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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pig: variability of response to intradermal emulsion injection.

Different forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis were obtained in 4 groups of guinea pigs: 7 adult Hartley guinea pigs (Group I), 12 adults of the same strain (Group II), 6 juvenile strain 2 guinea pigs (Group III) and 6 juvenile strain 13 animals (Group IV), by the injection of emulsions. Groups I and II received emulsions containing 250 mg and 500 mg respectively of fresh isologous spinal cord tissue, complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) and saline solution while Groups III and IV received an emulsion containing 120 mg of isologous spinal cord, CFA, saline solution and 15 mg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The increased antigen load induced a disease with delayed onset and prolonged progressive course (C-P-EAE) in Groups I and II, although 8 animals showed no symptoms of illness. The findings in C-P-EAE were large demyelinated plaques, perivenous fibrosis and large areas of infiltration. Demyelinated areas occurred within the spinal cord white matter only in two asymptomatic animals. C-P-EAE was obtained in 4 of the Strain 2 animals. In conclusion, the increased antigen load induced a range of lesions in Hartley guinea pigs, although not all animals were affected. C-P-EAE was induced also in strains of guinea pig other than the Heartley strain. These different reactions may have been the outcome of partial or complete inactivation of the cell-mediated response to the inoculated antigens.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy.

Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system is helpful when considering a particular sentinel node biopsy technique. The delicate balance between internal and external pressures in a lymphatic channel can be influenced by the injection volume and by massage in a negative or positive way. The narrow openings in the interendothelial junctions determine the speed of clearance of particles with a certain size, and this has implications for the timing of lymphoscintigraphy and surgery. Tracer uptake and lymph flow are highly variable and depend on a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. The lymphatic anatomy is not completely understood despite numerous studies since the end of the 18th century. Several topics have been elucidated in more recent studies and through experience with sentinel node biopsy. First, although axillary drainage is the principal lymphatic path of the breast, any drainage pattern from any quadrant of the breast can occur. Second, most lymph from the breast flows to the nodal basins with a direct course, not passing through the subareolar plexus. Another relevant point is that gentle massage encourages lymph flow and facilitates sentinel node detection. What problems do we still face in clinical practice? The optimum size and number of labeled colloid particles remain to be established. The optimum volume of the tracer also remains to be determined. But the main controversy concerns the injection site. Although the intradermal injection technique has attractive practical features, there is currently insufficient certainty that drainage of tracer injected anywhere in or underneath the skin of the breast reflects drainage from the cancer. Connections between collecting lymphatic vessels from the tumor site and the collecting vessels from the skin and subdermal lymphatics can explain the concordance between intraparenchymal and superficial injections in most patients. To determine the technique that yields the best sentinel node identification rate with the lowest possible false-negative rate would require a large randomized trial with all patients undergoing a complete lymph node dissection and evaluation of all other axillary lymph nodes with serial sections and immunohistochemistry. Current knowledge about sensitivity is based on examination of the other axillary nodes with hematoxylin and eosin staining and not with immunohistochemistry, with the exception of two studies. (33,76) In addition, a complete level I to III dissection may not have been done in all patients, and it is not certain that pathologists removed and examined all the nodes from the specimens. The proposed study seems impossible now that routine axillary node dissection has been abandoned by the larger centers around the world. Choosing the most attractive approach requires determining the aim of lymphatic mapping. A superficial injection technique may be adequate when the purpose is to spare patients without lymph node metastases in the axilla an unnecessary axillary node dissection. An intraparenchymal injection technique should be used when the additional purpose is to determine the stage as accurately as possible and to identify sentinel nodes elsewhere.

Breast↗
PubMed1977

[Allergic diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. 1. Conditions for the use of a purified protein allergen: brucellin (author's transl)].

A protein allergen extracted from the rough strain Brucella melitensis B 115, prepared for the diagnosis of Brucellosis, has been evaluated in cows. Injected in non infected and non vaccinated cows, this allergen does not give any reaction, does not sensitize for subsequent injections, does not give rise to antibodies detected by routine serologic tests, and thus does not interfere with usual screening. In cows, sensitized by injections of H 38 or 45/20 vaccines, the intradermal injection produces a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The recommanded dose was determined to be 100 microgram and the reaction must be read at 72 hours. The most suitable sites of injection are the neck or the tail fold. It appears likely that allergic testing could not be employed for diagnosis in cows vaccinated with H 38 or 45/20 vaccines. Allergic testing is useful in cows which have been given strain 19 vaccine at least two years previously.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus grown in vitro or in vivo.

Paired comparisons were made of various strains of Staphylococcus aureus grown in broth inside dialysis sacs anchored in the peritoneal cavities of sheep (in vivo culture) and in a variety of bacteriological media in the laboratory (in vitro culture). The organisms grown in vivo possessed enhanced virulence compared with in vitro grown organisms, when injected intradermally in sheep, when injected intraperitoneally in mice and when infused into lactating mammary glands of ewes. Growth under in vivo conditions conferred on the bacteria an increased resistance to phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils. The bacteria grown under in vivo conditions possessed an additional cell-associated component as determined by immunodiffusion tests and optic density profiles of gel filtration eluates; however, this substance was not visible in electron micrographs in the form of a capsule.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Successful treatment of the patients with malignant pleural effusion with BCG cell-wall skeleton.

The usefulness of the cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) to the management of malignant pleural effusion is demonstrated in this report. In two patients with malignant pleurisy the oil-attached BCG-CWS reduced the pleural effusion in volume when injected intrapleurally. The following intradermal injections of BCG-CWS into the bilateral upper arms repeated monthly prevented the reaccumulation of the effusion and improved other clinical conditions of the patients. The possible mechanism responsible for this effect is discussed in relation to previous experimental and clinical studies.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of intradermal and subcutaneous injections in lymphatic mapping.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for melanoma, with its intradermal (ID) injection, has a higher success rate than SNB for breast cancer, which is typically performed with a subcutaneous (SC) or peritumor injection. It is hypothesized that this is in part due to a slower transit time of lymphatic mapping agents through the parenchymal lymphatics of the breast. No study has investigated differences in transit time between different tissues to account for this clinical observation. The goal of the study was to compare transit time between ID and SC injections with common agents used in lymphatic mapping. METHODS: Four injection sites on five domestic pigs were used. Sites were bilateral and included cervical, forelimb, hindlimb, and flank areas. Agents included technetium sulfur colloid (Tc99, filtered and unfiltered), isosulfan blue (IB) dye, and fluorescein (FL) dye. At each site both ID and SC injections were made and the transit time to reach the sentinel node was recorded. The transit time differences were calculated per centimeter distance from the draining lymph node basin. RESULTS: Sentinel nodes were identified draining all sites and found to be hot, blue, or fluorescent (using a Wood's lamp for identification). The cervical and forelimb injection sites drained to the same cervical lymph node basin and both SC and ID injection sites drained to the same sentinel node. Similarly, the hindlimb and flank injection sites both drained to inguinal lymph node basins. The slowest transit time occurred with Tc99 injected SC and the fastest occurred with Tc99 injected ID, whereas both FL dye and IB traveled rapidly to the sentinel node whether injected SC or ID. Large differences were found using unfiltered Tc99 depending on its injection ID (2.7 s/cm +/- 0.5) vs SC (249 s/cm +/- 14.7, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Tc99 ID injections were significantly faster than SC injection. The slowest and fastest SC injection agents were unfiltered Tc99 and IB, respectively. Dermal injections provide faster transit of lymphatic agents and may improve the identification rate when applied to patients with breast cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Use of the reversed passive Arthus reaction as a test for anti-inflammatory agents.

The immune complex-induced reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the rabbit has been investigated as a screening test for detecting anti-inflammatory agents potentially more effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis than those presently available. RPA lesions, characterized by edema, erythema, and hemorrhage, were elicited by intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) followed by intradermal injections of rabbit anti-BSA antiserum. The anti-edema activities of compounds (mg quantities required for testing) were evaluated after their administration by the intradermal route (compounds admixed with antiserum) as well as by the intraperitoneal route. Of 14 reference anti-inflammatory agents tested by the intradermal screening procedure, only aurothioglucose and chloroquine were inactive. Other pharmacologically active compounds (e.g. antihistamines, anti-complement agents, cytotoxic-immunosuppressives) were also evaluated after their intradermal administration. Protoporphyrin, phloretin, and hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) were active. When whole antiserum, or the antibody fraction of the serum, was used to eliminate nonspecific edema, intraperitoneally administered reference agents were found to be effective in the RPA test.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Extravasation of dactinomycin, vincristine, and cisplatin: studies in an animal model.

Extravasation of some cytotoxic drugs results in chemical cellulitis. Management of suspected extravasation has been empiric and difficult to evaluate clinically. We investigated dactinomycin, vincristine, and cisplatin by means of intradermal injections in Balb-c mice. Reproducible skin lesions with concentric areas of induration, erythema, and ulceration developed in a time- and dose-dependent fashion following injection of dactinomycin. Vincristine caused no lesions following initial intradermal administration, but repeat injection 7 days later was followed by a diffuse punctate ulcerative lesion suggesting a hypersensitivity reaction. Three concentrations (1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/ml) of cisplatin elicited cellulitis following initial injection, but there was no correlation between lesion size and dose. Injection of saline, hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, buffered DNA solution, and beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists after the injection of dactinomycin failed to prevent development of lesions. Heat application was also ineffective; however, local cold application prevented or markedly reduced reactions to dactinomycin. We conclude that the intradermal mouse model may be appropriate for the evaluation of the three drugs studied and that cold application is the best antidote among those tested for dactinomycin-induced ulceration in this model.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2002

Combined MR lymphangiography and MR imaging-guided needle localization of sentinel lymph nodes using Gadomer-17.

OBJECTIVE: The goals of our study were to determine the technical feasibility of dynamic MR lymphangiography for detecting sentinel lymph nodes using Gadomer-17 contrast material to compare these results to the clinically standardized blue dye contrast agent, and to show MR imaging-guided needle localization marking of the sentinel nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six anesthetized swine underwent MR imaging before and for 1 hr after interstitial injection of Gadomer-17 in the posterior tongue and intradermally in the stifle (knee). Using MR imaging guidance, we percutaneously placed a histology needle into the sentinel node or nodes. A standardized intraoperative sentinel node detection procedure was then performed using isosulfan blue contrast agent. Sentinel nodes identified on the MR images were compared with and matched to those identified by biopsy needle localization and the isosulfan blue contrast agent. RESULTS. Interstitial and intradermal injection of Gadomer-17 resulted in a lasting, increased MR signal in the regional lymph nodes. Seven sentinel nodes were identified in both the neck and the groin, with one pig showing two sentinel nodes in the neck and another showing two sentinel nodes in the groin. In all cases, the isosulfan blue contrast agent agreed with the location of the sentinel node determined by Gadomer-17 and marked with the needle. CONCLUSION: In this large animal model, dynamic MR angiography of sentinel lymph nodes is technically feasible using a contrast agent (Gadomer-17) and can be easily combined with MR imaging-guided needle localization.

Animals↗