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PubMed1978

Taxonomy of Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis and Padhye.

The black yeast-like fungus Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis et Padhye was originally described as Torula jeanselmei by Langeron. Since its original description in 1928, this dematiaceous hyphomycete has been placed in the genera Phialophora, Pullularia and Rhinocladiella by various authors. Study of the type culture of E. jeanselmei has confirmed that the principle conidiogenous cells of this fungus are annellides, thus supporting its current generic disposition. After reviewing the neotype culture of Phialophora gougerotii (Matruchot) Borelli sensu Borelli, the type culture of Torula bergeri Langeron, authentic cultures of Margarinomyces heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Mangenot sensu Mangenot, the type culture of Trichosporium heteromorphum Nannfeldt and the neotype culture of Exophiala mansonii (Castellani) de Hoog sensu de Hoog, as well as additional cultures, it was concluded that P. gougerotti sensu Borelli, T. bergeri and M. heteromorphis sensu Mangenot pro parte are conspecific with E. jeanselmei. Trichosporium heteromorphum and E. jeanselmei are not conspecific as suggested by some workers. Tr. heteromorphum is a distinct species and should be referred to as Phialophora heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Wang. Sporotrichum gougerotti Matruchot is considered to be a later synonym of Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen et Perkins and E. mansonii sensu de Hoog as a later synonym of Microsporum mansonii Castellani. M. mansonii is held to be a later synonym of Malassezia furfur (Robin) Baillon. The neotype culture of E. mansonii produces phialides without collarettes.

Cryptococcus↗
PubMed1975

Culture medium alkalinization by dermatophyes. (Influence of time and temperature of incubation).

95 dermatophyte strains (12 of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 12 of T. tonsurans, 11 of T. rubrum, 12 of T. megninii, 12 of T. violaceum, 2 of T. schoenleinii, 1 of T. soudanense, 12 of M. canis, 8 of Microsporum gypseum, 1 of M. ferrugineum and 12 of Epidermphoyton floccosum). 1 of Aspergillus niger, 1 of A. ochraceus, 1 of Paecilomyces sp., 1 of Penicillium sp. and 1 of Candida albicans were grown in Sabouraud liquid medium for the study of pH variation over 6 weeks at room temperature and after 4 weeks at 37 degrees C. All the dermatophyte strains alkalinized the medium. The highest pH values after 2-3 weeks' development in room temperature were produced by T. mentagrophytes, M. gypseum and M. canis, and the lowest by T. rubrum and T. violaceum. After the 4th week the alkalinizing activity became more marked for T. mentagrophytes and remained stationary for T. violaceum, In the 5th week the values produced by T. tonsurans were higher than those for M. gypseum, and those for E. floccosum and T. megninii were higher than those of M. canis. A similar behaviour was observed for T. rubrum and T. megninii and for M. canis, M. gypseum and M. ferrugineum. There seems to be a relation between the alkalinizing capacity and the rapidity and amount of the growth. At 37 degrees C both alkalinization and range of variation of the pH values of the medium became more noticeable for the strains of each species.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed1986

Tinea capitis in the adult: two case studies.

The authors describe two cases of tinea capitis in adults, one due to Microsporum canis and the other to Trichophyton rubrum. The atypical clinical presentation of the dermatophytosis in these two cases is stressed. It is hypothesized that in both cases the disease spread from primary lesion on the face.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Dermatophyte species, microscopic and cultural examination.

The dermatophytes Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. rubrum, and T. verrucosum were compared with respect to the direct microscopic examination of a clinical material and the number of colonies obtained by culture. It was found that the results of microscopy as well as of culture depended to a marked extent upon which species were the cause of the mycosis. The extremes were E. floccosum and T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale which showed 7.5% and 32.5% isolates with negative microscopic findings and 45.5% and 5.0% isolates with larger than or equal to 10 colonies.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the biological effects of deuteriated organic compounds. I. Antifungal activity of perdeuteriated fatty acids on dermatophytes in vitro.

The antifugal activity of some perdeuteriated fatty acids, with normal chain 11 to 18 carbon atoms, was investigated on common dermatophytes Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum under in vitro conditions. These studies were performed by dilution technique and with respiratory measurements, Perdeuteriation of some fatty acids increases their inhibitory effect on the dermatophyte growth. Perdeuteriated n-hendecanoic acid proved to be the most active of the substances tested. Possible mechanisms behind the enhanced antifungal activity due to the perdeuteriation of fatty acids are discussed.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the biological effects of deuteriated organic compounds. III. Antifungal activity of perdeuteriated fatty acids on dermatophytes in vivo experimental microsporie in guinea pigs.

Investigations on the antimycotic properties of perdeuteriated fatty acids were carried out on Microsporum cains infections in vivo. The study was performed on experimental microsporie in guinea pigs using four different methods, all based on the ability of M. canis to cause alopecia. Perdeuteriated n-hendecanoic acid showed in vivo a statistically significant enhanced antimycotic effect compared to its unlabelled analogue. This is in accordance with our previous observations in vitro conditions. The remaining perdeuteriated fatty acids (C12--C18) showed no statistically significant growth retarding effect on M. canis infections in guinea pigs when compared with their unlabelled analogues. The present study attempts to ascertain if some perdeuteriated fatty acids have any antifungal activity in vivo conditions. Our previous papers (3,4) concerning the evaluation of the antifungal activity of some perdeuteriated fatty acids on dermatophytes in vitro, demonstrated that the perdeuteriation of n-hendecanoic acid, lead to a pronounced antimycotic effect on common dermatophytes as e.g. E. floccosum, T. rubrum, M. canis and T. mentagrophytes. As our previous results indicate a decreasing of fungistasis with an increasing carbon-chain length of the perdeuteriated fatty acids, we have attempted to verify this observation in vivo conditions. A special interest was, of course, focused on the most promising compound, the perdeuteriated n-hendecanoic acid.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1982

Keratinolytic fungi in Egyptian soils.

The frequency of occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in seventy soil samples collected from different sites in Upper Egypt and in the coastal area of the Mediterranean and baited with human and animal hair and pigeon feathers was determined. Twenty-one species in addition to an unidentified species, which belong to sixteen genera were collected. Chrysosporium indicum, B. tropicum, C. keratinophilum and Microsporum gypseum were the most frequent fungal species recovered from baited soils. The eight soil samples collected from the salt marshes of the coastal Mediterranean area were completely free from any keratinolytic fungi, whereas the sixty-two soil samples collected from cultivated soils contributed a species ranging from one to four species.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Observations of Microsporium canis with cryoscanning and scanning electron microscopy.

The observations of Microsporum canis with cryoscanning and scanning electron microscopy without fixation and dehydration were reported. In the former an almost native state was observed through showing some fuzzy outlines due to frost; in the latter it was shown that marked shrinkage and distortion had occured. There were many granules on the surface of the macroconidia though their function is uncertain.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1981

Lipids of dermatophytes.

This investigation deals with phosphatides and fatty acid content of Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum cookie and Trichophyton mentagrophytes during different phases of growth. Total phosphatide content of these dermatophytes decreased with age, which was reflected in constituent major phosphatides. The zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids tended to maintain a constant ratio. Short chain fatty acids increased significantly with age in E. floccosum whereas these fatty acids represented a minor fraction of the total fatty acids in M. cookie and T. mentagrophytes. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased 4-fold during growth in E. floccosum, whereas this increase was marginal in M. cookie. This ratio decreased in T. mentagrophytes.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed1989

Keratinolytic fungi of wadi Qena in Egypt.

Forty-six soil samples collected from different sites of wadi Qena were examined for keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting technique. Thirty-two species in addition to one variety of each of A. nidulans and A. flavus which belong to eighteen genera were recovered. Aspergillus, Chrysosporium, Penicillium, Microsporum and Fusarium were the most frequent genera developed from baited soils.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Zoophilic dermatophytes as epizoonoses pathogens and their significance to dermatology].

Different dermatophytes occurring primarily in animals may be transmissible to man and produce human disease; such zoophilic fungi should be considered a possible cause of skin lesions of unclear origin. Several species including Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis may infect human skin, causing a variety of signs and symptoms. People who have close contact to infested cattle or cats are more often exposed to fungal infections. Certain professions, such as farmers, and children are especially vulnerable. Finally, less common ways of transmission of dermatophytoses from other animal species to man are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of dermatophytic fungal infections in children: a recent study in Anambra state, Nigeria.

We conducted a recent survey of dermatological fungal infections amongst children in both urban and rural parts of Anambra State in the south-east geographical flank of Nigeria during the period January 2003 to December 2003. Samples were collected from 1624 children with clinically suggestive lesions and also between the ages of 4 and 16. Young children aged 7-11 and 4- 6 years had significantly higher incidences (P < 0.05) than their older colleagues aged 12-16 years among samples proved to be mycologically positive by microscopy, culture or both. There was a significant difference in the incidence of dermatophytoses amongst children in urban and rural areas investigated (P < 0.05). Tinea capitis was the predominant clinical type. Trichophyton tonsurans was the most prevalent etiological agent while Microsporum audouinii was the least in occurrence. We compared our result with a recent study in the northern geographical zone and observed that although incidence of dermatophytoses is higher in northern Nigeria, tinea capitis was the predominant clinical type in both regions. In addition, the etiological agents appear to vary from time to time in their occurrence and the reasons for these observations are discussed. A regular surveillance and assessment of the etiologic agent and its prevalence by medical mycologists is strongly recommended to facilitate monitoring, reduce/prevent transmission and spread of dermatophytes in countries like Nigeria where they constitute a public health problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Incidence of Tinea capitis in São Paulo, Brazil.

To determine the incidence of tinea capitis in São Paulo, Brazil, an investigation was performed in Private and Public Pediatrics Service involving 4,500 children from 0 to 15 years old during 5 years (1996-2000). Samples were taken from 132 children with suspected fungal infection of the scalp, for direct microscopy and culture. Tinea of scalp was mycologically confirmed in 112 patients (85%). Males were more affected than females in all age groups. Children below 8 years old accounted for more than 75% of the occurrences. Only three cases of tinea capitis were diagnosed in children from 12 to 15 years of age. Tinea capitis was prevalent in 103 cases (91.96%); inflammatory kerion type lesions were diagnosed in 9 patients (8.04%). Microsporum canis (70.5%) and Trichophyton tonsurans (23.2%) were the most common agents followed by T. mentagrophytes (3.6%), M. gypseum (1.8%) and T. rubrum (0.9%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Dermatophytosis survey in Lagos State of Nigeria.

A dermaphytosis survey covering 3,860 schoolchildren was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, between January 1973 and January 1974. Seven species of dermatophytes, namely, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (four isolates), T. rubrum (three isolates), T. soundanense (11 isolates), Microsporum canis (five isolates), M. gypseum (two isolates), M audouinii (four isolates), and Epidermophyton floccosum (three isolates) were recovered from specimens collected from the hair, skin and scalp scrapings of 81 schoolchildren. The incidence of dermatophytosis (2.10%) is low in schoolchildren covered in this survey. This is the first time M. canis and M. Gypseum have been isolated from superficial skin lesions in human beings in Nigeria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 2. Evaluation of antifungal activity of seven American plants.

From 52 plants screened for antifungal activity, 26 (50%) were active against dermatophytes. This paper reports further evaluation of seven American plants against four pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum), the part showing most activity, the best solvent and, in three cases, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the fungus in pure culture. Antifungal activity was confirmed in all of the plants, but not all parts; the most active parts were the bark and leaves. The most active species were Byrsonima crassifolia, Cassia grandis, Gliricidia sepium and Malpighia glabra. Diphysa robinioides, Rhizophora mangle and Cassia occidentalis were less active. The most susceptible fungi were E. floccosum and T. rubrum; A. flavus was not susceptible. Ethanol was usually the best solvent and the MIC of C. grandis, C. occidentalis and D. robinioides was 50 micrograms/ml.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1995

Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties.

A series of 100 Rwandese medicinal plants (267 plant extracts), used by traditional healers to treat infections, were screened for antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. The results of the testing showed that 45% were active against Staphylococcus aureus, 2% against Escherichia coli, 16% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7% against Candida albicans, 80% against Microsporum canis and 60% against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Not less than 27% of the plant species exhibited prominent antiviral properties against one or more test viruses, more specifically 12% against poliomyelitis, 16% against coxsackie, 3% against Semliki forest, 2% against measles and 8% against herpes simplex virus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗