[Internet, a new source of information].
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Computer Communication Networks↗
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Results for “Intellectual Property”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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"History is not the past": Lacan's critique of Ferenczi.
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Conflict, Psychological↗
Transgenic crops, biotechnology and ownership rights: what scientists need to know.
Ownership of intellectual and tangible property (IP/TP) rights in agricultural biotechnology (ag-biotech) and transgenic plants has become critically important. For scientists in all institutions, whether industrialized or developing country, public or private sector, an understanding of IP/TP rights is fundamental in both research and development. Transgenic plants and ag-biotech products embody numerous components and processes, each of which may have IP/TP rights attached. To identify these rights, a transgenic plant or ag-biotech product must be dissected into its essential components and processes, with each 'piece' analysed under the IP/TP 'microscope'. This product deconstruction is an integral step in product clearance (PC) analysis leading to freedom to operate (FTO). To facilitate a PC analysis, the following points are important: (1) knowing what one has and where it's from, (2) organizing material transfer agreements and licences, (3) researching scientific and patent databases and relevant literature, (4) instituting a laboratory notebook policy, (5) keeping track of ownership of germplasm and plant genetic resources, and (6) promoting ongoing IP/TP management, awareness and training. However, a FTO opinion does not solve the IP/TP issues of releasing a transgenic plant or ag-biotech product; rather, it is a management tool for assessing the risks of litigation. When transferring transgenic plants or ag-biotech to developing nations, scientists from industrialized countries have the heightened responsibility of verifying that IP/TP issues are fully addressed and documented. Successful technology transfer goes beyond research, development and licensing; it is an holistic package leading to long-term partnerships in international development. Managing IP/TP requires capacity-building in scientists and technology transfer offices, in both industrialized and developing countries.
Biotechnology↗
Psychometric properties of the revised Developmental Behaviour Checklist scales in Dutch children with intellectual disability.
The present study assessed the reliability and validity of the revised scales of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) in a Dutch sample of children with intellectual disability (ID). The psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the DBC were assessed in various subsamples derived from a sample of 1057 Dutch children (age range=6-18 years) with ID or borderline intellectual functioning. Good test-retest reliability was shown both for the parent and teacher versions. Moderate inter-parent agreement and high one-year stability was found for the scale scores. Construct validity was satisfactory, although limited by high informant variance. The DBC scales showed good criterion-related validity, as indicated by significant mean differences between referred and non-referred children, and between children with and without a corresponding DSM-IV diagnosis. The reliability and validity of the revised DBC scales are satisfactory, and the checklist is recommended for clinical and research purposes.
Adolescent↗
Ethical and legal controversies in cloning for biomedical research--a South African perspective.
Therapeutic embryonic stem cell research raises a number of ethical and legal issues. The promised benefits are new and important knowledge of human embryological development, gene action, and the production of transplantable tissue and organs that could be effective in reversing or curing currently irreversible disease processes. However, this research involves the deliberate production, use, and ultimate destruction of cloned embryos, hence re-awakening the debate on the moral status of the embryo. Other moral anxieties include the possibility that women (as donors of ova) would be exploited, that this research would land on the slippery slope of reproductive cloning, and that promises made too early could lead to false hope among sick patients. It also raises the question of intellectual and actual property rights in human cell lines and the techniques by which they are produced. Review of legal systems internationally reveals that there is no global consensus on therapeutic embryonic stem cell research. Legal considerations are very much influenced by ethical deliberations on the moral status of the embryo. The South African parliament is promulgating legislation permitting therapeutic cloning, thereby demonstrating a commitment by the state to act in the best interests of patients and of regenerative medicine.
Biomedical Research↗
Construction and psychometric properties of sexuality scales: sex knowledge, experience, and needs scales for people with intellectual disabilities (SexKen-ID), people with physical disabilities (SexKen-PD), and the general population (SexKen-GP).
This study reports on the development and assessment of the psychometric properties of three measures to assess sexual knowledge, experience, feelings, and needs. The first was designed to assess the Sexual Knowledge, Experience, Feelings, and Needs of people with mild intellectual disabilities (SexKen-ID). The two parallel measures were designed to assess the same areas of sexuality among people with physical disabilities (SexKen-PD) and among the general population (SexKen-GP). The areas of sexuality included in the scales were Friendship, Dating and Intimacy, Marriage, Body Part Identification, Sex and Sex Education, Menstruation, Sexual Interaction, Contraception, Pregnancy, Abortion and Child-birth, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Masturbation, and Homosexuality. Generation of the items in these scales is described in Studies 1-3. Study 4 describes the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the scales. Sixty-six people with intellectual disabilities, 54 people with physical disabilities, and 100 people from the general population completed the scales. Test-retest reliabilities were also calculated with 30 people with intellectual disabilities, 30 people with physical disabilities, and 30 people from the general population. These data demonstrate the good psychometric properties of the scales and so their simitability for assessing the sexual knowledge, experience, feelings, and needs of people with disability.
Adult↗
[Information model of systemic organization of human mental functions: new approach to the problem of artificial intelligence].
The information model of systemic functions of the human brain reproduces important features of human intelligence: goal planning, prediction of needed results, behavior correction by feedback from the parameters of the results obtained and their comparison with the acceptor of action results. Human behavior imitation in the model is statistically proved by testing the model on a computer. An Adaptron apparatus based on the model quantitatively estimates the parameters of an important mechanism of the brain, namely human intuitive learning. With the Adaptron, the ade-dependent properties and some human intellectual dysfunctions are estimated, which reflect the mechanisms of prediction of future results, the building of memory traces in intuitive learning when the findings coincide with the planned results and the restructure of memory and respective behavior changes when the findings do not coincide with the planned ones.
Artificial Intelligence↗
Telomerase: a therapeutic target for the third millennium?
Telomerase offers the potential opportunity to control cell proliferation by interfering with a totally new and unique biological process which is cell senescence. The aim of this review is to impartially present the state of the art in telomerase with the pros and the cons of the current scientific situation of this fast-growing and fascinating topic for answering the key question asked by experimental and medical oncologists: Will telomerase be a therapeutic target for the third millenium? The most convincing argument (which is a scientifically documented one) for going ahead with this target is obviously the strong correlation existing between the level and frequency of telomerase expression and the malignant properties of tumors. This has been now largely documented in established tumor cell lines and fresh tumor samples obtained from patients. Noteworthy is the very important difference of telomerase expression between malignant and normal tissues. This difference is much higher than those observed for classical enzymatic targets of chemotherapy such as thymidylate synthetase, dihydrofolate reductase and topoisomerases. If this translates to the clinical situation, telomerase inhibitors might display a good selectivity for tumor cells with a minimal toxicity for normal tissues. The most appealing criticism (which is still purely speculative) is obviously the clinical relevance of inhibiting telomerase in cancer patients. According to the paradigm currently proposed for telomeres and telomerases, it can be predicted that telomerase inhibition will not affect a tumor until its telomeres reach the critical size for entering senescence. This means that during anti-telomerase therapy, the tumor cells will continue grow undergoing 20-30 divisions until the telomeres reach a critical size leading to tumor senescence. Does this make sense, especially in patients with advanced tumors at the beginning of the therapy? Ultimately, the definitive answer to the question will not come from intellectual speculation but from the properties of telomerase inhibitors, first in tumor bearing animals, then finally in cancer patients! Several institutions are very active in the development of telomerase inhibitors. Different stategies are used: direct inhibition of telomerase, interference with telomeres (G quartets), interaction with other proteins involved in the regulation of telomerase and telomeres.
Animals↗
[Electrocapillary properties of blood in mentally retarded children].
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Adolescent↗
Staff stressors and staff outcomes in services for adults with intellectual disabilities: the Staff Stressor Questionnaire.
This paper reports on the development, psychometric properties, and validity of a self-report measure designed to assess potential stressors among staff in services for people with intellectual disabilities, the 33-item Staff Stressor Questionnaire (SSQ). A questionnaire including the SSQ and scales measuring staff outcomes was administered to 512 staff across seven services for people with intellectual disabilities. The SSQ was factor analyzed to produce seven subscales reflecting different potential stressors for staff: user challenging behavior; poor user skills; lack of staff support; lack of resources; low-status job; bureaucracy; and work-home conflict. The SSQ subscales showed adequate internal reliability in terms of Cronbach's alpha and mean inter-item correlations. Associations between SSQ subscale scores and different staff groups, and patterns of associations between SSQ subscales and a range of staff outcomes, provided evidence suggestive of the face-, construct-, and criterion-related validity of the questionnaire. The SSQ shows promise as a measure for assessing potential stressors for staff in services for people with intellectual disabilities. Further studies to examine the reliability, validity, and utility of the SSQ are recommended.
Adult↗
Effects of repeated listening experiences on the recognition of synthetic speech by individuals with severe intellectual disabilities.
PURPOSE: To examine the perception of synthetic speech by individuals with severe intellectual disabilities using a closed-response format task. METHOD: Participants were 14 individuals with severe intellectual disabilities and a group of 14 typical individuals. A between-groups design was used to compare the performance of the 2 groups on word identification accuracy and word latency tasks. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures design. RESULTS: The results indicated that the performance of a group of individuals with severe intellectual disabilities was significantly poorer (p<.05) than that of typical individuals on the word identification task. Data analyzed for practice effects indicated that individuals with severe intellectual disabilities demonstrated a significant reduction (p<.01) in their word latency scores across sessions. Furthermore, there was an absence of significant effect (p>.01) of stimulus type (i.e., repeated vs. novel), indicating that individuals with intellectual disabilities are able to generalize their knowledge of the acoustic-phonetic properties of synthetic speech to novel stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that persons with severe intellectual impairments become more proficient at recognizing synthetic speech as a result of repeated exposure to it. These results have significant clinical implications for people who use speech-generating devices.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
The PAS-ADD Checklist: independent replication of its psychometric properties in a community sample.
BACKGROUND: The development of reliable, valid measures of psychopathology in people with intellectual disabilities is an important task. However, independent replication studies are rarely reported. AIMS: To report data on the psychometric properties of the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disabilities (PAS-ADD) Checklist. METHOD: The PAS-ADD Checklist was completed for 226 adults as part of the assessment process for a specialist mental health service for people with intellectual disabilities. RESULTS: Internal consistency was acceptable. Factor analysis revealed one main factor that was characterised by items related to mood. The Checklist was sensitive to differences between diagnostic groups and had an overall sensitivity of 66%; its specificity was 70%. CONCLUSIONS: The PAS-ADD Checklist is a quick and easy to use screening tool. Although at present it is the best measure available, it should not be the only method used to identify psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities.
Adult↗
The WAIS-R(UK): basic psychometric properties in an adult UK sample.
The WAIS-R is the most widely used measure of intellectual ability in the UK, despite never having been standardized in this country. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the WAIS-R in a sample of 200 subjects, which was representative of the adult UK population in terms of the distributions of age, sex and social class. The properties of the three IQ scales, i.e. the FSIQ, the VIQ and the PIQ, were found to be very similar to those reported for the US standardization sample: the scores were normally distributed, with means close to the desired value of 100; moreover, the reliabilities of the IQ scales were extremely high and closely matched the US reliabilities. There were also indications, however, that the scales have restricted standard deviations when used in the UK. The reliabilities of the 11 original subtests ranged from moderate to high and the majority were similar to the US reliabilities. However, in addition to evidence of restricted SDs, significant differences (sometimes as much as two-thirds of an SD) were found among the subtest means. These in-built subtest discrepancies could lead to erroneous conclusions about an individual's performance. A conversion table for UK test users is provided to overcome this problem.
Adolescent↗
Distinctive MMN relative to sound types in adults with intellectual disability.
The effect of stimulus characteristics (vowel vs pure tone) upon mismatch negativity (MMN) was compared between adults with intellectual disability and healthy controls. Either vowels (synthesized vowels /e/ and /o/) or pure tones (1940 and 851 Hz corresponding to the F2 frequencies of /e/ and /o/, respectively) were presented using an oddball procedure. Both groups showed identical results in latency (vowel MMN>pure tone MMN) and less amplitudes for vowels. However, the disabled group demonstrated amplitude attenuation regardless of the stimulus type, although the vowel MMN amplitude showed a descending trend with age in both groups. These results suggest that auditory sensory memory in intellectual disability might have an insufficient capacity yet share a property common to controls.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Stability and change in adult intelligence: 1. Analysis of longitudinal covariance structures.
We address two questions of central interest in adult intellectual development: the equivalence of psychometric tests' measurement properties at different ages, and the stability of individual differences in intelligence over time. We performed a series of longitudinal factor analyses using the LISREL program to model longitudinal data from Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study. The results indicate complete invariance in the loadings of five subtests of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities battery on a general intelligence factor. Individual differences in general intelligence were highly stable over 14-year epochs, with standardized factor correlations averaging about .9 between adjacent 7-year testing intervals. These results indicate that most individuals in this relatively select longitudinal sample maintained their relative ordering in intelligence.
Adult↗
Positive contributions made by children with an intellectual disability in the family: mothers' and fathers' perceptions.
The aims of this article were to test the psychometric properties of the Positive Contributions Scale (PCS), and to compare perceptions of positive contributions reported by mothers and fathers. Participants were 140 mothers and 60 fathers of children with intellectual disabilities. Results supported the reliability and construct validity of the PCS. Internal consistency was good for all subscales bar one, and the PCS total score was associated with scores on the Positive Affect Scale. There were differences on PCS scales for mothers and fathers, with mothers generally reporting more positive contributions than fathers. The PCS is a reasonably robust measure and its use in future research should help to address questions about the nature and function of parental positive perceptions. The PCS might also be used in applied settings to help balance the effects of asking families about their difficulties and support needs.
Adult↗
[Typology of the nervous system and personality].
The paper deals with structural organization of psycho-physiological and psychological characteristics of personality. The following characteristics were estimated: psychomotor, intellectual, creative abilities, features of imagination as well as basic properties of personality: extraversion--introversion, and neuroticism. Using the Q-technique of factor analysis of the 1-st, 2-nd and 3rd orders, the authors singled out three types of psychophysiological and psychological human organization. Each type was given a generalized interpretation. Conclusion is made that these types reflect more generalized processes than factors derived with R-technique of factor analysis.
Adolescent↗
Fears of youth with mental retardation: psychometric evaluation of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II (FSSC-II).
The nature and development of normal fear, although widely researched within the general population, has been seriously neglected for individuals with mental retardation. The present study involves the psychometric evaluation of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II with two samples: 187 children and adolescents with mental retardation and 372 intellectually average students. The schedule was demonstrated to have sound psychometric properties for both samples including good internal consistency and high retest reliability. Sound validity indices were determined by examining the relationships of fear scores with state, trait, and manifest anxiety scores. Comparison of the two samples yielded significant differences. In particular, students with mental retardation were found to score significantly higher than the comparison sample. In contrast to the age-related decrease in fear found for students of average intelligence, those with mental retardation did not demonstrate a decrease in self-reported fear with age. Gender differences were consistent across both samples with females reporting higher levels of fearfulness and a greater number of fears than males.
Adolescent↗