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PubMed1999

Immune function of the upper splenic remnant supplied by short gastric vessels.

OBJECTIVE: To study the immune function of the upper third of the spleen supplied by short gastric vessels after two thirds partial splenectomy. DESIGN: Experimental study. SETTING: Teaching hospital, Turkey. MATERIAL: Sixty Wistar-albino rats, 20 in each group. INTERVENTIONS: Control = sham laparotomy; partial splenectomy = the upper third of the spleen supplied by short gastric vessels was preserved after two thirds partial splenectomy and dividing the main vascular supply; and total splenectomy. At the end of the sixth week postoperatively, antigenic stimulation was induced with an injection of pneumococcal suspension in 10 animals from each group. 0.5 ml of diluted Indian ink was injected into the aorta. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Histological architecture of splenic tissue, and changes in the white pulp after antigenic stimulus. Bacteriological analysis with aerobic blood culture. Phagocytic activity as counted by Indian-ink-laden macrophages. The ability to produce antibodies as measured by serum IgM concentrations. RESULTS: Histological architecture of splenic tissue was normal. Germinal centres (p = 0.02), lymphoid follicles (p = 0.09), and their ratio (p = 0.0006) in the white pulp of the splenic remnant was significantly increased after antigenic stimulus compared with normal spleen. Significantly more animals without spleens developed bacteraemia (p = 0.02). Phagocytic activity of the upper splenic remnant was 89% that of normal spleen. Serum IgM concentrations without antigenic stimulus were 144, 138.2 (p = 0.6), and 86.2 (p < 0.001) mg/L; and with antigenic stimulus 263, 201.7 (p < 0.0001), and 98.1 (p < 0.0001) mg/L in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The increase in serum IgM concentrations as a response to antigen was significant in the control (p < 0.0001) and in the partial splenectomy group (p < 0.0001), but not in the splenectomy group (p = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: After reduction of its volume, the upper splenic remnant remained adequately supplied by the short gastric vessels. The upper part of the spleen preserved its normal histological architecture, had considerable phagocytic activity, possessed the ability to produce antibodies, and created a satisfactory immune response to antigenic stimulus. In rats, a considerable volume of functional and well perfused splenic tissue is preserved even after dividing the main vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The immune response of allophenic mice to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-bovine gamma globulin. I. Allotype analysis of anti-DNP antibody.

The question of whether or not lymphoid cells can cooperate across a histocompatibility difference barrier has been studied in several laboratories. Using an adoptive transfer system, Katz et al. (1) first showed that T cells from (low responder x high responder) F(1) mice, primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT), could collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from a high responder, but not a low responder strain, in response to DNP-GLT. The response to GLT is under H- 2-1inked Ir gene control. In contrast, studies with mouse bone marrow chimeras have shown that T cells can interact with H-2-histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (2-4). Another type of chimera, the allophenic mouse, has been used to study possible histoincompatible cell interactions to a number of antigens, including DNP-L- glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine; L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine; L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine; and poly-L (Tyr, Glu)-poly D,L- Ala-poly-L-Lys[T,G)-A-L] (5-9). The response to each of these antigens is under H-2-1inked Ir gene control. It was initially reported (8, 9) that in allophenic mice containing both high and low responder cells, the antibody to (T,G)-A-L was of both the high and low responder allotype. This was interpreted to mean that high responder T cells had cooperated with low responder B cells across a histocompatibility difference barrier in the environment of the allophenic mice. However, Press and McDevitt (10) have recently reported that additional and more accurate analyses of these allophenic mouse sera failed to detect any anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody of the low responder allotype. Moreover, in an experiment using bone marrow chimeras, there was no low responder allotype antibody produced in response to (T,G)-A- L(10). The present study was undertaken to test the immune response of allophonic mice to an antigen, DNP-bovine gamma globulin (DNP(56)BGG), known to be controlled by genes both inside and outside the H-2 complex (11, 12).(1) When high and low responder cells to DNP(56)BGG are present in allophenic mice, only antibody of the high responder allotype is produced. The results suggest that cell cooperation in allophenic mice cannot occur across a histocompatibility difference barrier in response to an antigen whose genetic control is at least partially within the H-2 complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Laser ablation of discs of agar gel.

Discs of agar gel mixed with ink were used to study ablation effects with an argon laser as a light source. Varying amounts of ink were added resulting in a variation of the attenuation coefficient between 0.45 and 6.3 mm-1. For laser beam irradiation horizontally incident on a vertical sample, the average velocity of ablation was found to be approximately constant for thicknesses up to 1.7 mm. When the laser beam was directed vertically on a sample held horizontally, the vaporized debris present in the beam attenuated the incident laser energy to such a degree that the average ablation velocity decreased by a factor of approximately five. Horizontal beam experiments for various attenuation coefficients showed that an attenuation coefficient of about 1.7 mm-1 is optimal for fast penetration of discs thicker than 4 mm. Thus, based upon the optical properties of a given tissue, there may exist an optimum laser wavelength to maximise ablation velocity.

Agar↗
PubMed2005

Localization of sentinel nodes in breast cancer: novel method and device to help pen marking of active nodes during gamma camera imaging.

Gamma camera imaging with Tc-99m marking is a widely used method to locate sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) in breast cancer patients. Prior to SN biopsy, the anterior and lateral location of the SN is marked on the patient's skin using an ink pen. The pen marks guide the surgeon during an operation. However, in many cases the marking is difficult due to limited space under the detectors of a gamma camera. The aim of this study was to improve the pen marking method. Eleven female patients were imaged 3-4 h after injection of Tc-99m labelled Nanocol. Injection was performed to parenchyma surrounding the breast tumour. To facilitate pen marking, two polycarbonate (PC) plates with 40 x 32 holes (spacing=10 mm) were engineered for anterior and lateral side imaging and then installed on the bed of a dual-head gamma camera. Two drops of Tc-99m were placed into the top corners of both the PC plates, in order to trace the corresponding x-y coordinates first from the acquired images and then from the plates. After imaging, the x-y coordinates of the SN(s) were determined from the anterior and lateral side images. Subsequently, the location of each SN was marked with an ink pen on the skin through the small holes in the PC plates. According to the surgeon's evaluation, the distance between the marks and the true location of the SNs was 4.5+/-6.9 mm. Measurements with a custom made phantom revealed that the accuracy of the novel method was significantly (P=0.06) higher as compared with the traditional method (2.7+/-3.0 mm versus 9.2+/-3.0 mm). In addition, we were not able to mark the weakest activity (0.02 MBq) with the traditional method. Taken together, the marking process was considerably easier with the novel method, it had better accuracy and sensitivity than the traditional method and the device is simple enough to be adapted for most gamma cameras.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Role of acellular collagen matrix surgisis in the endoscopic management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of acellular collagen matrix (Surgisis during endopyelotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine female pigs (25-35 kg) were enrolled in our protocol. The pigs were categorized as follows. Group I (N = 3) had endopyelotomy + insertion of SIS, Group II (N = 3) creation of UPJ stricture + endopyelotomy + insertion of SIS, and Group III (N = 3) Davis intubated ureterotomy using SIS. The contralateral side served as a control for each group (one pig in each group). In three pigs (two in Group III and one in Group II), Surgisis was treated with India ink prior to insertion at the endopyelotomy site. An endopyelotomy stent (14/8 F x 24 cm) was used to stent the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) for 4 weeks. Four weeks after the stent was removed, laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed, and the animals were euthanized. Histopathologic analysis of the Surgisis-regenerated segment of the UPJ was performed using hematoxylin and eosin, reticular (collagen), smooth muscle actin, and S-100 (nerve) stains. RESULTS: All animals tolerated the procedure. The mean operative time was 162 minutes. One pig (Group II) developed pyonephrosis; one pig (Group III) developed significant ascites and was sacrificed 2 week before the end of the experiment. Histopathologic analysis showed complete epithelializaton at 8 weeks. Reticular stain demonstrated abundant collagen matrix in the submucosa. Smooth muscle staining revealed myofibroblastic proliferation within the SIS-regenerated tissue adjacent to disorganized smooth muscle cells. India ink-stained SIS-regenerated tissue did not show smooth muscle cells. The S-100 stain did not demonstrate neurons at 8 weeks; however, in three pigs, peristaltic activity was noted across the UPJ. CONCLUSION: The use of acellular collagen matrix in the endoscopic management of UPJ obstruction is a promising technique. The abundance of myofibroblasts and absence of abundant smooth muscle regeneration indicates a need to investigate the role of growth factors in SIS regeneration of host tissue.

Actins↗
PubMed1986

Poorly encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans from patients with AIDS. I: Preliminary observations.

Ten isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans recovered from individual patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were studied in conjunction with three other isolates from non-AIDS patients. On primary culture nine out of ten of the AIDS isolates grew as nonmucoid, dry, pasty colonies resembling those produced by "diphtheroids." One isolate formed moist colonies. In contrast, the three non-AIDS Cryptococcus neoformans isolates produced highly mucoid colonies. India ink mounts of primary cultures of the ten AIDS isolates after 48 hours incubation in 5% CO2 showed markedly smaller capsules than the three non-AIDS isolates. India ink preparations of fresh cerebrospinal fluid of two specimens from AIDS patients in which capsule sizes were systematically determined showed a few moderately encapsulated cells dispersed among numerous others that were poorly encapsulated. This observation was confirmed in mucicarmine-stained smears of cerebrospinal fluid. Poorly encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans seem to be associated with infections in AIDS patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's disease.

In recent years, several attempts have been made to characterize the nature of the cognitive deficits shown by patients with Parkinson's disease. It has been suggested variously that they have difficulty in switching cognitive set, in performing effortful (or controlled) as opposed to automatic tasks, or that their impairment is found in tasks which maximize the amount of 'self-directed task specific planning'. It is proposed that this latter distinction may be reformulated in terms of the degree of internal versus external attentional control which is required by the task. An experiment is described which attempted to manipulate this parameter. A version of the Stroop colour-word test was used, in which the words 'red' and 'green' were presented in the complementary coloured 'ink'. Subjects responded either to the colour of the ink in which the word was written or the colour named by the word. The relevant attribute changed at intervals during the course of the experiment. In one condition, the relevant stimulus attribute was cued before each trial. In another condition, subjects had to remember which attribute was currently relevant. Results revealed that patients with Parkinson's disease were impaired mainly on the second version of the task which required internal attentional control. The results are discussed in relation to the models of Working Memory (Baddeley, 1986), and attentional control (Norman and Shallice, 1980). Exploration of these models leads to the formulation of a theory in which the crucial determinant of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is reduced resources in the Supervisory Attentional System. Provided the demands of the task are within the patient's available attentional resources the patient may not show any deficit. If, however, the attentional demands exceed available resources, as in tasks which depend upon internal cues, then deficits will be observed.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Modified Diatomaceous earth as a principal stationary phase component in TLC.

Modified natural diatomaceous earth (DE) is a principal component of the stationary phase in normal thin-layer chromatography (TLC) applications and is mixed with commercial silica gel 60GF254 (Si-60GF254). Modification is carried out by flux calcination and refluxing with acid. Natural DE, modified DEs [flux calcinated (FC)DE and FCDE-I), and Si-60GF254 are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform-IR spectroscopy. Particle size, specific surface area, pore distribution, pore volume, and surface hydroxyl group density parameters of materials are determined by various techniques. FCDE-I and Si-60GF254 are investigated for their usefulness in the stationary phase of TLC both individually and in composition. Commercially available red and blue ink samples are run on layers of Si-60GF254 and FCDE-I individually, and on various FCDE-I and Si-60GF254 mixtures. Butanol-ethanol-2M ammonia (3:1:1, v/v) and butanol-acetic acid-water (12:3:5, v/v) mixtures are used as mobile phases. The polarities of stationary phases decrease, and the retention factor (Rf) values of ink components increase when the FCDE-I content of the stationary phase increases. The properties of the stationary phase can be optimized by adding FCDE-I to Si-60GF254. This study may be useful in understanding both the systematic effects of stationary phase properties [e.g., specific surface area and surface hydroxyl group density, aOH(s)] and those of the mobile phase (e.g., polarity and acidity) on Rf values and the separability of components.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Microsatellite instability in sporadic endometrial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated ubiquitous somatic microsatellite mutations in some cancers of the colon, endometrium, stomach, and pancreas. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to characterize the frequency and nature of this replication error (RER) or mutator phenotype in sporadic endometrial carcinoma. METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and tumor tissues from 45 patients with sporadic endometrial cancer were screened for the RER phenotype at three microsatellite loci. To further characterize when these alterations were acquired relative to clonal expansion, the sizes of the altered microsatellites in different tumor and normal regions were determined using selective UV radiation fractionation. Approximately 150-300 histologically defined cells on stained tissue sections were covered with small ink dots, and UV irradiation was used to destroy the DNA of cells not covered by ink. Undamaged DNA from seven to 25 spots per section were extracted, then analyzed at the Mfd27, Mfd41, and Mfd47 microsatellite loci and also at the c-K-ras gene locus with individual polymerase chain reactions. Radioactively labeled amplified DNAs were analyzed by electrophoresis and autoradiography. Fisher's exact test and the logrank test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The RER positive (RER+) phenotype was detected in nine (20%) of 45 sporadic endometrial carcinomas. The topographic tissue distributions of the altered microsatellites revealed clues to their pathogenesis. The RER+ phenotype was homogeneously present in the primary tumors and their metastases and was absent from adjacent normal and hyperplastic endometrium. The altered microsatellites were predominantly the same sizes throughout five tumors but demonstrated greater intratumor heterogeneity in three tumors. In one case, the primary tumor was stable but its metastasis was unstable. Mutant c-K-ras alleles were significantly more frequent in RER+ (56%) than in RER negative (RER-) (14%) tumors (P = .0165) and appeared to be acquired after the RER+ phenotype in one tumor. There were no significant clinical differences between the RER+ and RER- tumors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The RER+ phenotype is frequently present in sporadic endometrial cancers and is expressed before and during clonal expansion. The underlying mutator mutations are probably heterogeneous, since the RER+ phenotypes were diverse. The absence of altered microsatellites in adjacent normal endometrium demonstrates that the expression of the RER+ phenotype is limited to neoplastic tissue. The bulk of the microsatellite alterations appeared to be acquired prior to clonal expansion, suggesting that expression of the underlying genomic instability contributes to, and is not a consequence of, transformation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Water permeability and reflection coefficient of the outer part of young rice roots are differently affected by closure of water channels (aquaporins) or blockage of apoplastic pores.

The relative contribution of the apoplastic and cell-to-cell paths to the overall hydraulic conductivity of the outer part of rice roots (LpOPR) was estimated using a pressure perfusion technique for 30-d-old rice plants (lowland cultivar, IR64, and upland cultivar, Azucena). The technique was based on the perfusion of aerenchyma of root segments from two different zones (20-50 mm and 50-100 mm from the root apex) with aerated nutrient solution using precise pump rates. The outer part of roots (OPR) comprised an outermost rhizodermis, an exodermis, sclerenchyma fibre cells, and the innermost unmodified cortical cell layer. No root anatomical differences were observed for the two cultivars used. Development of apoplastic barriers such as Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the exodermis were highly variable. On average, matured apoplastic barriers were observed at around 50-70 mm from the root apex. Lignification of the exodermis was completed earlier than that of sclerenchyma cells. Radial water flow across the OPR was impeded either by partially blocking off the porous apoplast with China ink particles (diameter 50 nm) or by closing water channels (aquaporins) in cell membranes with 50 micro M HgCl2. The reduction of LpOPR was relatively larger in the presence of an apoplastic blockage with ink ( approximately 30%) than in the presence of the water channel blocker ( approximately 10%) suggesting a relatively larger apoplastic water flow. The reflection coefficient of the OPR (sigmasOPR) for mannitol significantly increased during both treatments. It was larger when pores of the apoplast were closed, but absolute values were low (overall range of sigmasOPR=0.1-0.4), which also suggested a large contribution of the non-selective, apoplastic path to overall water flow. The strongest evidence in favour of a predominantly apoplastic water transport came from the comparison between diffusional (PdOPR, measured with heavy water, HDO) and osmotic water permeability (PfOPR) or hydraulic conductivity (LpOPR). PfOPR was larger by a factor of 600-1400 compared with P(dOPR). The development of OPR along roots resulted in a decrease of PdOPR by a factor of three (segments taken at 20-50 and 50-100 mm from root apex, respectively). Heat-killing of living cells resulted in an increase of PdOPR for both immature (20-50 mm) and mature (50-100 mm) root segments by a factor of two. Even though both pathways (apoplast and cell-to-cell) contributed to the overall water flow, the findings indicate predominantly apoplastic water flow across the OPR, even in the presence of apoplastic barriers. Low diffusional water permeabilities may suggest a low rate of oxygen diffusion across the OPR from aerenchyma to the outer anaerobic soil medium (low PO2OPR). To date, there are no data on PO2OPR. Provisional data of radial oxygen losses (ROL) across the OPR suggest that, unlike water, rice roots efficiently retain oxygen within the aerenchyma. This ability strongly increases as roots/OPR develop.

Aquaporins↗
PubMed1994

Primary radiation therapy to T1 and T2 breast cancer following conservative surgery. Which patients should be boosted?

We reviewed 199 radiated patients at our institution (201 breasts treated) and its affiliates treated between 1978 and 1989. Of these, 157 were T1 and T2 invasive breast carcinoma. Our intent was to retrospectively compare the results of those who received standard doses of 4,500 to 5,000 cGy to the breast to those that received an additional boost to the surgical bed to a dose totaling at least 5,500 cGy. There were a total of 5 local recurrences in 159 treated breasts. (The mean follow-up time was 36 months.) Of our T1 and T2 patients with clear resection margins that were boosted, there was 1 local recurrence in 28 treated breasts. There was 1 local recurrence in the nonboosted group of 68 patients. Except for one patient, all patients with positive margins were boosted. There were 2 local recurrences in the 23 T1 and T2 breasts with positive margins that were boosted. Of the patients with uncertain margins who were not boosted, there was one local recurrence in 20 treated breasts. Of those with uncertain margins that were boosted, there were no local recurrences in 19 treated breasts. From our results, it would appear that a boost to the primary site is unnecessary if the margins of resection are negative (by either inking or if it is clearly stated in the pathology report). In those patients with uncertain margins, most were done in the years before margins were routinely inked, but generous excisional biopsies were usually done. In this latter group of patients, there also was no added benefit to boosting.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The rat rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap: a true myocutaneous flap model.

UNLABELLED: Investigations of experimental flaps in lower-order animals have concluded that the cutaneous vascular anatomy of "loose-skinned" animals is not analogous to that of humans. This is particularly relevant with respect to myocutaneous flaps. The interpretation of results of studies in lower-order animals raises questions as to the applicability of these data to the human condition. OBJECTIVES: To establish a true myocutaneous flap model in the rat, to define the microvascular anatomy and the cutaneous vascular territory of the rat rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, and to determine its suitability for additional investigative study of myocutaneous flaps. METHODS: Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 to 400 gm were divided into the following six experimental groups: Group 1 (microvascular anatomy, n = 5), microfil injection and microdissection; Group 2 (n = 5), India ink injection of an isolated superior or inferior epigastric artery pedicle; Group 3, flap control (n = 6); Group 4, superior epigastric (n = 17); Group 5, deep inferior epigastric (n = 16); and Group 6, bipedicle deep inferior epigastric (n = 3). Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps based on a single superior or inferior vascular pedicle, or on a double inferior vascular pedicle with an overlying cutaneous island extending from the costal margin to the pubis and anterior to the anterior axillary line, were raised and replaced. Control flap vascular pedicles were transected. Assessment of viability was performed at 7 days using two-dimensional planimetry, tetrazolium, and hematoxylin and eosin stain. RESULTS: Injection studies revealed large (0.1 mm), direct, perforating vessels from the rectus abdominis muscle to the overlying cutaneous island. The cutaneous territory was defined by isolated pedicle india ink injection extended over the vertical muscle axis to the anterior axillary line and for a variable distance across the midline. All controls flaps were nonviable at 7 days. Superiorly based single-pedicle, and double-pedicle inferiorly based, flaps had 97% (SD, 0.03) survival of the cutaneous island. Single inferior pedicle flaps had 77% (SD, 0.07) survival of the cutaneous island with necrosis of the contralateral distal skin island. All flaps had 100% muscle survival. CONCLUSION: The rat rectus abdominis muscle and overlying cutaneous island constitutes a true myocutaneous territory. This has not been described in a low-order laboratory animal. The flap can be based on single or double, superior or inferior, epigastric vessels with predictable flap survival. The superiorly based and double pedicle flap demonstrates nearly complete viability. This model should serve as a useful investigational tool in the laboratory study of myocutaneous flaps.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Local failure and margin status in early-stage breast carcinoma treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The authors determined whether microscopically positive surgical margins are detrimental to the outcome of early stage breast cancer patients treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The optimal extent of breast surgery required for patients treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy has not been established. To achieve breast preservation with good cosmesis, it is desirable to resect as little normal tissue as possible. However, it is critical that the resection does not leave behind a tumor burden that cannot be adequately managed by moderate doses of radiation. It is not known whether microscopically positive surgical margins are detrimental to patient outcome. METHODS: The records of 259 consecutive women (262 breasts) treated with local excision (complete removal of gross tumor with a margin) and axillary dissection followed by radiation therapy for clinical stage I and II infiltrating ductal breast cancer at Duke University Medical Center and the University of North Carolina between 1983 and 1988 were reviewed. Surgical margins were considered positive if tumor extended to the inked margins; otherwise the margins were considered negative. Margins that could not be determined, either because the original pathology report did not comment on margins, or because the original specimen had not been inked were called indeterminate. RESULTS: Of the 262 tumors, 32 (12%) had positive margins, 132 (50%) had negative margins, and the remaining 98 (38%) had indeterminate margins. There were 11 (4%) local failures; 3/32 (9%) from the positive margin group, 2/132 (1.5%) from the negative margin group, and 6/98 (6%) from the indeterminate group. The actuarial local failure rates at 5 years were 10%, 2%, and 10%, respectively, p = 0.014 positive vs. negative, p = 0.08 positive vs. indeterminate (log rank test). Margin status had no impact on survival or freedom from distant metastasis; 63 patients who originally had positive or indeterminate margins were re-excised. Two of 7 with positive margins after re-excision versus 1/56 rendered margin negative had a local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The authors recommend re-excision for patients with positive margins because of improved local control of those rendered margin negative and identification of those patients at high risk for local failure (those who remain positive after re-excision). Because margin status impacts on local control, tumor margins after conservation surgery should be accurately determined in all patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A new composite gastric seromuscular and omental pedicle flap.

OBJECTIVE: The authors performed a study to see if gastric seromuscular patch elevation is anatomically feasible and to estimate the maximum size of the patch relative to its blood supply. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: A flap composed of greater omentum and a full-thickness segment of the greater curvature of the stomach, based on the right gastroepiploic artery, was first described in 1977. Elevation of the greater omentum along with a seromuscular patch of stomach has not been reported previously. METHODS: Angiography was performed via the right gastroepiploic artery in a stomach obtained from ten patients who underwent gastrectomy, then india ink was injected. The stomach was then fixed in 10% formalin, and histochemical examination was performed to determine if seromuscular patch elevation was possible. RESULT: Results of the angiography and injection experiment of india ink indicated that the territory of a single gastric ramus was approximately 5 cm x 5 cm in both anterior and posterior walls of the stomach. Histology revealed that the gastric rami lay between the muscular layer and the mucosa. CONCLUSION: The authors believed that a composite gastric seromuscular patch and omental pedicle flap would be clinically applicable. The authors also believed that the maximum size of the patch was 10 cm x 10 cm. They used this flap to successfully treat three patients with chronic soft-tissue defects--two bronchopleural fistulae and a radiation ulcer.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Stirring system for radioactive waste water storage tank.

A stirring system for 100-m(3) radioactive liquid waste tanks was constructed to unify radioactive concentrations in the tank. The stirring system is effective in certifying that the radioactive concentrations in the tanks are less than the legal limits before they are drained away as waste liquid. This system is composed of discharge units, pipe lines, and a controller. The performance of the system was assessed by comparing the calculated red ink and 32P concentrations with those monitored at six locations in the tanks. The concentration reached equilibrium after stirring 60 to 120 min with discharge units equipped with six fixed openings configured in differing directions. Residual chlorine in city water used for dilution occasionally bleached the red ink and reduced its concentration. The adsorption of 32P by slime on the walls of the tanks storing actual waste water lowered the equilibrium concentration.

Radioactive Waste↗
PubMed1994

An empirical study of Freud's penis-baby equation.

One hypothesis of traditional psychoanalytic theory holds that a cardinal aspect of the "natural" development of femininity involves the woman's substitution of the wish for a baby in place of her original wish for a penis. The current study modified and extended earlier research examining the validity of Freud's this "penis-baby" theory. College-aged women and men were presented with either subliminal or supraliminal auditory messages concerned with either pregnancy or penetration themes. Subjects' written responses to Holtzman ink-blots, obtained both before and after exposure to an auditory message, were content-coded for phallic imagery and sexual imagery. Consistent with Freud's speculations about the phallic significance of pregnancy for women, female subjects who were exposed to the subliminal pregnancy message produced significantly more phallic imagery responses to ink-blots than did women in any of the other experimental conditions (p < .01). The phallic imagery production of males did not vary significantly as a function of message condition. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of modern revisions to Freud's psychology of women and the current psychoanalytic conceptualization of penis envy as a highly condensed mental product with many layers of meaning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Vascularity of the lateral calcaneal flap: a cadaveric injection study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the arterial blood supply of the subcutaneous tissues of the lateral hindfoot and define the relationships between these arteries and the lateral extensile incision used for open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures. DESIGN: Human cadaveric lower extremity specimens, doubly injected with India ink and latex, were used to demonstrate the location of the arteries of the subcutaneous tissues of the lateral hindfoot. SETTING: Anatomy laboratory. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four randomly obtained, cadaveric elderly lower extremity specimens. INTERVENTION: India ink and then latex were injected into the superficial femoral artery at the level of the inguinal crease after cleansing of the arterial system. Transtibial amputation specimens were manually debrided of the skin and chemically debrided of subcutaneous tissues with sodium hypochlorite to demonstrate the arterial supply to the soft tissues of the lateral hindfoot. MEAN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The location of the three major arteries was determined relative to the lateral malleolus. The proximity of these vessels to the typical extensile lateral incision was determined radiographically with vascular clips applied along each artery and skin staples placed along the path of the typical skin incision. RESULTS: Three arteries, the lateral calcaneal artery, the lateral malleolar artery, and the lateral tarsal artery, were consistently found along the lateral aspect of the hindfoot. The lateral calcaneal artery appeared to be responsible for the majority of the blood supply to the corner of the flap and, because of its proximity to the vertical portion of the typical incision, it appeared most likely to be injured from inaccurate placement of the incision. CONCLUSIONS: The development of wound complications following open reduction and internal fixation of the calcaneus is multifactorial. Disruption of the blood supply to the surgically created flap may play a larger role in the development of wound complications than previously thought. An understanding of the local vascular anatomy may decrease the rate of wound complications during the operative treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extraosseous blood supply of the tibia and the effects of different plating techniques: a human cadaveric study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the extraosseous blood supply of the tibia and how the blood supply of the distal tibia is influenced by different plating techniques. DESIGN: Microdissection of cadaveric adult hip disarticulation specimens following sequential arterial injections of india ink and Ward's Blue Latex was performed. Readily identifiable arterioles measured approximately 0.5 mm in diameter. Their artery of origin was identified, and their position along the medial, lateral, and posterior aspects of the tibia was documented relative to the tibial plafond. Additionally, six matched pairs of limbs were used to assess the effects of different plating techniques on the extraosseous blood supply along the medial aspect of the distal tibia. SETTING: University anatomy laboratory. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Nine matched pairs ( = 18) of randomly obtained, adult cadaveric hip disarticulation specimens. INTERVENTION: India ink followed by Ward's Blue Latex was injected into the superficial femoral artery at the level of the inguinal crease after cleansing of the arterial system. The skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscles were dissected from the leg, exposing the arterial system and the extraosseous vessels of the tibia. MEAN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The extraosseous blood supply of each aspect of the tibial diaphysis was determined. Each extraosseous arteriole was identified, and the locations of each documented relative to the tibial plafond. Changes in the filling of these vessels along the medial aspect of the distal tibia were documented in a separate group of specimens ( = 12), which had undergone two different plating techniques. RESULTS: The proximal metaphysis of the tibia was found to have a rich extraosseous blood supply provided primarily from vessels from the popliteal artery, the anterior tibial artery (ATA) laterally, and the posterior tibial artery (PTA) medially. In comparison, the tibial diaphysis was found to have relatively few extraosseous vessels and a considerably hypovascular region, posteriorly. Branches of the ATA were found to supply the posterior aspect of the diaphysis with these branches passing through the interosseous membrane. The diaphysis also received a variable contribution from the PTA. The lateral aspect of the diaphysis was supplied by branches of the ATA. An anastomotic network of arteries from the ATA and PTA formed the rich extraosseous blood supply of the medial distal aspect of the tibia. Open plating of the medial aspect of the distal tibia caused a statistically significant ( < 0.05) greater disruption of the extraosseous blood supply of the metaphyseal region than did percutaneously applied plates. In each specimen, open plating prevented filling of each periosteal vessel in the region as opposed to percutaneous plates, which permitted filling of the extraosseous vessels up to the edge of the plate. CONCLUSIONS: The proximal and distal metaphyseal areas of the tibia have a rich extraosseous blood supply provided primarily by branches of the ATA and the PTA. Open plating of the medial aspect of the distal tibia caused a greater disruption of this extraosseous blood supply than did percutaneously applied plates. Disruption of these extraosseous vessels following fracture and subsequent operative stabilization may slow healing and increase the risk of delayed union and nonunion. These findings support current efforts to develop less invasive methods and implants for operative stabilization of distal tibia fractures.

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