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Results for “Helping Behavior”

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PubMed1990

Nurses' new approach to helping patients.

The person who uses a supportive facilitating approach assists another to grow. Although this approach has been used historically by parents and in education, it is only recently that medical and nursing professionals have adopted it. This approach promotes mutual participation in decision making and a collaborative rather than an authoritarian approach by the helper. A facilitating approach maximizes independence and, in the end, helps others to help themselves.

Helping Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Facilitating memory with hypnosis, focused meditation, and eye closure.

Three experiments examined some features of hypnotic induction that might be useful in the development of brief memory-facilitation procedures. The first involved a hypnosis procedure designed to facilitate face identification; the second employed a brief, focused-meditation (FM) procedure, with and without eye closure, designed to facilitate memory for an emotional event. The third experiment was a check for simple motivation and expectancy effects. Limited facilitation effects were found for hypnosis, but these were accompanied by increased confidence in incorrect responses. However, eye closure and FM were effective in facilitating free recall of an event without an increase in errors. FM reduced phonemic fluency, suggesting that the effectiveness of FM was not due to simple changes in expectancy or motivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Making society's groups more therapeutic.

This paper represents the author's Presidential Address to the American Group Psychotherapy Association, delivered at the annual meeting on February 11, 1988, in New York. The author poses a challenge: What can we teach society about how to make our groups more healing and productive? He suggests certain guidelines relating to effective communication, empathic understanding, willingness to assume responsibility, and, most importantly, recognition that groups exist for the individuals who comprise them. For groups to function well, individuals must play their role and sacrifice themselves for the good of the whole; yet for groups to function well, the needs of the individual must never be lost.

Group Processes↗
PubMed1997

Balance and source of social support in relation to well-being.

Well-being was examined as a function of the balance of provided and received levels of four types of social support shared by 165 college students and their support networks over 1 semester. Prospective hierarchical regressions of balance of support exchange, after controlling for Time 1 level of the dependent variable, showed some interactions between hassles level and balance of support receipt and provision for symptomatology, but not for depression. These effects were stronger for low than for high hassle levels at Time 1 for men, whereas the opposite held for women. Men who provided more informational support than they received reported more symptoms at Time 2 than did net recipients, if Time 1 hassles were low. In contrast, women who received more tangible or more informational support than they provided at Time 1 reported more symptoms at Time 2 than did net providers, but only at high hassle levels. Results are interpreted in terms of both the costs and the benefits of receiving and providing support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Relationships between sons' feelings of being understood by their fathers and measures of the sons' psychological functioning.

Factor analysis of a questionnaire designed to measure a son's feeling of being understood by his father is reported. The questionnaire, which contained 12 paragraphs each purporting to be an aspect of the son's feeling of being understood by his father, was administered in small groups to a sample of 413 male college students along with three indices of son's level of general functioning--a self-concept scale, a somatic complaints inventory, and the degree of help-seeking behavior. Five interpretable factors were extracted from the data. The meaningfulness of the factors was substantiated by their significant correlations with certain of the other measures administered to the sample. Three of the factors were correlated positively (p less than .01) with Ss' self-concept, while two were correlated negatively (p less than .01) with the number of somatic complaints by the Ss'.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1988

Shared knowledge about infants among fathers and mothers.

Evidence for the exchange of parenting information between low-income White mothers and fathers of infants was found. Mothers had more accurate expectations for normative development than fathers, but more accurate fathers had spouses who were also more accurate--even when education was controlled. Though few significant differences were evident in help-seeking behavior when infant problems were encountered, fathers turned to fewer helpers than mothers and were somewhat more likely to rely solely on their spouse. These data indicate that researchers must consider the exchange of information between spouses, particularly when studying the socialization of parenting among fathers at this stage in the life cycle of the family.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Children's perceptions of others' kindness in helping: the endocentric motivations of pride and guilt.

Elementary school and college students rated the kindness of helping by story protagonists with different attributed motivations. Of particular interest was the effect of the endocentric (self-serving) motivations of anticipated pride and guilt on the kindness ratings. A number of prosocial theorists view such endocentrically motivated helping as less altruistic than exocentrically (other-serving) motivated helping. Compared with helping attributed to the exocentric motivation of sympathy, helping attributed to guilt avoidance led to lower ratings of kindness by all but second graders. Pride-attributed helping, however, did not result in lower kindness ratings at any grade level. The motivational attributions of praise and reward attainment and criticism and punishment avoidance led to relatively low kindness ratings, with the two avoidance motivations leading to the lowest ratings. The latter finding suggests an alternative explanation of the kindness ratings for guilt-motivated helping.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Mood and helping.

In order to test (a) whether helping someone puts the helper in a better mood and (b) whether people in a good mood are more likely than controls to help with a task maintaining their positive mood but no more likely to help with a task leading to a negative mood, 80 female undergraduates participated in a study in which they (a) had an interaction with a confederate (C) designed to put them in a good or neutral mood, (b) rated their mood, (c) rated some neutral pictures, and (d) were requested to rate some potentially elating or depressing pictures. Ss who were induced to help C or who were given candy by her rated themselves as feeling nicer than these having a more neutral interaction. Neither their interaction with C, the type of pictures they were ased to rate, nor their self-reported mood, with the exception of happiness, was significantly associated with number of pictures rated or time spent helping. Those rating the depressing pictures became more depressed than those rating the cheerful pictures. It was suggested that the lack of significant findings might be due either to the fact that the effect of a good mood on helping declines over time or to the fact that rating pictures was so enjoyable that it was not considered altruistic.

Depression↗
PubMed1977

Academic achievement as a function of specific and global measures of self-concept.

This study examined the correlations between academic achievement and factor specific, as well as global, measures of self-concept for 314 fourth and sixth grade boys and girls divided into grade level groups with and without Spanish surnames. The Primary Self-Concept Inventory was used to measure self-concept on six scales: physical size, emotional state, peer acceptance, helpfulness, success, and student-self. A global self-concept score was derived by totaling the scores on the six scales. Achievement was measured as total score on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. The two specific measures of self-concept that were most reflective of school performance, success and student-self, tended to show low positive correlations with achievement. The remaining specific measures, as well as the global measure, tended to show no relationship to achievement. These results suggest that an area specific model of self-concept is more useful than a global or undifferentiated model. Further, the low correlations between school related self-concept and achievement suggest that, as a group, students frequently have rather inaccurate academic self-concepts.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

The treatment of smoking as a self-defeating behavior.

This study (n = 18 men and women) sought to determine whether (a) the Eliminating Self-Defeating Behaviors Workshop would help smokers significantly decrease their smoking behavior, (b) this decrease would be maintained for four weeks, and (c) the Rotter I-E Scale could predict which smokers would show the most significant decrease and maintain this reduction. The results indicated that members of the experimental group made significant decreases in their smoking rates (p less than .001) and maintained this reduction for four weeks. The experimental group also made significant changes toward more internal locus of control at the conclusion of the workshop (p less than .10) but did not maintain this change at the four-week follow-up. The Rotter I-E Scale was unable to predict which individuals would show the most significant decrease in smoking rate and maintain this reduction.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1978

Sex differences in adolescent life stress, social support, and well-being.

The present study compared male and female adolescents in terms of experienced life stress, social support recieved from parents and peers, and emotional and physical well-being. Ss were 93 male and 181 female adolescents obtained from three high schools. Data were collected by anonymous questionnaires. The results showed that female adolescents reported significantly greater life stress, and although they received significantly more social support from peers, they also reported significantly poorer emotional and physical well-being than males. An explanation for these findings in terms of difficulties in the socialization of female adolescents is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Community responses following suicide, homicide, and other deaths: the perspective of potential comforters.

To determine whether actual responses of potential comforters in the community differ according to cause of death, 83 college students participated in a structured, individual interview. They were asked demographic questions about themselves, the bereaved, and the deceased, and then about various aspects of how they, and others in the community, responded to the death. Students were grouped by their reports of the cause of death (suicide, homicide, accident, natural anticipated death, or natural unanticipated death). When the death was by suicide or homicide, others were perceived as relatively less supportive of the bereaved person. When the death was by suicide, respondents themselves tended more to blame the bereaved person. When the death was by homicide, the bereaved person was perceived as reacting relatively worse. Potential comforters were relatively more shocked when the death was by homicide or accident.

Accidents↗
PubMed2001

Attitudes of future human service professionals: the effects of victim and helper qualities.

The authors determined the effects of the qualities of trauma victims (ethnic background, level of trauma, level of adaptation) and of helpers (gender, type of education, field of study) on the attitudes of future members of human service professions (law, medicine, nursing, social sciences, law enforcement) toward the victims. The respondents read 6 descriptions of a fictitious victim and rated their general attitudes toward the victim described. The high-trauma and poorly adapted victims elicited more negative attitudes than did the low-trauma and well-adapted victims. The male respondents and those from vocational institutions had more negative attitudes toward the victims. The female respondents and those from the university expressed more positive attitudes. The future police officers and legal professionals tended to have more negative attitudes toward the victims than did the future medical and social care professionals. The findings did not support the assumption that the participants would hold more negative attitudes toward other-ethnic than toward same-ethnic victims.

Adult↗