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PubMed1975

[Copyright and natural sciences].

Works in the natural sciences are provided with comparatively less copyright protection than literary works. Nevertheless, this protection is important for scientists. However, more recently, modern methods and techniques of information and documentation, such as reprography, microfilm archives, electronic data storage and retrieval, and data transmission have questioned the justification and effectiveness, even in principle, of this protection. A more detailed analysis demonstrates that this involves not so much a crisis of copyright law as a crisis of the entire field of scientific information.

PubMed2004

Current models for starch synthesis and the sugary enhancer1 (se1) mutation in Zea mays.

Among the desirable quality traits essential for commercial production of fresh or processed sweet corn, kernel sugar content is universally important. In sweet corn genotypes the primary kernel sugar is sucrose, which is elevated at the expense of starch, particularly amylopectin. Sweet corn mutations have been traditionally divided into two classes. Generally speaking, class one mutations affect cytosolic reactions early in the process of starch synthesis, before starch is synthesized, and class two mutations affect reactions within the amyloplast directly involving starch granule assembly. Two widely used but previously unclassified mutations are sugary1 (su1) and sugary enhancer1 (se1). The se1 gene is a recessive modifier of su1; therefore, both genes require mutual discussion. This review provides current information about the su1 and se1 maize endosperm mutations and describes evidence further supporting previous suggestions that they fit criteria for categorization as class two mutants [Science 151 (1966) 341]. Information on the genetics and phenotype of se1 will be summarized and the hypothesized role of the se1 gene product discussed within the context of current models for starch synthesis in Zea mays L.

Mutation↗

PubMed1994

Ethics in scientific communication: study of a problem case.

The hypothermia experiments performed on humans during the Second World War at the German concentration camp in Dachau have been regarded as crimes against humanity, disguised as medical research. For almost 50 years, scientists maintained that the study produced valuable, even if not totally reliable, information. In recent years, the results from the Dachau hypothermia project were glamorized with life-saving potential and a heated ethical dialogue was activated about the use of life-saving but tainted scientific information. In the wake of the debate, an in-depth examination of the scientific rigour of the project was performed and revealed that neither the science nor the scientists from Dachau could be trusted and that the data were worthless. The body of medical opinion accepted the unfavourable determination but a few scientists and ethicists have continued to endorse the validity, of at least parts, of the Dachau hypothermia data. The conduct of the scientific communications about the Dachau hypothermia experiments by the scientific and ethical communities invites serious consideration of a possible ethical misadventure. It appears that for almost 50 years, the results of the study had been endorsed without careful examination of the scientific base of the experiments and that secondary citation of relevant original material may have been commonly employed. These infractions contributed to a myth that good science was practised by the Nazis at Dachau. The more recent emphasis on the life-saving potential of the Dachau data, without citation of credible supporting evidence, has also been misleading. Similarly, acceptance of a determination by an in-depth examination that the 'whole' Dachau project if flawed with simultaneous endorsement of the validity of 'parts' of the results, poses an ethical problem. It is advisable that before seeking ethical consultation about the use of unethically obtained data, scientists should examine the quality of science behind the controversial information and ethicists should verify the integrity of the material prior to engaging in a dialogue.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1977

[Integrated teaching of morphological sciences in medical training].

To provide more information to participants in the Second Meeting of the Textbook Committee of PAHO/WHO for the teaching of the Morphological Sciences in the Medical Schools of Latin American, a survey was held of the departments of those sciences, in 150 Latin American schools to acquire updated information on the academic organization, the work schedule of the teachers, the levels of integration of the instruction, use of textbooks by students, and the degree of familiarity with the PAHO/WHO Testbook Program and its coverage. The results of the survey, presented in detail in this document, demonstrate the persistence of most of the problems discussed in the First Meeting of the Committee (1969), which makes it necessary to reconsider the integrated teaching of the morphological sciences and the strategies for attaining it. The document also analyzes the development of the morphological sciences and of integration in them.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1999

Genetic information resources: a new field for medical librarians.

The Human Genome Project is generating unprecedented quantities of new genetic information. The new discipline of bioinformatics has created many new molecular biology databanks to store the results of the Human Genome Project. This data is expected to be the information source for biomedical science in the 21st century. As molecular biology research moves out of the laboratory and becomes molecular medicine, a growing number of people need access to genetic information. Medical students, healthcare practitioners and patients need help in finding appropriate information. Medical librarians should know how to search key genetic information resources and should have a basic understanding of the type of information contained in each.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

PubMed1980

A model for a health career information center.

A model health career information center was developed and evaluated at a university health science center. One part of the information center is a statewide, toll-free health careers hotline which provides information about health careers to high school and college students, parents, counselors, and teachers, especially in small schools and rural areas, which are not usually included in recruiting circuits. Evaluation of the hotline after one year of operation has indicated that it fills a need, is considered useful by callers, and is of a relatively small cost, considering the geographical coverage. The model information system proposed can be implemented in phases with only slight modifications to meet the unique needs of specific health science centers or their geographical location.

Career Choice↗

PubMed2000

[Use of information technology in the 21st century in the medical sciences].

Development of health-care system depends of using modern IT. The world is already prepared for global Large Seale Networking. Existing PC-Based DCS could be able to achieve higher intelligence, integrity, speed, memory capacity. Currently in this climate IT will develop and demonstrate revolutionary applications in basic science, medicine, environment protection, etc. Totally specific principle and approach to system philosophy needs to be used for next generations at QC with HECC. DCS are helping and it will do in future to overcome limitations of traditional technology to make better environment. In same time IT allow to gain high speed access to scientific and medicine instruments, surgical and other therapeutic interventions and better organisation of primary health care what Bosnian people have to do!

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗

PubMed1978

[Experience in creating an automated pathoanatomic archive in prosection at the A. N. Bakulev Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR].

An information system "Automatic pathological anatomy archive" has been created in the cardiac surgery center existing 22 years. A special card has been developed for resording of the results of morphological examinations and the main information on the patient, which is filled by the dissector after autopsy. Treatment of the data contained in the information mass stipulates an urgent search of the cases according to the set of data indicated in the request, interpretation of the content of unified cards for the selected cases, calculation of per cent ratios, etc. Realization of information systems in universal computers opens wide possibilities for principally new organization of pathological archives.

Archives↗

PubMed2001

Evolving concepts of human state dissociation.

The concept of state dissociation in humans was made possible only by applying information obtained from basic science animal research studies to the human condition--without which these often dramatic, and treatable conditions would have remained in the mystical, supra-natural, or psychiatric arenas, without appropriate or effective treatment options. Sleep or wakefulness occurring asynchronously in bits and pieces of the brain is a most useful concept. From our standpoint, the basic science work in the function and mechanism of sleep is pertinent, not only adding to our knowledge in these important areas for the sake of knowledge, but also in providing clinicians with important information that is of immense clinical importance. The payoff of such research has been great, and demands that it should be ongoing. The field of sleep research and sleep medicine is in a unique position to foster close interactions between basic scientists and clinicians, the result being basic science answers to clinical questions, and unanswered clinical questions guiding the direction of and reinforcing the basic science research. The clinical conditions discussed above underscore the value of close cooperation among those working at all levels: molecular, cellular, multi-cellular, and clinical. Continued study of state dissociation by both basic scientists and clinicians will undoubtedly identify and explain even more of these fascinating conditions, with important therapeutic implications. The reciprocal benefits of close collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians will continue to be realized.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

'Like all that lives': biology, medicine and bacteria in the age of Pasteur and Koch.

This essay draws a new picture of the science of bacteria in its 'golden age', circa 1880-1900: the organization of its knowledge and practice, its germ theory of disease, the difference between its two major research traditions, and, above all, its place in life science in this period that bristled with theories and debates over inheritance, variation, selection, evolution and that witnessed the transition from natural history to laboratory biology. Pasteur and Koch's science acquired this biological dimension not despite being outside academic biology, nor despite the limitations of its applied, medical matrix, but rather because of that framework. The very practices of vaccine development constituted, at the same time, a new biological model of bacterial species and variation, which aligned them with other living things. Finally, the new picture reveals unsuspected continuity to later microbiology and molecular biology. In illuminating the self-perceptions of these sciences in relation to the past, it situates and opens a critical perspective on writings by bacteriologists such as Ludwik Fleck, François Jacob and René Dubos, which have widely informed how we understand science.

Bacteriology↗

PubMed1985

The ergonomics/human factors approach to health sciences libraries.

A review of the literature reveals scant information on the application of ergonomics to health sciences libraries. Ergonomics research has identified and validated many genuine health hazards in business offices and industrial settings. While appearing innocuous, the library environment is affected by these hazards. As sophisticated technology and machinery are introduced into libraries, the human factors must be considered. This paper examines the hazards of the library environment as identified through ergonomics research and makes recommendations for alleviating or eliminating these dangers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Information literacy as the foundation for evidence-based practice in graduate nursing education: a curriculum-integrated approach.

As part of a system-wide initiative to advance evidence-based practice among clinicians, graduate students, and educators, the New York University Division of Nursing embarked on a curricular initiative to integrate components of information literacy in all core courses of the master's program. Increasing competency in information literacy is the foundation for evidence-based practice and provides nursing professionals with the skills to be literate consumers of information in an electronic environment. Competency in information literacy includes an understanding of the architecture of information and the scholarly process; the ability to navigate among a variety of print and electronic tools to effectively access, search, and critically evaluate appropriate resources; synthesize accumulated information into an existing body of knowledge; communicate research results clearly and effectively; and appreciate the social issues and ethical concerns related to the provision, dissemination, and sharing of information. In collaboration with the New York University Division of Libraries' Health Sciences Librarian, instructional modules in information literacy relevant to each of the 5 core nursing master's courses were developed, complemented by a Web-based tutorial: http://library.nyu.edu/research/health/tutorial. The Web site is multifaceted, with fundamentals for the beginner, as well as more complex content for the advanced user. Course assignments were designed to promote specific competencies in information literacy and strategies for evaluating the strength of the evidence found. A survey of information literacy competencies, which assessed students' knowledge, misconceptions, and use of electronic information resources, was administered when students entered the program and at 1-year intervals thereafter.

Computer Literacy↗

PubMed1989

An AIDS information center.

Because busy members of the health care team are confronted with a plethora of articles and information on AIDS, the Health Sciences Library at the University of Alabama has developed a current awareness information center on AIDS. The materials in the center can be easily accessed by patrons. Books and audiovisuals are included in the center; however, the primary emphasis is on accessing articles in journals to which the library subscribes and the journals which have granted blanket photocopy permission. The planning and organization of the center are described.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2006

Freud Said--or Simon Says? Informed consent and the advancement of psychoanalysis as a science.

Is it ever permissible to publish a patient's confidences without permission? I investigate this question for the field of psychoanalysis. Whereas most medical fields adopted a 1995 recommendation for consent requirements, psychoanalysis continues to defend the traditional practice of nonconsensual publication. Both the hermeneutic and the scientific branches of the field justify the practice, arguing that it provides data needed to help future patients, and both branches advance generalizations and causal claims. However the hermeneutic branch embraces methods tending to undermine the reliability of such claims, while the scientific branch aims to improve the field's empirical base - in their words, to advance psychoanalysis as a science. The scientific branch therefore has the stronger claim to the traditional practice, and it their claim that I consider. An immediate concern arises. We seem unable to answer the applied ethical question without first determining which ethical theory is correct; for defenders of the practice appeal variously to therapeutic privilege, principlism, and utilitarianism, while opponents wage autonomy-based arguments. The concern turns out to be unfounded, however, because all of these ethical approaches fail to justify the traditional practice. The more promising defenses fail partly because even the scientific branch of the field lacks empirically sound methods for establishing its causal claims and generalizations, often appealing to authority instead. I conclude that it is currently unethical for analysts to continue publishing their patients' confidences without permission, and I suggest that the field help future patients by attending to its methodological problems.

Confidentiality↗

PubMed2004

Use of physical sciences in support of environmental management.

Offshore drilling for oil and gas has been conducted since the early 1900s. Oil and gas under the seabed continue to be an important part of the energy resources of the United States. The need to balance the value of these resources against the potential for environmental damage is an important concern. This article explains why and how the Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the US Department of the Interior uses research in physical sciences to help fulfill its environmental goals, and it provides background information on the role of physical sciences in decision-making for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil, gas, and other minerals development. Established in the 1970s, the MMS' Environmental Studies Program is a highly focused marine research program designed to provide the environmental information necessary for OCS energy and nonenergy minerals planning and development activities. The physical sciences research supported by MMS includes physical oceanography, oil-spill risk analyses, atmospheric sciences, and sand and gravel studies. Instead of giving a comprehensive review on physical sciences research in MMS, this article presents sample MMS studies and illustrates how these studies are utilized to support decision-making in environmental management.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1999

The involvement of genome researchers in high school science education.

The rapid accumulation of genetic information generated by the Human Genome Project and related research has heightened public awareness of genetics issues. Education in genome science is needed at all levels in our society by specific audiences and the general public so that individuals can make well-informed decisions related to public policy and issues such as genetic testing. Many scientists have found that an effective vehicle for reaching a broad sector of society is through high school biology courses. From an educational perspective, genome science offers many ways to meet emerging science learning goals, which are influencing science teaching nationally. To effectively meet the goals of the science and education communities, genome education needs to include several major components-accurate and current information about genomics, hands-on experience with DNA techniques, education in ethical decision-making, and career counseling and preparation. To be most successful, we have found that genome education programs require the collaborative efforts of science teachers, genome researchers, ethicists, genetic counselors, and business partners. This report is intended as a guide for genome researchers with an interest in participating in pre-college education, providing rationale for their involvement and recommendations for ways they can contribute, and highlighting a few exemplary programs. World Wide Web addresses for all of the programs discussed in this report are given in Table 1. We are developing a database of outreach programs offering genetics education () and request that readers submit an entry describing their programs. We invite researchers to contact us for more information about activities in their local area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[While science grows and the number of libraries decreases, what will happen to information? (Decrease of medical journals in Hungary)].

The differences between the 1982 and 1994 subscriptions of the leading medical journals were investigated. Sample journals were taken from the impact factor rank lists of the Science Citation Index. The 1994 level was 45% lower than that of 1982. The information supply of the medical universities has weakened too, especially because they have too many small institutional library units. They are not able to supply the literature necessary to their readers and to the Hungarian medical audience.

Forecasting↗

PubMed1999

Osteoinductive bone graft substitutes for spinal fusion: a basic science summary.

An understanding of precise biologic mechanisms at work during spinal fusion healing is just beginning to evolve. Current molecular biology research has shown this process to be multifactorial and extremely complex. With the advent of improved animal models to study the biology of spinal fusion, essential information regarding the basic science behind arthrodesis has advanced knowledge of this process. Moreover, with advances in local gene therapy as well as osteoinductive proteins and osteoinductive carrier matrices, the orthopedic surgeon will soon enter into a new era of biologic manipulation for fusion.

Animals↗