastic cells. The soybean isoflavone group had significant effects on stimulating the proliferation, differentiation of osteoblasts and increase the forming of the mineral nodes of osteoblasts in rat. Calcium and soybean isoflavone group had more benefit for forming mineral nodes. The soybean isoflavone stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of rat calvarial osteoblastic cells, and increase calcium in the same time is more benefit for mineralization.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

[The observation of bone mineral density by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and histology during fracture healing at the femoral fracture site of rat].

OBJECTIVE: To dynamically observe the bone mineral density and histology changes during fracture healing at the femoral fracture site, and to study the role of monitoring fracture healing by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). METHODS: 60 female 3-month-old SD rats were used to establish right femoral fracture model. The fractured and contralateral unfractured femorals were scanned by Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry in 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The callus of each rat was examined by light microscope at the same time. RESULTS: The value of bone mineral density at rat femoral fracture site was significantly increased post-osteotomy, showing a clear healing trend. The bone mineral density at fracture site was 29.5%, 48.3%, 85.3%, 105.2% of the value obtained of the control limb 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks postoperatively. There was a compatibility on time between bone mineral density and histology. The BMD of distal metaphysis remained reduced until 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: The change of bone mineral density at the fracture site exhibited positive correlation with the histology of fracture healing, bone mineral density can accurately quantify the extent of mineralization of callus at the fracture site. DEXA can be used as a new technique in monitoring fracture healing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bone mineral density in children. Association with musculoskeletal pain and/or joint hypermobility].

OBJECTIVE: Joint hypermobility can be associated with benign musculoskeletal pain. The relation between hypermobility and low bone mineral density is still unknown. Osteoporosis can be observed in some genetic syndromes associated with joint hypermobility. The aim of our study was to detect the possible relation between joint hypermobility, benign musculoskeletal pain and bone mineral density in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-three children from 5 to 10 years of age were evaluated concerning the presence of joint hypermobility and the presence of musculoskeletal pain based on a questionnaire directed to parents. We also performed densitometry to measure bone mineral density. All children underwent an L2-L4 lumbar bone densitometry. RESULTS: Children were distributed into four groups according to the presence or not of joint hypermobility associated or not with musculoskeletal pain: 29 (31.2%) with hypermobility and pain, 20 (21.5%) with hypermobility and without pain, 22 (23.6%) without hypermobility and with pain and 22 (23.6%) without hypermobility and without pain (control group). Twenty-four children (25.8%) presented reduction in bone mineral density over 10% related to the adequate bone mineral density for age and gender. Bone mineral density was significantly lower in relation to the controls in the following groups: with hypermobility (independently of the presence of pain), with pain (independently of the presence of hypermobility), with hypermobility and without pain and without hypermobility and with pain. CONCLUSION: Bone mineral density may be lower in children with joint hypermobility (independently of musculoskeletal pain) and in children with pain (independently of hypermobility) when compared to controls.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2003

Mineralization and organic phase modifications as contributory factors of accelerated degeneration in homograft aortic valves.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to assess histological and mineralogical properties of leaflets in human, antibiotic-preserved aortic homograft valves (recovered during surgical replacement) in order to identify factors accounting for pathological changes leading to accelerated graft dysfunction. A comparison was made with aortic valves prepared for grafting, with a view to assessing morphological and mineralogical characteristics as a potential preimplantation risk factor. METHODS: Valve leaflets were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. Mineralization was assessed histochemically, and also physicochemically by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). RESULTS: All explanted homograft valve leaflets revealed prominent degenerative changes seen as decreased surface area, fibrosis, mineralization and focal thrombosis. Substantial loss of endothelium and fibroblasts, reduced collagen bundles crimping, inflammation (81%) and disappearance of layered structure (59%) was identified. The elastic elements were relatively stable, though a gradual age-dependent loss was observed in both groups. Accelerated mineralization was seen in all explanted homografts; inorganic deposits were composed mainly of hydroxyapatite. Two types of mineralization were identified: large limited nodular structures, and diffuse mineral deposits. Homografts with moderately elevated mineralization, well-preserved layered structure and sporadic infective changes proved to have the greatest durability. Homograft durability was also affected by the difference in host and donor age. CONCLUSION: Preimplantation factors affecting pathological changes determining homograft durability included morphological status of the graft itself and donor age; host-related factors included recipient age, endocarditis, native valve calcification, and host-donor matching (age difference between host and donor). A limited molecular mineralization may increase valvular durability, provided that no focal nodular calcifications exist that might adversely affect overall homograft integrity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Bone mineral density in school age children born preterm ].

BACKGROUND: The age at which children born preterm normalize their bone mineral density, is not well known. AIM: To study if children born preterm have normalized their bone mineral density at age 5 to 7 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty six infants born preterm (14 male), were studied at age 5 to 7 years. Birth weight, present weight and height, bone age, calcium and phosphate intake at the first year of life and at the current age were assessed. Bone mineral density was measured by single photon X ray absorptiometry in the dominant forearm. A blood sample was obtained to measure insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1). As a control group, 105 healthy age-paired infants born at term, were studied. RESULTS: Bone mineral density was significantly lower in infants born preterm than in their term counterparts (0.273 +/- 0.01 g/cm2 and 0.302 +/- 0.01 g/cm2 respectively, p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between bone mineral density and IGF-1 (r = 0.49, p = 0.01). No correlation with the other measured parameters was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Infants that were born preterm have a lower bone mineral density at 5 to 7 years of age than their term controls. Bone mineral density correlates with IGF-1.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Residual bone-mineral density and muscle strength after fractures of the tibia or femur in children.

This study compared the bone-mineral density in the proximal part of the femur and the flexion and extension strength of the knee in the fractured and the non-fractured limbs after an uncomplicated fracture of the tibia or femur in children. Thirty-eight children, whose ages ranged from two to fifteen years at the time of the injury, were evaluated at an average of 2.3 years after the injury. The mean difference in bone-mineral density between the fractured and non-fractured limbs was 3.3 per cent (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference between the bone-mineral density of the limbs that had been immobilized for less than four weeks and that of the contralateral, non-fractured limbs. However, the mean difference between the bone-mineral density of the limbs that had been immobilized for more than eight weeks and that of the contralateral limbs was 4.3 per cent (p = 0.006). There was little or no relationship between the time since the injury and the difference in bone-mineral density between the two limbs of the patient at the intervals of follow-up that were studied. No residual weakness in flexion and extension of the knee was detected, and no relationship was established between the limb-to-limb differences in strength and the limb-to-limb differences in bone-mineral density. The residual bone-mineral deficit was found to be minimum after an uncomplicated fracture. This difference, while statistically significant, is unlikely to be clinically important in the long term. However, the fact that there was a deficit raises a potential concern for children who have more severe or repeated injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on bone mineral content in girls with Turner syndrome.

Because a close relationship between estrogen deficiency and osteoporosis has been proven, it is possible that lifelong estrogen deficiency might be the cause of osteopenia in Turner syndrome. This study was done to characterize the effect of estrogen therapy on bone mineralization in girls with Turner syndrome. Radial bone mineral content values were found to be below the 95% normal confidence interval in 44 of 49 untreated patients, aged 10.82 +/- 3.45 years. An inverse correlation was found between the patients' ages and their delta bone mineral content values. The effect of beginning estrogen treatment early or late was studied in 16 girls who started the treatment before and 11 who started after age 12. Although they were still deficient compared with controls, the first group had better mineralization than the second (P = .0005). Finally, nine patients were followed prospectively during replacement therapy; their bone mineral content delta values changed significantly (P = .02) during the follow-up period (3.17 +/- 0.33 years), but the bone mineral content did not normalize. Our data show that estrogen deficiency per se does not cause osteoporosis in young girls with Turner syndrome. In fact, estrogen therapy prevented bone loss but failed to normalize the low bone mineral content values. Early treatment is preferable because it reduces the bone density deficit present in untreated patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Advances in study of factors affecting soil N mineralization in grassland ecosystems].

The biological and non-biological factors affecting soil N availability in grassland ecosystems were reviewed in this paper. Nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems is one of the focuses widely concerned. Nitrogen mineralization is affected by many factors in grassland ecosystem, which can be classified into biological and non-biological ones. Biological factors include soil animals, soil microorganisms and plants. Soil animals could accelerate the organic matter to degrade. The species, structure and function of soil microorganisms correlate significantly with N degradation and mineralization. Different vegetation has different effects on soil nitrogen mineralization. The non-biological factors include environmental factors and anthropogenic disturbance, which have direct and obvious effects on N mineralization. The effects of soil temperature and moisture on N mineralization are given more attention, but many phenomena, such as the effects of soil type, soil structure and vegetation type on N mineralization still could not be explained clearly, and no general agreements were reached. Anthropogenic disturbance such as grazing, firing and fertilization influence N mineralization evidently. It is of great significance to understand the N cycling pattern and N availability in different grassland ecosystems all around the world.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of bone mineral density on the basis of the results of studies of selected skeleton populations from the microregion of Brześć Kujawski.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeletal system characterised by reduced bone strength leading to increased risk of fracture. Bone strength is a combined derivative of bone mineral density (BMD) and of bone tissue quality. Osteoporosis is a serious medical problem because of its complications, most frequently manifesting itself in spine fractures, fractures of distal sections of the forearm and, in later periods of life, hip fractures. Reduced BMD is an independent risk factor of osteoporosis. The goal of the study was an evaluation of bone mineral density of the population inhabiting the micro-region of Brześć Kujawski from the 11(th) century until the beginning of the 19th century. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human bones obtained from archaeological excavations at four archaeological sites: Kolonia (11th-13th centuries), SBK-4 (12th-16th centuries), Fara (14th-17th centuries) and Swiety Duch (16th-19th centuries) and from the collections of the Katedra of Anthropology of the University of Łódź were subjected to study. Bone mineral densities of the skeleton populations were compared with those of the control group, namely the present living population of the Łódź Province. The incidence of osteoporosis was evaluated by densitometric assessment, which was performed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on a DPX device (LUNAR, USA). RESULTS: The densitometric measurements performed enabled differences to be identified in the mineral density of the osseous tissue. The skeletal groups studied were characterised by a significantly higher mean BMD than the contemporary living population. Changes in BMD indicative of osteopenia prevailed in women. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results obtained it cannot definitively be stated that the skeletal groups studied, despite their significantly higher BMD, were affected by a lower risk of osteoporosis and its complications. A continuation of studies on the mineral content of bones and on the relationship between the mineral content and bone mineral density is required.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

[Comparisons of effects of vitamin D3 metabolites on mineralization: utilization of incisor dentin in parathyroidectomized rats].

The rat incisor is continuously growing throughout the animal's life recording the state of mineralization within its dentin at all times. Therefore, it was assumed that the incisor dentin was suitable material for studying the effects of various drugs on such mineralization. The present study set out to examine the effects of vitamin D3 metabolites on the remineralization of dentin and the serum calcium level in parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. Male Wistar rats weighing about 200-250 g were parathyroidectomized. Each rat was given daily 12 g of a synthetic diet containing 0.1% Ca and 0.4% P (normal P) or 0.06% P (P deficient) without vitamin D. Exp. I: Three groups of rats given a normal P diet were orally administered vehicle, 25 (OH) D3 (50 IU/rat) or 1,25 (OH)2D3 (5 IU/rat) for 5 days from the 28th day after PTX, respectively. Exp. II: Two groups of rats given a normal P diet or a P deficient diet were further divided into 4 sub-groups and intramuscularly administered 0, 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 IU of vitamin D3 on the 9th day after PTX, respectively. The active vitamin D3, 1,25 (OH)2D3 restored the mineralization of the dentin which had been suppressed following PTX, and elevated the serum calcium level to about 9 mg/dl. However, the 25 (OH) D3 neither restored the mineralization of the dentin nor elevated the serum calcium level in the PTX rats. At doses below 1,000 IU, vitamin D3 could not restore the mineralization of the dentin. However, at massive doses above 5,000 IU, the mineralization was restored in proportion to the dose. The serum calcium levels also increased in proportion to the dose. It is assumed that the increase of the serum calcium level was mainly due to the enhancement of calcium absorption from the intestine by vitamin D3. Both remineralization of the incisor dentin and increase of the serum calcium level were more marked in groups of rats given a P deficient diet than in those given a normal P diet. In all cases in the present experiments, the degree of mineralization of the dentin seemed to correspond with the degree of elevation of the serum calcium levels. These results suggest that the remineralization of the dentin in the PTX rats was attributable to the effect of the vitamin D3 metabolites on serum calcium regulation. Relative biological activities of 1,25 (OH)2D3, 25 (OH) D3 and vitamin D3 on the remineralization of dentin were estimated to be 1, less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A prospective evaluation of bone mineral change in pregnancy.

During pregnancy, mineralization of the fetal skeleton creates a demand for approximately 30 g of calcium from maternal sources. We examined whether this fetal demand results in maternal femoral bone mineral loss. Femoral bone mineral density was measured twice by dual photon densitometry, once before conception and again within 15 days of parturition, in 32 white women aged 20-40 years. Femoral bone mineral density was also measured twice in 32 non-pregnant controls matched to the cases for weight, height, age, and parity. There was no significant mean bone mineral density loss in cases compared with controls (P greater than .63). Pregnant women with smaller body size, expressed as Quetelet index, were more likely to have femoral neck bone mass increase than their matched controls (P less than .03). This study provides evidence that fetal demand for calcium has a minimal effect on bone mineral density at parturition. Smaller women may experience a slight increase in femoral bone mineral density compared with controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Mechanism of mineral formation in bone.

The mechanism of mineral formation in bone is seen best where active new bone formation is occurring, e.g., in newly forming subperiosteal bone of the embryo, in the growing bone of young animals, and in healing rickets where the calcification process in osteoid is reactivated. A large body of ultrastructural evidence, using conventional and anhydrous methods for tissue preparation, has shown convincingly that extracellular matrix vesicles are present at or near the mineralization front in all of the above, and that these vesicles are the initial site of apatite mineral deposition. Thus bone resembles growth plate cartilage, predentin, and turkey tendon in having calcification initiated by matrix vesicles. Once the calcification cascade is begun, matrix vesicles are no longer needed to support mineralization and are consumed by the advancing mineralization front in which performed crystals serve as nuclei for the formation of new crystals. The rate of crystal proliferation is promoted by the availability of Ca2+, PO4(3-), and the presence of collagen, and retarded by naturally occurring inhibitors of mineralization such as proteoglycans and several noncollagenous calcium-binding proteins of bone including bone-Gla protein (osteocalcin), phosphoproteins, osteonectin, and alpha-2HS-glycoproteins. New electron microscopic immunocytochemical findings in our laboratory suggest that the origin of alkaline phosphatase-positive bone matrix vesicles is polarized to the mineral-facing side of osteoblasts and may be concentrated near the intercellular junctions of human embryonic osteoblasts.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗