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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Quantification of Campylobacter on the surface and in the muscle of chicken legs at retail.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and numbers of Campylobacter on the skin and in the muscle of chicken legs at retail to examine the external and internal contamination for an exposure assessment. Furthermore, the study assessed seasonal influence on Campylobacter contamination in chicken legs. Of the 140 examined skin samples, 66% were positive, and the internal contamination of 115 sampled chicken legs was 27%. The enumeration of Campylobacter on the surface of positive chicken legs revealed a median of 2.4 log CFU/g of skin, and the quantification of Campylobacter in the muscle gave results mainly under the detection limit of the most-probable-number method (<0.3 MPN Campylobacter per g). The external contamination was significantly higher than the internal. In both skin and muscle samples, Campylobacter jejuni had a much higher incidence than Campylobacter coli. However, with regard to the specification of Campylobacter on the surface of chicken legs, C. coli was isolated at higher colony counts than C. jejuni. During the 1-year study, two peaks of Campylobacter contamination occurred, one in the early springtime (February and March, 100 and 90%, respectively) and the second during the warmer months in the summer (July and August, both 90%). Furthermore, a positive correlation between prevalence and numbers of Campylobacter on chicken legs was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Preoperative templating for the equalization of leg lengths in total hip arthroplasty.

The method and results of preoperative templating for the re-establishment of leg length equality during total hip replacement (THR) are reported. The method is a modification of the technique of Müller and requires an anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis that includes the proximal third of both femora, appropriate acetabular and femoral templates, and tracing paper. To obtain equalization of leg lengths and tissue tension, a composite drawing is made of the operative plan, with all component sizes and important measurements clearly marked. During THR, the lesser trochanter is identified and the femoral neck is osteotomized after a direct measurement is made. These principles were followed in a prospective, consecutive series of 42 primary THR procedures performed by one surgeon. All the radiographic measurements were performed by a single observer. The leg length discrepancy on the postoperative radiograph averaged 3mm (standard deviation = 3mm, range: -9 to +9mm). The postoperative clinical leg length discrepancy averaged 0mm (range: -10 to +10mm). None of the patients complained of leg length inequality. Preoperative templating allows different alternatives to be traced on paper prior to the actual surgical procedure. This method also helps determine the requirements for special prosthetic implants. Acceptable results for postoperative leg length equality may be reliably achieved using this method.

Bone Lengthening↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavior of tendons during lower-leg lengthening in dogs using the Ilizarov method.

Twenty-two dogs were provided with a circular fixator. Lengthening of the right lower leg by 2.5 cm was performed on 18 dogs 5 days after tibial osteotomy using a distraction rate of 0.5 mm, twice per day. Nine dogs with leg lengthening and two dogs of the control group without leg lengthening were sacrificed at the end of the distraction phase of 25 days and the remaining dogs after another 25 days. Post mortem, the tendons of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, and the Achilles tendon were taken from the operated-on right side and the left nonoperated-on control side and were analyzed histologically. The control group showed no histologic changes in the tendons of either side nor in those of the unlengthened left side of the operated-on dogs. Thirty-three tendons (41%) of dogs with leg lengthening were seen to have undergone histomorphological changes. An increase of the peritendinous connective tissue was seen, combined with chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in the tendons and/or the epitendinous tissues, edema, tendon fragmentation, necrosis, scarring of the tendons with dystrophic calcification and/or ossification, and broadening of the tenosynovial sheath. Furthermore, signs of histoneogenesis with growth in the tendons were found. Degenerative changes occurred far more often in the tendons of the ventral side of the lower leg and a slight pes equinus was regularly observed in the lengthened extremity. Therefore, pes equinus prevention and physiotherapy are important in the therapeutic use of lower-leg lengthening to minimize possible stress-induced damage of the ventral tendons.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The isolated normothermic hemoperfused porcine leg as model for pharmacological and toxicological investigations]

In this short communication we present the isolated normothermic hemoperfused porcine leg as an alternative model for pharmacological and toxicological investigations. Both legs and blood were obtained at a slaughter house. Legs were connected to the perfusion apparatus Mediport Biotechnik and provided with room air and nutrients via a dialysis module over a seven hour period. The perfusion pressure, the perfusion flow, the response to noradrenergic stimuli, the glucose consumption influenced by insulin dosage and the absorption of estradiol were investigated. Once noradrenalin was given perfusion pressure increased as expected and dropped back to normal only a few minutes after administration. Moreover, in the legs treated with insulin, a glucose consumption was detected. Only the legs treated with estradiol showed an increasing concentration of estradiol in plasma throughout the experiment. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the isolated normothermic hemoperfused porcine leg seems to be a suitable alternative model for the testing of transdermal absorption as well as for the investigation of acute vasoactive substances. Further studies will be performed in our laboratory in order to determine the metabolic condition of this system as well as to ascertain other possibilities of this model in pharmacological and toxicological investigations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of stress-related anterior lower leg pain with magnetic resonance imaging and intracompartmental pressure measurement.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate stress-related anterior lower leg pain with clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and measurement of anterior tibial compartment pressure findings. All medical data were gathered from 24 conscripts with stress-related anterior lower leg pain. Twenty exhibited bilateral symptoms. In 22 of the 44 cases, the intracompartmental pressure was pathological. Symptoms were exhibited for longer periods by patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) than by other patients (p < 0.01). At rest, magnetic resonance imaging revealed no abnormal findings in the soft tissues of the legs but showed bone abnormalities in 35 symptomatic legs. Thirty-three exhibited bone stress injuries, and two exhibited leg traction periostitis. On magnetic resonance imaging, there was no difference in bone findings between patients with and without CECS (p > 0.05). Stress-related anterior lower leg pain can be related to CECS, bone stress injury, and traction periostitis. Clinical diagnosis is unreliable. CECS and bone stress injury or traction periostitis can occur separately or together.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the legs. Agreement between two operators].

The operator-dependent nature of venous Duplex-ultrasonography diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the leg is the principal reproach applied to it and a reason for delaying use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate concordance between two operators, with rigorous application of the same methodology of exploration of the venous axes. The study included 82 patients under hospital care, randomly selected from among those referred for the first Duplex-ultrasonography examination for DVT, and having accepted to undergo 2 consecutive explorations, one by each of the two operators. The two operators evaluated independently, for the 19 venous axes of the legs: 1: the interpretability of the examination, 2: the differential diagnosis between: absence of thrombus, presence of thrombus, nonconclusive examination, and 3: the score for the DVT extension. Evaluation of concordance of diagnosis was by Cohen's kappa coefficient, calculated on the positive diagnosis of DVT and the site of the most proximal thrombus. Extension scores were compared by calculation of the coefficient of correlation "r". Interpretability rates were 92% and 91% respectively for the two operators, 35 DVT being diagnosed in 27 patients by operator A and 36 DVT in 27 patients by operator B. The kappa coefficient for diagnosis of DVT with localization in the affected leg was 0.90 [0.81-0.98]. It was 0.89 [0.73-1] for proximal lesions, 0.86 [0.74-0.97] for the lower leg level, and 0.79 for localization of the proximal extremity of the thrombus. Extension scores evaluated by the two operators were 2.88 and 3.14 respectively, with a coefficient of correlation between the extension scores of 0.96. The 5 diagnostic divergences concerned the lower leg level; the 2 localization discordances concerned: the frontier zones leg-lower popliteal, lower femoral-upper popliteal. Good concordance between results of the two operators using Duplex-ultrasonography exploration was obtained even though the majority of the DVT were in the calf, a region known to be explored with difficulty. Overcoming the operator-dependent character of Duplex-ultrasonography by a rigorous exploratory methodology could make it the future reference examination for the diagnosis of DVT.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Purification and localization of p10, a novel protein that increases in nymphal regenerating legs of Periplaneta americana (American cockroach).

Content of a protein with a molecular mass of 10 kDa (p10) was found to increase significantly in regenerating legs of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). This protein was purified to homogeneity from a homogenate of regenerating legs. Partial amino acid sequencing indicated that p10 is a novel protein. Immunoblotting showed that its content in regenerating legs was 30 times that in normal legs, and decreased significantly when leg regeneration was complete. An immunofluorescence study revealed that p10 localizes exclusively on the external side of newly formed epidermis of regenerating legs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing the repeatability and reproducibility of the Leg Score: a Dutch Claw Health Scoring System for dairy cattle.

The optimal moment for trimming the claws of all dairy cows in a herd was investigated by assessing the external rotation of the hind claws of individual cows relative to the spinal column. This leg score consisted of three independent descriptors: 1 (good/normal), 2 (moderately deviant), and 3 (severely deviant). This study assessed the repeatability and the reproducibility of the leg score system, and the consistency of the advice given subsequently about trimming of the hind claws of all cows in the herd. Repeatability was assessed for 52 cows that were scored twice on the same day by 11 observers; the kappa value ranged from 0.17 to 0.66 (mean: 0.36). The probability of the same result for both assessments ranged from 0.49 to 0.80 (mean: 0.61). Claw trimming was advised if at least 20% of the cows had a leg score of 3. On the basis of the scores, 3 observers consistently advised trimming of the hind claws of all the cows in the herd, and 6 observers consistently advised against the need for trimming in the short term; 2 observers had an inconsistent advice. The reproducibility of the scoring system was assessed in two dairy herds (62 and 50 cows). Eight observers evaluated the leg score of the cows of both herds on the same day. The mean kappa value of the leg score for all pairs of different observers (A-B, A-C etcetera) was 0.24 [-0.08-0.49]. In conclusion, the leg score is not a reliable method for determining the optimal moment for claw trimming in dairy cattle. The reasons for the inconsistent observations require further investigation.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Contribution of leg vascular tissues to the overall metabolic clearance of human atrial natriuretic factor (hANF) in man.

From experimental studies it has been suggested that considerable peripheral clearance of human atrial natriuretic factor (hANF) might occur. In healthy men (n = 7) the peripheral fractional extraction of hANF was about 35% under basal conditions resulting in hANF-uptake across the leg vascular bed of 2.1 +/- 2.4 pMol/min and regional leg clearance rate of 102.6 +/- 88.2 ml/min, which is approximately 2.5% of the total metabolic clearance rate. During a primed constant i.v. infusion of hANF (bolus 100 micrograms; infusion 100 micrograms/h, t = 1h) arterial and venous plasma concentrations of hANF increased about 10-fold (p less than 0.05), however, estimated leg blood flow as well as leg fractional extraction, leg uptake and clearance rates of hANF did not significantly change as compared to baseline. Total metabolic clearance rates and apparent production rates of hANF were 4.05 +/- 1.93 l/min and 84.1 +/- 29.9 pMol/min, respectively. We conclude that in healthy man the leg vascular bed does not play a major regulatory role in the metabolism of exogenously infused hANF. However, our results suggest that the peripheral vasculature is, to a certain extent, involved in the metabolic clearance of endogenous hANF and thus, contributes to the peptide's overall disposal.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

An evaluation of impedance plethysmography and 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning in patients following hip surgery.

Venous thromboembolism is a common post-operative complication in patients following hip surgery. 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning and impedance plethysmography (IPG), are often used in the detection of venous thrombi in such patients. Information on the sensitivity and specificity of these non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis following hip surgery is relevant for both patient management and for choosing the appropriate outcome measure for clinical trials evaluating new prophylactic regimens. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of the IPG alone, the 125I-fibrinogen leg scan alone, as well as the combined use of the two tests from a retrospective analysis of 685 hip surgery patients who participated in clinical trials of anti-thrombotic prophylaxis. These patients were followed prospectively with non-invasive tests. Bilateral venography was attempted either when one or both screening tests became positive or on day 10-14 post-operatively if both screening tests remained negative. Adequate venography was obtained in 1,010 (73.7%) legs and thrombi were identified in 198 (19.6%) legs. The sensitivities of the IPG and leg scanning were 12.9% and 44.6% respectively; the corresponding specificities were 98.1% and 95.0%. The sensitivity of a positive result on one or both screening tests was 49.6% with a specificity of 93.9%. Therefore, leg scanning and IPG, even in combination, are not sufficiently accurate to be recommended as the only strategy for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis following hip surgery. Venography should be considered in all patients undergoing surveillance testing either when one or both of the screening tests become positive or on day 10-14 if the screening tests remain negative.

Fibrinogen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Noninvasive diagnosis and quantitation of popliteal reflux in the swollen and ulcerated leg.

Air-plethysmography was used to study 25 normal legs (N), 25 legs with primary varicose veins (PVV) without sequelae of venous disease (chronic swelling, skin changes, ulceration), 32 legs with primary varicose veins with sequelae of venous disease (PVV/S) and 32 legs with reflux in the popliteal vein (PR). The blood volume that filled the leg veins on standing from recumbent position (venous volume [VV]) in ml and the time needed for 90% filling of the veins (venous filling time [VFT90]), in seconds were measured. The ratio 90% of VV/VFT90 was defined as venous filling index (VFI) in ml/sec. VFI is a measurement of reflux. The measurements were repeated with a 2.5 cm wide tourniquet (T) placed at the knee level to occlude the superficial veins only. The method, apart from its diagnostic accuracy, can measure reflux separately in the superficial and the deep venous system and has indicated that the magnitude of reflux is related to chronic swelling and ulceration of the leg, irrespective of whether it is in the superficial or deep system.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The structure of supernumerary leg regenerates in the cricket.

In many insects, grafting a larval leg onto the contralateral leg stump reverses one transverse axis and leads to the regeneration of supernumerary legs at each of the two points of maximum discrepancy on the graft/host junction. These operations were performed on the cricket Acheta domesticus, grafting between tibiae of pro- and metathoracic legs, and between tibia and tarsus, in order to deduce the mode of origin of the supernumeraries from their graft type, host type or composite structure. Supernumerary legs formed after A/P axis reversal are always half-and-half in structure, being of host type on the host side and graft type on the graft side, while supernumeraries formed after M/L axis reversal are variable in structure. These results are generally consistent with the recent Polar Co-ordinate Model (whereby supernumeraries form because the pattern of intercalation between graft and host generates two complete circumferences at the junction), provided that intercalation is restricted by the borders between anterior and posterior leg compartments. However there are features of the structure of the M/L supernumeraries which the Polar Co-ordinate Model does not explain. Medial supernumeraries are often of pure graft type (and lateral ones of host type) or half-and-half with anterior graft type and posterior of host type (while lateral supernumeraries often have the converse structure).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Protection by S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid against radiation-induced leg contractures in mice.

S-2-(3-Aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) was shown to provide marked protection against development of radiation-induced leg contractures in C3Hf/Kam mice whose legs were exposed to single doses of gamma-radiation. The radiation doses ranged from 3300 to 6200 rads delivered to the right hind thighs from two parallelly opposed 137Cs sources. WR-2721 was given i.p. 30 min before irradiation. The severity of radiation-induced leg contractures in untreated and WR-2721-treated mice was followed for 342 days after irradiation. The degree of leg contractures in both control and WR-2721-treated mice increased up to 100 days after radiation, when the change stabilized, remaining more or less at the same level to the end of the observation period. During this entire period, the severity of contractures was less in WR-2721-treated mice. The dose-modifying factor for the level of 5 mm reduction in leg extension was 1.5 at 182 days after irradiation. Since WR-2721 did not prevent the radiocurability of 8-mm fibrosarcomas growing in the same legs, these data imply that WR-2721 has a high potential for increasing therapeutic gain when combined with irradiation in the treatment of tumors of an appreciable size.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Normal anterior pattern formation after barrier placement in the chick leg: further evidence on the action of polarizing zone.

Impermeable barriers were inserted into the stage-20 to -21 leg bud to test whether or not such an interruption of diffusion of the proposed morphogen from the polarizing zone would result in failure of leg elements to develop anterior to the barrier. Tantalum foil was placed at somite levels 30/31 or mid-31 through the dorsoventral extent of the leg bud separating anterior from posterior mesoderm and ectodermal ridge. In the resulting legs, structures developed anterior to the level of the barrier. For example, legs with foil at the 30-/31-somite level developed digits 1 and 2. We conclude that either the barrier is not an effective block of diffusion of polarizing zone morphogen or that the influence of the polarizing zone is not required for determination of leg structures at these stages.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cholinoreception in the ambulacral legs of the starfish Asterias rubens].

Muscles of the ambulacral legs of the starfish A. rubens are sensitive to the effect of ACh, reacting to its injection by shortening of the contracture type. Amplitude of the contractile response is directly related to ACh concentration. The highest sensitivity was observed during complete stretching of the leg from the body of the starfish, threshold contractions being recorded in response to 1-10(-8) M. During incomplete stretching of the leg, the sensitivity was found to be lower. Carbocholine sensitivity is higher than acetylcholine one. Proserine increased ACh sensitivity; the increase was very significant (1, 000 times) provided the leg was completely stretched. Atropine and D-tubocurarine decreased muscle sensitivity to ACh, shifting dose effect curves to the right. The data obtained suggest that muscles of the ambulacral leg possess the system ACh-cholinoreceptor, its concentration being the highest at the base of the leg. Cholinoreception is not limited by M- and H-types only.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1999

Anatomical study of the perforating vessels of the lower leg.

Difficulty of soft tissue defects of the lower leg demands the development of new methods to treat such defects. The aim of this study is the examination of perforators and the various ways of blood supply to the skin in the lower leg. Provided with certain regularity, we would be able to cure soft-tissue defects also in the difficult zone of the distal segment and on the dorsum of the foot not harming vessels and not affecting mobility of muscles. Subcutaneous island-flaps supplied by perforating vessels could replace free flaps. By saving the crural fascia of 10 lower legs we flayed layers of skin and fat, marked the perforating vessels with pins, and photographed and documented them. Specimens were divided into a proximal, an intermediate and a distal segment, each of them subdivided into a medial, lateral and dorsal section. The perforators, which can be classified as septocutaneous and musculocutaneous vessels, followed a reproducible pattern all over the lower leg. All vessels were sufficient in number as well as in size. Additionally these perforators can easily be identified by colour-coded sonography. The knowledge that perforators in the lower leg occur regularly enables the development of a new operative approach in therapy of soft-tissue defects in this region with the advantage, that the vessels used can be selected preoperatively.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

The role of the saphenous nerve in insomnia: a proposed etiology of restless legs syndrome.

Entrapment of the saphenous nerve after emergence from its lumbar roots and before its distribution to the medial surface of the leg is suggested as a cause of Restless Legs Syndrome (other anomalies of the saphenous nerve, especially those where the nerve is part of a general neuropathy, are not considered here). This finding is supported by evidence which: 1) identifies Restless Legs Syndrome as a nerve entrapment syndrome from: the dysesthesia in Meralgia Paresthetica, the paraesthesiae of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and the poorly localized pain in pronator syndrome and suprascapular nerve entrapment; 2) isolates the saphenous nerve as the entrapped nerve from the patient's difficulty in identifying the precise area of sensation in saphenous nerve entrapment at Hunter's Canal; 3) localizes the pelvic region as the site of entrapment from rates of Restless Legs Syndrome of 11 and 19% in pregnant women, a correlation between chronic nonspecific prostatitis and Restless Legs Syndrome.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Heart rate and spectral EEG changes accompanying periodic and non-periodic leg movements during sleep.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in heart rate (HR) and EEG spectra accompanying periodic (PLM) and non-periodic leg movements (NPLM) during sleep in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS: Sixteen patients with RLS underwent one polysomnographic night recording; leg movements (LMs) during sleep were detected and classified as PLM or NPLM; up to 10 PLM and NPLM were chosen from NREM and REM sleep, for each patient and for each type (mono- or bilateral). EEG spectral analysis and HR were evaluated for 20s preceding and 30s following the onset of each LM. RESULTS: EEG activation preceded LMs, particularly in the delta band which increased before the other frequency bands, in NREM sleep but not in REM sleep for PLM, and in both stages for NPLM. A similar difference was seen between mono- and bilateral LMs. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep EEG, HR, and leg motor activity seems to be modulated by a complex dynamically interacting system of cortical and subcortical mechanisms, which influence each other. SIGNIFICANCE: Future studies on the clinical significance of leg motor events during sleep need to take into account events classifiable as "isolated" and to integrate the autonomic and EEG changes accompanying them.

Autonomic Nervous System↗