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PubMed1995

Different surgical approaches to far lateral lumbar disc herniations.

In far lateral disk surgery, although total facetectomy provides the best exposure and allows for removal of medial and far lateral extruded disk fragments, the risk of instability is increased as a result of excision of the pars interarticularis, Medial facetectomy uncovers the lateral and subarticular recess and preserves stability but does not allow for proper visualization of the far lateral compartment. The isolated extraforaminal approach provides access only to far lateral sequestrated fragments and does not allow access for more medial diskectomy or decompression of associated stenosis. Combining the extraforaminal exposure with a laminotomy, hemilaminectomy, or laminectomy complements the intertransverse (ITT) approach and affords access both to lateral and to medial disk lesions and stenotic abnormalities. The advantages and disadvantages of the less popular extraforaminal, transpars, percutaneous, and anterior decompressive techniques are also assessed. No one technique of far lateral disk excision is applicable for the management of all lesions. It is more appropriate to choose the right operation for the right patient.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Individual patient prediction of seizure lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison between neuropsychological memory measures and the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure.

Neuropsychological assessment has been extensively used in the presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients to assist in determining lateralization of seizure onset. Very few studies have examined the accuracy with which commonly used neuropsychological instruments provide this information in the individual patient. In 81 patients (49 right-, 32 left-TLE) without space-occupying lesions in whom correct seizure lateralization was inferred on the basis of postsurgical seizure-free status, we compared the frequency with which discrepancies between the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1987) Verbal and Visual Memory Indices, Warrington Recognition Memory Test (WRMT; Warrington, 1984) Words and Faces scaled scores, and Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (IAP) hemispheric memory scores correctly predicted seizure lateralization in the individual patient. Using both clinical analysis and discriminant function analyses (DFA), the IAP was found to be a clearly superior predictor of seizure laterality to the neuropsychological measures, whether used individually or in combination with one another. Using clinical analysis the WRMT was found to be a superior predictor to the WMS-R, which frequently gave false lateralizing information. Using all 3 measures in combination with one another, 87.1% of patients were correctly lateralized using DFA. Correctly lateralized patients were older and had longer durations of seizure disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Histomorphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of joint changes in a model of osteoarthritis induced by lateral meniscectomy in sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histomorphological and immunohistochemical changes induced in cartilages of ovine stifle (knee) joints 6 months after unilateral lateral meniscectomy. METHODS: Osteochondral sections were obtained from 8 distinct regions of knee joints of 6 adult Merino wethers that 6 months earlier had undergone lateral meniscectomy. Joint regions of 6 age matched sheep housed under identical conditions were used for controls. Serial sections were stained with toluidine blue or immunolocalized with monoclonal antibodies (Mab) 3B3(-), 7D4, and 5B10, which recognize epitopes on proteoglycans. RESULTS: In control joints the cartilage from the region of the tibial plateau not protected by the meniscus had significantly (p < 0.005) more structural abnormalities than other joint regions. After meniscectomy, only cartilages in the lateral femorotibial compartment showed histomorphological changes consistent with osteoarthritis (OA). The nature and severity of the lesions differed between the topographical regions within the joint. The most severe were found on the lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaus. Reactivity with Mab 3B3(-), 7D4, and 5B10 was increased only in the lateral compartment cartilages, and was stronger in mild rather than moderate OA. CONCLUSION: Six month lateral meniscectomy in sheep produces histomorphological and immunohistochemical cartilage changes analogous to those described for early human OA and in other animal models. The severity and type of lesions obtained were dependent on the topographical joint location, but were most evident in cartilages from the lateral compartment.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: alterations in neurotransmitter receptors.

Loss of motor neurons is the primary pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Drug and neurotransmitter receptors are neuronal markers and can be indicators of neuronal connectivity. Knowledge of alterations in receptors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should contribute to our understanding of normal spinal cord neurotransmitter systems as well as of the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We therefore used a sensitive, light microscopic in vitro labeling receptor autoradiographic technique to map and quantitate muscarinic cholinergic, glycinergic, and benzodiazepine receptors in three levels of spinal cord from six patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and six age- and sex-matched control patients. In control tissues, the receptor distributions were similar in the three levels of spinal cord and also similar to those found in previous studies with animals. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, major reductions in receptor densities were noted in Rexed layer IX, the region containing motor neurons. Reductions were noted in other laminae as well, particularly for muscarinic receptors. The changes in muscarinic receptors were caused solely by changes in high-affinity agonist sites. Reductions in glycine and muscarinic receptors were highly correlated with the degree of motor neuron loss found in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. The findings in this study point out the usefulness of this receptor mapping technique in understanding the changes in neuronal populations that occur in the degenerative neurological diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Brain superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal paralytic disorder of unknown cause. Recent evidence implicated the role of free radicals in the death of motor neurons in this disease. To investigate this hypothesis further, we measured the activity of the main free radical scavenging enzymes copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in postmortem brain samples from 9 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and from 9 control subjects. We examined samples from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, a region affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and from the cerebellar cortex, a region not affected. The two groups did not differ in age or postmortem delay. In the precentral gyrus from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis samples, glutathione peroxidase activity as measured by spectrophotometric assay (13.8 +/- 2.6 nmol/min/mg protein [mean +/- standard error of mean]) was reduced significantly compared to the activity in the precentral gyrus from control samples (22.7 +/- 0.5 nmol/min/mg protein). In contrast, glutathione peroxidase activity was not significantly altered in the cerebellar cortex from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients compared to controls. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase (corrected or not corrected for citrate synthase), and catalase were not significantly altered in the precentral gyrus or cerebellar cortex in the patient samples. This study indicated that glutathione peroxidase activity is reduced in a brain region affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, thus suggesting that free radicals may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1989

Glycine-immunoreactive projection of the cat lateral superior olive: possible role in midbrain ear dominance.

Neurons in the lateral superior olive are optimally excited by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear, as are those in the inferior colliculus by stimulation of the contralateral ear. This reversal of ear dominance may result, in part, from distinct crossed excitatory and uncrossed inhibitory pathways ascending from the lateral superior olive. To explore this possibility, immunoreactivity for two putative inhibitory neurotransmitters, glycine and GABA, was examined in projection neurons that retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase from the cat inferior colliculus. The results suggest that the projection from the lateral superior olive can be segregated, immunocytochemically, into three components: 1) a crossed, glycine-negative (-) projection; 2) an uncrossed, glycine-positive (+) projection; and 3) an uncrossed, glycine(-) projection. Additional evidence suggests that the terminal fields of the two uncrossed projections may distribute differently within the inferior colliculus. Glycine(+) or glycine(-) projection neurons, crossed or uncrossed, do not differ in the size, shape, or location of their somata. However, most glycine(-) neurons are heavily encrusted with glycine(+) endings; glycine(+) neurons have 40-60% fewer of these endings. Glycine(-) neurons located in the lateral limb have fewer glycine (+) perisomatic endings than those in the medial limb. Few projection neurons are GABA(+), and GABA(+) perisomatic endings are rare in the lateral superior olive. Thus, there is a heavy uncrossed projection from the cat lateral superior olive to the inferior colliculus that may be glycinergic and inhibitory. Furthermore, there is a bilateral projection that is not glycinergic or GABAergic, which may be excitatory. The potential contribution of these pathways to contralateral ear dominance in the inferior colliculus is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Axonal projections from the lateral and medial superior olive to the inferior colliculus of the cat: a study using electron microscopic autoradiography.

The superior olivary complex is the first site in the central auditory system where binaural interactions occur. The output of these nuclei is direct to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, where binaural inputs synapse with monaural afferents such as those from the cochlear nuclei. Despite the importance of the olivary pathways for binaural information processing, little is known about their synaptic organization in the colliculus. The present study investigates the structure of the projections from the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus at the electron microscopic level. Stereotaxic placement and electrophysiological responses to binaural sounds were used to locate the superior olive. Anterograde axonal transport of 3H-leucine was combined with light and electron microscopic autoradiography to reveal the location and morphology of the olivary axonal endings. The results show that the superior olivary complex contributes different patterns of synaptic input to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Each projection from the superior olivary complex to the colliculus differs in the number and combinations of endings. Axonal endings from the ipsilateral medial superior olive were exclusively the round (R) type that contain round synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical synaptic junctions. This morphology is usually associated with excitatory synapses and neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Endings from medial superior olive terminate densely in the central nucleus. The projection from the contralateral lateral superior olive also terminates primarily as R endings. This projection also includes small numbers of pleomorphic (PL) endings that contain pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and usually make symmetrical synaptic junctions. The PL morphology is associated with inhibitory synapses and transmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine. All endings from the contralateral lateral superior olive terminate much less densely than endings from the medial olive. In contrast, the projection from the ipsilateral lateral superior olive contributes both R and PL endings in roughly equal proportions. These ipsilateral afferents are heterogeneous in density and can terminate in lower or higher concentrations than endings from the contralateral side. These data show that the superior olive is a major contributor to the synaptic organization of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. The ipsilateral projections of the medial and lateral superior olive may produce higher concentrations of R endings than other inputs to the central nucleus. Such endings may participate in excitatory synapses. The highest concentrations of PL endings come from the ipsilateral lateral superior olive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Song lateralization in the zebra finch.

The neural mechanisms for bird song commonly are lateralized, depending greatly on the integrity of the left song system and responding much less to manipulations of the system on the right. These results suggest that it is advantageous for the mechanisms controlling song to be lateralized and in this direction. In this context, it is of special interest to study likely exceptions to these rules, for the light they can shed on the functions and mechanisms of song lateralization. Accordingly, we have tested the extent and manner of song lateralization in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a species previously identified with an atypical pattern of lateralization. Song by male finches was observed before and after sham operations or transections of the left or right tracheosyringeal nerve. Sham operations failed to affect song. In contrast, males with cuts of the right nerve experienced a depression in fundamental frequency to an apparent baseline of approximately 500 Hz. This effect is consistent with the dominance of the right song system in zebra finches. On the other hand, males with cuts of the left nerve also showed consistent changes, exhibiting frequency increases, especially toward the ends of syllables. The source of these changes is not completely clear. However, rather than challenging the emerging view of lateralization in zebra finches, they may reflect a combination of right dominance and an atypical mechanism for the gating of syringeal airflow and vocalization during song.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Microneurographic analysis of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity by (microneurograph) blood pressure and heart rate has been studied in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in age-matched normal subjects (controls) at rest and during head-up tilt. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients was significantly increased at rest unlike controls. There was no correlation between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and age in the patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Elevated muscle sympathetic nerve activity was present mainly in younger patients. There were no differences between blood pressure or heart rate in either group at rest or during head-up tilt in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity following tilt in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients was less than in the controls, but they had no postural hypotension. The possible reasons for this observation of increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Lateral ball interception: hand movements during linear ball trajectories.

Part of understanding how acts are coordinated is identifying the information that guides movements. In the case of catching a ball within arm's reach, that identification has been complicated by empirical disparities concerning hand-movement reversals during catching. Jacobs and Michaels found unilateral reversals in a paradigm in which balls swung down in an arc; this implicated a particular optical variable, the ratio of lateral velocity to expansion velocity. Montagne et al. reported bilateral reversals when balls approached along a linear trajectory, which implicated a different variable, lateral ball position. The research reported here attempted to replicate Montagne et al.'s findings. In Experiment 1, participants caught balls rolling toward them across a table, under full lighting using monocular or binocular viewing; in Experiment 2, participants caught luminous balls with a luminous glove in an otherwise dark room. Using Montagne et al.'s criterion, we observed no movement reversals in any condition, though some aspects of hand movements suggested the relevance of lateral ball position. The results of Experiment 3, which asked perceivers to indicate only where rods pointed, suggested that lateral position effects were a bias that is unrelated to interception. The ratio of lateral velocity to expansion appears to be a better variable for explaining hand trajectories in lateral interception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Lateralized EEG components with direction information for the preparation of saccades versus finger movements.

During preparation of horizontal saccades in humans, several lateralized (relative to saccade direction), event-related EEG components occur that have been interpreted as reflecting activity of frontal and parietal eye fields. We investigated to what degree these components are specific to saccade preparation. EEG lateralization was examined within the interval (1 s) between a first (S1) and a second (S2) stimulus, after which a response had to be made (look left or right, or press a button with the left or right index finger). The visual S1 indicated either the direction (left vs right) and/or the effector (eye vs finger), and S2 (visual/auditory in different blocks) added the information not given by S1. An occipital component (220 ms after S1) was effector-independent, probably reflecting processing of the direction code. The following parietotemporal component (320 ms after S1) was specific for direction information. This component seems more relevant for finger movements than for saccades and may reflect a link between visual perception to action. A later frontal component (480 ms after S1) was specific for direction information and may be related to the planning of a lateral movement. One component was entirely specific for the preparation of a finger movement (the lateralized readiness potential before S2). Thus, several different lateralized processes in the S1-S2 interval could be delineated, reflecting hand-specific preparation, processing of the direction code, and the coordination of perception and action, but no components were observed as being specific for saccade preparation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Prey-capture in the African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis): comparison of turning to visual and lateral line stimuli.

Separately delivered visual and lateral line stimuli elicit similar but not identical orientation and approach by intact, sighted Xenopus. Response frequencies for visual stimuli declined sharply for distant or caudal stimuli while those for lateral line stimuli changed little. Turn angles correlated highly with stimulus angles but were smaller on average, so regression slopes were less than one. Regression slopes were smaller for visual than for lateral line stimuli, but this apparent difference was due to different distributions of stimulus distance interacting with the toad's rotation center. Errors in final headings, most often under-rotations, did not differ by modality. Frequencies of lunges and arm capture movements were higher for visual stimuli both overall and especially for rostral proximal stimuli. The results demonstrate accurate orientation by sighted Xenopus to visual and lateral line stimuli; they are consistent with expectations based on in-register tectal maps. Orientation to lateral line stimuli is similar to previous results with blinded animals, revealing no heightened acuity in the latter. Modality differences indicate that the lateral line system is better for omnidirectional orientation and approach to distant stimuli whereas the visual system is more attuned to nearby rostral stimuli and more apt to mediate strikes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Choroid plexus papilloma of bilateral lateral ventricle.

BACKGROUND: Choroid plexus papillomas are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all intracranial tumours in adults. However, they are relatively more common in childhood and constitute 1.5 to 4% of intracranial tumours. They are most often located in the lateral ventricle, followed by the fourth and third ventricles and, rarely, in the cerebellopontine angle. Bilateral lateral ventricle choroid plexus papilloma is very rare and only a few cases has been reported. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 3-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with a history of irritability and vomiting. Neurological examination on admission was normal. A head computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed tumours in both lateral ventricles, hydrocephalus and a left temporal arachnoid cyst. The bilateral intraventricular mass enhanced densely and homogeneously. A presumptive diagnosis of choroid plexus papillomas was made. INTERPRETATION: The initial surgery was performed for removal of the lesion in the right lateral ventricle, and 20 days later removal of the left lateral ventricle tumour was carried out. Bilateral temporoparietal craniotomy and total removal of tumours was performed. Hydrocephalus was controlled by total tumour resection from both sides. The histology of these tumours was the same and revealed choroid plexus papilloma. Interpretation: Bilateral choroid plexus papilloma is extremely rare and distinct from diffuse villous hypertrophy and their surgical approaches are different from each other. Differential diagnosis should be made by MRI preoperatively. If bilateral choroid plexus papilloma is detected, total surgical resection should be performed. Total surgical removal of the neoplasm not only cures the tumour but also may lead to complete resolution of the hydrocephalus.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

The lateral transfacetal retrovascular approach for an anteriorly located chordoma originating from the second cervical vertebra.

BACKGROUND: Anteriorly located lesions at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) require careful surgical planning to avoid neuraxis retraction. Several different routes have been described in the search for the most appropriate yet least invasive approach. However, most of these far-lateral posterior approaches are specifically tailored for non-osseous intradural tumours or chordomas with cephalad extension. We introduce an approach that allows for better access to laterally extending osseous tumours originating from the second cervical vertebra. Using this approach, the lesion is manipulated from a strictly lateral direction parallel to a plane through the articular pillar of the CCJ and the odontoid process, and the C1- and C2-laminae are spared for posterior fixation. METHOD: The application of this approach is demonstrated in detail by an illustrative case of a chordoma originating from C2 that presented with intradural mass effect, considerable bone destruction, far-lateral extension to the right, and vertebral artery involvement. FINDINGS: The described approach gave ample access for total tumour resection. It allowed for safe control and displacement of the vertebral artery, spinal cord decompression, C2-corpectomy across the midline, and anterolateral bone reconstruction. No C1- or C2-hemilaminectomy was needed, and these bone elements could be used for posterior fixation (the patient presented in this study was referred to our institution after posterior fixation from the occiput to C3 had already been performed elsewhere). No intra-operative or postoperative complications occurred. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient was fully ambulatory with no neurological deficit. INTERPRETATION: The described lateral transfacetal route is the method of choice for operating on laterally extending osseous tumours originating from the second cervical vertebra.

Bone Transplantation↗
PubMed2005

Functional analysis of genes implicated in Down syndrome: 2. Laterality and corpus callosum size in mice transpolygenic for Down syndrome chromosomal region -1 (DCR-1).

The association between atypical laterality and mental retardation has been reported several times, particularly in Down syndrome (DS). We investigated common genetic correlates of these components of the syndrome, examining direction (number of right paw entries in the Collins test) and degree (absolute difference between the number of right paw entries and the number of left paw entries) in mice that had incorporated extra-contiguous HSA21 fragments covering DCR-1 (Down Chromosomal Region-1). As corpus callosum size is substantially reduced in DS, and as the structure has been suspected of playing a role in atypical laterality, we also measured the corpus callosum in these mice. Extra copies of two regions (F7 and E6) have been associated with an atypical degree of laterality (strongly reduced degree). Extra copies of E8, G6 and E6 are also linked to the reduced size of the corpus callosum, indicating that the abnormal number of fibers linking the two hemispheres is not associated with atypical laterality in DS. Together, these results indicate that some of the genes involved in atypical laterality and in the reduced size of the corpus callosum in DS are present on DCR-1. An extra copy of F7 and, to a lesser extent, an extra copy of E6, are also associated with cognitive impairment. These results support the hypothesis of common genetic correlates in atypical laterality and mental retardation in DS.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Locomotion elicited by lateral hypothalamic stimulation in the anesthetized rat does not require the dorsal midbrain.

Locomotor stepping elicited by lateral hypothalamic stimulation in the anesthetized rat is blocked by lesions in the anterior ventromedial midbrain. This study determined in acute experiments whether the dorsal midbrain regions implicated in locomotion were also part of the necessary pathway. Rats were anesthetized with Nembutal and held in a stereotaxic apparatus so that stepping responses rotated a wheel. Stepping was elicited by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (up to 100 microA, 0.5 ms cathodal pulses, 50 Hz, 10-s train length). Nine rats received unilateral lesions ipsilateral to the locomotor electrode and 3 rats received bilateral lesions. None of the dorsal midbrain lesions reduced locomotion elicited by ipsilateral lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Therefore the following regions are unnecessary for this type of locomotion: the dorsal and lateral central gray, the tegmentum lateral to the central gray, and in particular the area cuneiformis and the dorsal aspect of the pedunculopontine region. The neural systems required for lateral hypothalamic locomotion are located ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

New evidence for distinct patterns of brain organization in rats differentiated on the basis of inherent laterality.

The purpose of the present study was to search for possible relationships among diverse measures of behavioral laterality in a non-human species or to identify an index of laterality that was predictive of other non-lateralized functions. Several indices of behavioral laterality and open field activity were assessed in male and female rats before and after asymmetric neocortical ablations. Plasma adrenocorticotropin, corticosterone, and prolactin were measured following stress at sacrifice. Sex-dependent population-level lateral biases were observed preoperatively in the choice of arms in a T-maze and initial direction out of a corner of an open field. Unilateral left neocortical ablation induced a leftward bias in the T-maze in both male and female rats. The direction of rotation following the peripheral administration of amphetamine was correlated with: (a) the degree of sensitization to amphetamine; (b) preoperative open field activity in females; (c) the induction of hyperactivity following right neocortical ablation in males; (d) rotational responses to amphetamine in male rats sustaining bilateral ablations; and (e) the effect of left neocortical ablation on prolactin levels in males. We propose that these data provide new evidence for distinct patterns of brain organization in rats differentiated by a measure of inherent cerebral laterality.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1990

Neurotransmitter-specific uptake and retrograde transport of [3H]glycine from the inferior colliculus by ipsilateral projections of the superior olivary complex and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.

Neurotransmitter-specific uptake and retrograde axonal transport of [3H]glycine were used to identify glycinergic projections to the inferior colliculus in chinchillas and guinea pigs. Six h after injection of [3H]glycine in the inferior colliculus, autoradiographically labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the lateral superior olive and the dorsomedial periolivary nucleus. These 3 regions accounted for 95% of the labeled projection neurons, with the remainder scattered elsewhere in the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. No labeled cells were found contralaterally even after survival times as long as 24 h. Retrograde transport of HRP from the inferior colliculus in these same cases confirmed the presence of additional projections that did not accumulate [3H]glycine. These included ipsilateral projections from the medial superior olive and cochlear nucleus and contralateral projections from the inferior colliculus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olive, periolivary nuclei and cochlear nucleus. The results implicate uncrossed projections from the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olive, and dorsomedial periolivary nucleus as the principal sources of inhibitory glycinergic inputs to the inferior colliculus.

Animals↗