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PubMed1991

Head circumference and intellectual performance of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The head circumferences of 64 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were measured and found to be greater than those of a normal population. The patients had relative, and in 12 cases, absolute macrocephaly. 47 of the 64 patients underwent intelligence testing and were found to be significantly intellectually impaired, particularly in verbal and language skills. There was no correlation between head circumference or absolute macrocephaly and intellectual performance. The cause of macrocephaly in these patients is unknown and its relevance to the aetiology of intellectual impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is not yet clear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Psychopathologic risk factors for intentional and nonintentional injury.

OBJECTIVE: Trauma has a high rate of recurrence, suggesting that some people are more injury-prone than others. This study was performed to evaluate some of the psychological and social factors that might influence the likelihood of traumatic injury. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between selected psychosocial factors and traumatic injury. At a Level I trauma center, victims of intentional trauma (excluding attempted suicide), victims of nonintentional trauma, and patients undergoing elective surgery were interviewed by a person blinded to the purposes of the study. They were given an intelligence test and underwent a structured interview, yielding psychiatric diagnostic categories established in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised (DSM-III-R). RESULTS: Trauma patients were younger than elective surgery patients (p < 0.01) and were more likely to be men (p < 0.01). Victims of intentional injury had a higher probability of alcohol use (p < 0.01) and admitted illicit drug use (p < 0.001) than either nonintentional injury victims or elective surgery patients. Victims of intentional injury were more likely to be unemployed than those in the other two groups (p < 0.02), whereas elective surgery patients were more likely to be retired (p < 0.05) or to be disabled (p < 0.0001). The average intelligence score was slightly above the median in the nonintentional trauma group and in the control group (55th percentile and 54th percentile, respectively), compared with a mean intelligence score equivalent to the 35th percentile in the victims of intentional trauma (p < 0.001). Thirty percent of elective surgery patients met diagnostic criteria for at least one category of psychopathology, compared with 50% of nonintentional trauma patients, and 63% of intentional trauma patients (p < 0.01, trauma vs. elective surgery). Logistic regression analysis identified six variables that were independently associated with an increased tendency to be a victim of trauma: younger age, lower intelligence, antisocial personality, mental retardation, depression, and low income. CONCLUSIONS: Victims of trauma, both nonintentional, and especially intentional, have a high incidence of psychopathology. Victims of intentional trauma have significantly lower intelligence scores than either nonintentional injury or elective surgery patients. The high incidence of unemployment, alcohol abuse, and illicit drug use in victims of intentional injury might provide several opportunities for trauma prevention programs. Underlying psychological disorders will have to be addressed to reduce the likelihood of becoming a victim of trauma.

Accident Proneness↗
PubMed1982

Monozygotic twins discordant for Ullrich-Turner syndrome.

Ullrich-Turner syndrome occurred in one of a pair of female twins. The chromosome constitution of the affected twin was 45,X/46,XX and that of the normal twin 46,XX. Investigation of banded chromosomes, red cell antigens, HLA types, red cell enzymes, and serum proteins indicates monozygosity. The twins are discordant for height, pterygium colli, ovarian function, strabismus, dental eruption, external ear formation, hearing loss, and performance scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Test. All of these differences can be attributed to X monosomy in one cell line in the affected twin, presumably resulting from mitotic nondisjunction or anaphase lag early during embryonic development. Ten other pairs of apparently monozygotic twins discordant for the Ullrich-Turner syndrome have been reported previously, and the findings in these cases are reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Knee pain in middle age and its relationship to occupational work load and psychosocial factors.

In a sample of 574, 55-year-old residents of Malmö, Sweden, the occurrence of knee pain and its relationship with some predisposing factors were analyzed. The prevalence of knee pain was 10%. One percent (men only) had roentgenographic signs of gonarthrosis. Women with knee pain more often had varus knees, but patellofemoral tenderness was more frequent in valgus knees in both men and women. Men with knee pain were on average heavier than those without knee pain. Men and women with knee pain had been less successful in a childhood intelligence test, had a briefer education, were less satisfied with their working conditions, and had jobs with heavier physical demands than the average. The average income was also lower among subjects with knee pain. However, there was an interaction between the measured variables so that in a stepwise logistic regression analysis only two variables, body weight and job satisfaction, remained independent in men; in women, none of the variables was independent.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2001

Attention deficit hyperactivty disorder in Korean juvenile delinquents.

This study was conducted to identify attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean juvenile delinquents. Intelligence tests (KEDI-WISC, K-WAIS), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), the Teacher Report Form (TRF), the Youth Self-Report (YSR), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 98 incarcerated Korean adolescents (the delinquent group) and 84 adolescent nondelinquents (the control group). The groups were compared, and significant differences were found for ADHD; 42.4% of the adolescents in the delinquent group were identified as having ADHD, in comparison to 11.9% of the adolescents in the control group. Delinquent adolescents and adolescents with ADHD were found to have lower IQ scores, poorer TOVA performance, more severe problem behaviors, and lower self-esteem than nondelinquent adolescents and adolescents without ADHD. Delinquent adolescents with ADHD consistently fared the worst on assessments of intelligence, TOVA performance, problem behaviors, and self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Intelligence as a factor in evoked potential studies of psychopathology. II. Correlations between treatment-associated changes in IQ and evoked potentials.

The first report of this series indicated that evoked potential (EP) characteristics previously shown to correlate with psychopathology differed between subjects with high and low intelligence test scores (IQ). This paper reports the results of an attempt to determine if these IQ-EP relationships could result from variations in clinical state, rather than from differences between groups in trait IQ. Two patient groups were selected on the basis of the shifts in their Raven Progressive Matrices scores from first test to retest: (i) increase of 17-46 percentile points; (ii) decrease of 5 to 30 points. Their somatosensory, visual, and auditory EPs were compared in several ways to determine if the EP changes on retest were correlated with the IQ changes, as predicted from the state hypothesis. The results did not confirm the predictions, suggesting that the previous findings reflected differences in trait IQ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Male adolescent sex offenders against children: similarities and differences between those offenders with and those without a history of sexual abuse.

This study compares a defined sample of male adolescents (n = 36) with regard to their personal development, family characteristics and the types of offence they committed. Adolescent sex offenders with (n = 16) and without (n = 20) a history of sexual abuse who had offended against children were investigated during ongoing criminal proceedings by means of questionnaires and intelligence tests. The most important characteristic that distinguishes the two groups from each other is the more frequent absence of the parents of adolescents who committed sexual offences against children and had a history of sexual abuse. The consequences to be drawn from these results with regard to aggressive sexual delinquency in adolescence are discussed and suggestions are made with regard to further avenues of investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Intelligence structure and personality in various types of physical handicap in childhood and adolescence.

Intelligence structure and personality were assessed in a sample of 104 physically disabled children of normal intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 85). Findings were compared to those of healthy controls matched by age, sex, rank order and number of siblings and socioeconomic status. Physically handicapped children had lower scores in all subtests of a multi-factorial intelligence test. Furthermore five different subgroups of physically disabled children could be discriminated along one factor marked by different variables of visual perception. Personality of the total group of handicapped children was different when compared to normal controls. This specific personality pattern may be labeled: lack of emotional integration into social environment without conflict. Various subgroups of physically handicapped children differed only little as far as personality is concerned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Maternal age and children's ability.

Associations of maternal age at birth and subsequent intelligence test scores of children were examined in a series of over 1500 young men from the Netherlands. All subjects were members of 2-child families and were resident in Amsterdam at age 19 yr. Possible confounding by birth order, spacing interval, social class and sex of sibling were considered. Significant correlations between maternal age and child's ability remained in three of the four possible birth order/social class combinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

What to do about fraud charges in science; or, will the Burt affair ever end?

Shortly after the death, in 1971, of Cyril Burt, a prominent British psychologist, the authenticity of his accounts of intelligence test results from the largest report sample of MZA's (monozygotic twins reared apart) was challenged. Charges of fraud by Burt's critics and countercharges by his supporters started an acrimonious battle of words in journals, books, and the mass media that seesawed over the decades. It is still not resolved. The problematic ways in which the scientific community and its major organizations and journal editors have dealt or failed to deal with the problem are discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Follow-up of school-age children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of school-age children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in terms of nutrition, pulmonary function, and intelligence, and to compare the results with a preterm cohort matched for gestational age and birth weight, and with a term control group. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Follow-up clinic at level III neonatal intensive care unit, university-affiliated hospital, Children's Hospital. SUBJECTS: Twelve children who had BPD as infants and 2 control groups of 12 children each. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, resting energy expenditure, pulmonary function, body composition measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and Weschler intelligence test scores. RESULTS: Children with BPD had decreased forced expiratory volume at 1 second, decreased forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity, and decreased maximal expiratory flow velocity at 50% of vital capacity compared with age-matched normal inborn subjects (p = 0.025, p = 0.005, and p = 0.0013, respectively). Both children with BPD and matched preterm control children were shorter than infants in the term control group (p = 0.018). There were no significant differences in the other anthropometric parameters studied. The groups did not differ in resting energy expenditure. Lean body mass was lower in the BPD group compared with the term control groups (p = 0.017). Bone mineral content was lower in the BPD group compared with both the preterm and term control infants (p = 0.050 and p = 0.059, respectively). The mean performance intelligence quotient (IQ) and full-scale IQ scores in the BPD group were lower than in the term control group (p = 0.011 and p = 0.029, respectively). The proportion of children with borderline or intellectually deficient scores was significantly higher in the preterm group compared with the term group for verbal, performance, and full-scale IQ scales (p = 0.046, p = 0.018, and p = 0.048 respectively). The proportion of children with BPD who had borderline or deficient performance IQ scores was higher than for the term group (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: The lower height and intelligence scores in children with BPD may be related to prematurity and perinatal events rather than pulmonary disease. Subclinical pulmonary dysfunction in children with BPD persists at school age. The lower amount of lean body mass and possible decrease in bone mineral content in children with BPD may be related to their smaller size.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2004

A neural network model of the articulatory-acoustic forward mapping trained on recordings of articulatory parameters.

Three neural network models were trained on the forward mapping from articulatory positions to acoustic outputs for a single speaker of the Edinburgh multi-channel articulatory speech database. The model parameters (i.e., connection weights) were learned via the backpropagation of error signals generated by the difference between acoustic outputs of the models, and their acoustic targets. Efficacy of the trained models was assessed by subjecting the models' acoustic outputs to speech intelligibility tests. The results of these tests showed that enough phonetic information was captured by the models to support rates of word identification as high as 84%, approaching an identification rate of 92% for the actual target stimuli. These forward models could serve as one component of a data-driven articulatory synthesizer. The models also provide the first step toward building a model of spoken word acquisition and phonological development trained on real speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Obturator prostheses after cancer surgery: an approach to speech outcome assessment.

PURPOSE: This article describes a speech assessment protocol for patients using either obturator prostheses or speech aid prostheses for surgically acquired defects due to cancer of the maxilla and/or soft palate. METHODS: This protocol is structured according to the executive summary of "Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda For Prevention" a report formulated by the Institute of Medicine that describes four levels of disorder: (1) pathology, (2) impairment, (3) functional limitation, and (4) disability. Assessment instruments included (1) the Sentence Intelligibility Test to measure the rate and understandability of speech, (2) a speech physiology system to measure appropriate separation of the nasal/nasopharyngeal and oral compartments, (3) a 13-point interval scale to rate speech nasality, and (4) a scale to rate self-perceptions of communication effectiveness. RESULTS: The results from two patients are reported to illustrate the outcome assessment protocol.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of timing of surgery on the intellectual and psychosocial development of children with tetralogy of Fallot].

Chronic hypoxemia in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot may influence intellectual and social development. Even though the physical situation is the most important factor for the time of operation, psychosocial aspects should be considered as well. 24 children underwent intelligence tests and questionnaires, 13 of them having had surgery in early infancy, 11 between 7 and 11 years of age. No significant difference was noted between the two groups concerning early childhood development and mean IQ. Early operation does appear to improve the social situation. Such children are able to participate in kindergarten, start school in time and pass through school without delay. These results suggest a possible beneficial relief of the stressed situation of the whole family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The role of medial consonant transitions in word perception.

In VCV nonsense forms (such as /epsilondepsilon/, while both the CV transition and the VC transition are perceptible in isolation, the CV transition dominates identification of the stop consonant. Thus, the question arises, what role, if any, do VC transitions play in word perception? Stimuli were two-syllable English words in which the medial consonant was either a stop or a fricative (e.g., "feeding" and "gravy"). Each word was constructed in three ways: (1) the VC transition was incompatible with the CV in either place, manner of articulation, or both; (2) the VC transition was eliminated and the steady-state portion of first vowel was substituted in its place; and (3) the original word. All versions of a particular word were identical with respect to duration, pitch contour, and amplitude envelope. While an intelligibility test revealed no differences among the three conditions, data from a paired comparison preference task and an unspeeded lexical decision task indicated that incompatible VC transitions hindered word perception, but lack of VC transitions did not. However, there were clear differences among the three conditions in the speeded lexical decision task for word stimuli, but not for nonword stimuli that were constructed in an analogous fashion. We discuss the use of lexical tasks for speech quality assessment and possible processes by which listeners recognize spoken words.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Moral reasoning of Piagetian-matched retarded and nonretarded children and adolescents.

The moral reasoning of four IQ/etiology groups was investigated: 19 organically abnormal moderately retarded, 19 organically abnormal mildly retarded, 19 mildly retarded due to psychosocial disadvantage, and 19 nonretarded individuals. In each group 12 Ss were preoperational and seven concrete operational. Moral reasoning was assessed by an instrument using moral dilemmas based on Kohlberg's procedures. The Slosson Intelligence Test was used to determine the IQs and mental ages of each S. Piagetian stage was determined with the standard conservation of number tasks. The findings indicated no overall significant differences between the mildly retarded and the nonretarded Ss or between the mildly retarded and the moderately retarded Ss, but differences were found between the moderately retarded and the nonretarded Ss. A significant interaction was found between the two independent variables, IQ/etiology and cognitive level. The results were discussed as supporting Zigler's development position and as damaging to Kohlberg's position.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Psychological, nutritional, socioeconomic aspects and family relations of Mexican children with low school performance].

Two groups of children (aged 4-6 years) living in poor urban areas of Hermosillo (Sonora) and having "low" and "adequate" school achievements, were studied with the objective of determining their psychological, social, economic and nutritional characteristics. They were evaluated by means of standardized psychological tests. Their nutritional condition was assessed by dietary anthropometric and biochemical indicators. The socioeconomic characteristics of their micro-environment were also determined including the degree of home stimulation. It was found that school performance does not depend solely from their execution in psychological tests (Intelligence Quotient and visuomotor and linguistic performance) but also from other micro-environmental factors. The children with "low"school performance were characterized by sub-optimal energy intakes, mild-to-moderate undernutrition, belonged to large families, lived under more crowded conditions, and had a low level of home stimulation. It is concluded that poor nutrition and a disadvantageous micro-environment particularly home stimulation) are important factors related to the poor school performance of the children studied.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Agenesis of the corpus callosum: report of two pre-school children and review of the literature.

The results of neuropsychological examinations of two patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum showed low intelligence-test performance, impared visuo-motor co-ordination and impaired bimanual co-ordination. The most striking deficits were observed in Case A, particularly in her inability to identify objects verbally when placed in the non-dominant hand, and in her ability to complete a task with the non-dominant hand without vision, when she was unable to complete the same task with vision. This patient is unusual insofar as she manifests deficits noted in acallosal patients, as well as some noted in split-brain patients but not previously ascribed to acallosal patients.

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum↗