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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Audiovisual synchrony perception for speech and music assessed using a temporal order judgment task.

This study investigated people's sensitivity to audiovisual asynchrony in briefly-presented speech and musical videos. A series of speech (letters and syllables) and guitar and piano music (single and double notes) video clips were presented randomly at a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) using the method of constant stimuli. Participants made unspeeded temporal order judgments (TOJs) regarding which stream (auditory or visual) appeared to have been presented first. The accuracy of participants' TOJ performance (measured in terms of the just noticeable difference; JND) was significantly better for the speech than for either the guitar or piano music video clips, suggesting that people are more sensitive to asynchrony for speech than for music stimuli. The visual stream had to lead the auditory stream for the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) to be achieved in the piano music clips while auditory leads were typically required for the guitar music clips. The PSS values obtained for the speech stimuli varied substantially as a function of the particular speech sound presented. These results provide the first empirical evidence regarding people's sensitivity to audiovisual asynchrony for musical stimuli. Our results also demonstrate that people's sensitivity to asynchrony in speech stimuli is better than has been suggested on the basis of previous research using continuous speech streams as stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Visuotactile temporal order judgments in ageing.

We report an experiment on the effects of ageing on crossmodal temporal perception. Young (mean age = 21.7 years) and old (mean age = 75.1 years) participants were presented with pairs of visual and vibrotactile stimuli to either hand and required to make unspeeded temporal order judgments (TOJs) regarding which sensory modality appeared to have been presented first. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the two stimuli was varied using the method of constant stimuli. Temporal precision, as indexed by the just noticeable difference (JND), was better (i.e., JNDs were lower) when the stimuli were presented from different positions (M = 101 ms) rather than from the same position (M = 120 ms), as has been demonstrated previously. Additionally, older observers required more time (i.e., their JNDs were larger) to accurately perceive the temporal order (M = 131 ms) as compared to younger observers (M = 98 ms). Our results confirm that ageing deleteriously affects crossmodal temporal processing even when the spatial confound inherent in previous research has been ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others.

Human social interaction requires the recognition that other people are governed by the same types of mental states-beliefs, desires, intentions-that guide one's own behavior. We used functional neuroimaging to examine how perceivers make mental state inferences when such self-other overlap can be assumed (when the other is similar to oneself) and when it cannot (when the other is dissimilar from oneself). We observed a double dissociation such that mentalizing about a similar other engaged a region of ventral mPFC linked to self-referential thought, whereas mentalizing about a dissimilar other engaged a more dorsal subregion of mPFC. The overlap between judgments of self and similar others suggests the plausibility of "simulation" accounts of social cognition, which posit that perceivers can use knowledge about themselves to infer the mental states of others.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Multiple sources of information and time-to-contact judgments.

Four experiments examined how the visual system deals with multiple information sources for perceiving dynamic events. Two tau-type optical variables, one defined by the expanding object's image and the other defined by the expanding angular extent composed of the line of sight and the object's shadow, were manipulated in time-to-contact judgments. When the information specified by both variables was consistent, little perceptual accuracy was gained by having two information sources. When the two sources conflicted, perceptual accuracy deteriorated in proportion to the degree of conflict. Based on these results, we concluded that the visual system integrates multiple sources of event-specific information, and that a reliable source of information can be the shadows cast by moving objects.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Biases in judgments of separation and orientation of elements belonging to different clusters.

If two demarcated dots are embedded in separate clusters of similar dots in off centre positions, their perceived separation is biased towards the separation between the centres of the clusters (Morgan, Hole, & Glennerster, 1990). We replicated these results and went on to determine whether a similar bias is present for orientation judgments, using a staircase method and a range of cluster orientations and separations. A complex pattern of biases was found including biases for targets at centroids. Orientation attraction towards tangents to the clusters seemed to be involved. We conclude that orientation is subject to different contextual constraints from separation, and that bias towards the edges of clusters needs to be included in models of position coding.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The prevalence of perioperative nurse clinical judgments.

A clinical judgement about a patient situation precedes the selection of appropriate nursing actions and the identification of patient outcomes. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association nomenclature (i.e., nursing diagnoses) is the accepted language for naming nurse's clinical judgements. Two hundred thirty-nine members of the Association of Operating Room Nurses, Inc, rated the frequency and treatment priority of 60 nursing diagnoses. They rated two diagnostic labels (i.e., risk for perioperative positioning injury, risk for infections occurring in more than 50% of the clinical judgments they make about perioperative patient situations that require immediate nursing action. These data reinforce perioperative nurses' primary role in protecting surgical patients from harm.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The role of internal reference prices in consumers' willingness to pay judgments: Thaler's Beer Pricing Task revisited.

Alternative reference prices, either displayed in the environment (external) or recalled from memory (internal) are known to influence consumer judgments and decisions. In one line of previous research, internal reference prices have been defined in terms of general price expectations. However, Thaler (Marketing Science 4 (1985) 199; Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 12 (1999) 183) defined them as fair prices expected from specific types of seller. Using a Beer Pricing Task, he found that seller context had a substantial effect on willingness to pay, and concluded that this was due to specific internal reference prices evoked by specific contexts. In a think aloud study using the same task (N = 48), we found only a marginal effect of seller context. In a second study using the Beer Pricing Task and seven analogous ones (N = 144), general internal reference prices were estimated by asking people what they normally paid for various commodities. Both general internal reference prices and seller context influenced willingness to pay, although the effect of the latter was again rather small. We conclude that general internal reference prices have a greater impact in these scenarios than specific ones, because of the lower cognitive load involved in their storage and retrieval.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Multiple study trials and judgments of learning.

We compared judgments of learning (JOLs) that were made either (a) after 1 study trial, (b) 2 study trials, or (c) in-between the 1st and 2nd study trials. In regard to the absolute accuracy of JOLs at predicting subsequent recall, we replicated previous findings of an underconfidence-with-practice effect for immediate JOLs and report for the first time a new finding of an underconfidence-with-practice effect for delayed JOLs (i.e., delayed JOLs after one trial overestimated the likelihood of subsequent recall, whereas delayed JOLs after two trials underestimated that likelihood). Also, although delayed JOLs always had a greater relative accuracy than did immediate JOLs, the relative accuracy of immediate and delayed JOLs was approximately the same after 1 versus 2 study trials. These results demonstrate that additional study trials affect the absolute accuracy of all JOLs but not the relative accuracy of any JOLs. Thus an increase in the number of study trials produced an increasing bias to be underconfident about the subsequent likelihood of recall but did not affect people's ordering of which items had been more (versus less) well-learned.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Visuospatial judgment: a cross-national comparison.

Two samples of American and Italian 8 to 12 year-old children were compared for their performance on the Judgment of Spatial Orientation Test. No group difference emerged and, consequently, the same normative standards for performance can be applied in both countries. In both groups males performed better than females.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Professional judgments about the relationship between speech and intelligence in African American preschoolers.

This study investigated listener judgments of the speech of African American preschoolers. Forty-four judges (Head Start teaching staff = 18, pediatricians = 15, and speech-language pathologists = 11) were asked to watch and listen to a video tape of six children and to judge each child's speech and intelligence. Head Start teaching staff and pediatricians were both likely to perceive that speech and intelligence were related, although the two groups held differing views about the nature of that relationship. Speech-language pathologists were likely to perceive speech as being relatively independent of intelligence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Confidence judgments in event recall: developmental progression in the impact of question format.

Two studies were conducted to examine developmental progression in children's and adults' ability to adequately monitor their own attempts to recall event details as well as the dependence of such metamemorial competencies on question formats. Eight and 10-year-old children as well as adults (Study 1, N=116; Study 2, N=60) rated their confidence when responding to specific questions about an observed event. Confirming most recent results, children and adults gave higher confidence ratings after correct than after incorrect answers. This ability, however, was limited to an unbiased question format. When being asked misleading questions, children's ability to differentiate was undermined, as reflected in equally high confidence judgments after correct and incorrect answers, even when the interview contained a mix of misleading and unbiased questions. When the interviewer "bombarded" the children with an uninterrupted series of misleading questions, children's difficulties appeared to be even more pronounced. These findings highlight the importance of the way in which questions are asked, and point to age-related progression in the relative impact of questioning style.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Surgical judgment in the management of vesicoureteral reflux.

The varying pathological anatomy of the vesicoureteral junction in cases of vesicoureteral reflux requires the use of intraoperative judgment in the proper management of individual cases. A rigidly standardized operative technique should not be followed. Modification of the Politano-Leadbetter procedure, using various forms of ureteral advancement, is beneficial in selected cases.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

The patient judgment system: reliability and validity.

Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) recently developed a patient judgment system (PJS) that generates information for monitoring long-term trends in hospital quality. Central to the system is a 68-item questionnaire that includes 11 quality scales. To test the questionnaire's reliability, validity, and representativeness, completed questionnaires from 5,625 patients from 32 hospitals were analyzed. Findings showed uniformly high patient-level reliabilities, good to excellent hospital-level reliabilities, and strong empirical support for the validity of the questionnaire's quality measures.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Teller acuity cards versus clinical judgment in the diagnosis of amblyopia with strabismus.

Teller acuity card testing, which is a form of the preferential-looking procedure, is a popular way of assessing visual acuity in preverbal patients. The authors suspected that the clinical judgment of a pediatric ophthalmologist is superior to the Teller acuity cards in diagnosing amblyopia when strabismus is present. Acuity card and fixation preference measurements on each eye were compared at the same clinical visit in a group of 108 strabismic patients. The authors found that the acuity cards could be used to detect amblyopia. However, the pediatric ophthalmologist was more sensitive in diagnosing amblyopia than the Teller acuity cards in the presence of strabismus.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed2003

Multisensory temporal order judgments: the role of hemispheric redundancy.

Participants made unspeeded 'Which modality came first?' temporal order judgments (TOJs) in response to pairs of auditory and visual stimuli presented at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), using the method of constant stimuli. The presentation of auditory and visual stimuli from different spatial positions facilitated performance (i.e. just noticeable differences were lowered) only when the stimuli were presented across the body midline (Experiment 4), but not when both stimuli were either placed on the body midline (Experiments 1-3), or else within the same hemifield (Experiment 5). These results demonstrate that hemispheric redundancy may account for the facilitatory effects reported in previous multisensory TOJs research when stimuli were presented from different spatial locations. Our results also show that the accuracy with which people can make multisensory TOJs is unaffected by the predictability of target stimulus locations, suggesting little role for spatial attention in this aspect of multisensory temporal perception.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

What is an emergency? The judgments of two physicians.

How an "emergency" is defined by an internist and an emergency physician is the focus of this paper, which originated in a study of nonemergency use of two urban hospital emergency departments by Medicaid, uninsured, and commercially insured patients. Retrospective medical record reviews of 219 patients conducted independently by these two physicians revealed agreement on clinical impressions but dramatic divergence regarding the designation of visits as "emergencies" and the appropriate treatment location. Subsequent interviews with each physician suggested that the divergence of opinion regarding the definition of a true emergency is ideologically motivated and specialty related. Considered in the context of ED studies, which show enormous variations in the percentage of cases judged to be "emergencies," defining an "emergency" may be more a matter of physician training, specialty, and beliefs than of science. Further analysis revealed no correlation between patients' perceptions and either physician's judgments concerning what constitutes an "emergency," suggesting that neither specialty's assumptions are sensitive to patients' experience of the physical pain and anxiety that frequently lead them to present to the ED.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Syntactic frame and verb bias in aphasia: plausibility judgments of undergoer-subject sentences.

This study investigates three factors that have been argued to define "canonical form" in sentence comprehension: Syntactic structure, semantic role, and frequency of usage. We first examine the claim that sentences containing unaccusative verbs present difficulties analogous to those of passive sentences. Using a plausibility judgment task, we show that a mixed group of aphasics performed significantly better on unaccusatives than on passives. We then turn to the observation that passives are generally harder than actives for aphasics. We show that this effect is modulated by lexical bias, i.e., the likelihood that a verb appears in a given syntactic structure: Passives of passive-bias verbs were significantly easier than passives of active-bias verbs. More generally, sentences whose structure matches the lexical bias of the main verb are significantly easier than sentences in which structure and lexical bias do not match. These findings suggest that "canonical form" reflects frequency and lexical biases.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2004

Generalized Social Phobia and social judgments: the salience of self- and partner-information.

Individuals with Generalized Social Phobia (GSP, N = 25) and community controls (N = 26) participated in a social interaction task. They then rated how well they had performed in the situation and assigned weights and valences to the different types of information they used to arrive at this judgment. The GSP group weighed anxiety-related self-information more heavily than did the Control group. In contrast, their conversational partners weighed verbal behavior more heavily. These findings are generally supportive of cognitive models of social phobia and point to the negative interpersonal implications of relying on different social information than others.

Adult↗