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PubMedDate not supplied

Axillary sympathectomy for upper extremities.

Among the several various surgical approaches to the cervico-dorsal sympathetic system, the axillary approach seems to us the operation of choice. The operation is simple, gives excellent access to the required sympathetic ganglions, including the lower part of the stellate ganglion, down to the fifth thoracic ganglion. In all cases the sympathectomy was clinically complete. The postoperative course was mostly smooth, and the few cases of transient Horner's Syndrome, pneumothorax and hemothorax could have been avoided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Long-term survival after an aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy for stage IV pulmonary giant cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma is one of the rare histological subtypes with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid or sarcomatous elements. The prognosis of patients with this tumor tends to be poor, because surgery, irradiation and chemotherapy are not usually effective. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a patient with pulmonary giant cell carcinoma with stage IV disease in whom aggressive multi-modality therapy resulted in a long-term survival. A 51-year-old male underwent an emergent operation with a partial resection of small intestinal metastases due to bleeding from the tumor. The patient also underwent a left pneumonectomy due to hemothorax as a result of the rapid growth of the primary tumor. Thereafter, two different regimens of chemotherapy and a partial resection for other site of small intestinal metastases and a splenectomy for splenic metastases were performed. The patient is presently doing well without any evidence of recurrence for 3 years after the initial operation. CONCLUSION: This is a first report of a rare case with stage IV pulmonary giant cell carcinoma who has survived long-term after undergoing aggressive surgical treatment and chemotherapy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Pleural drainage using central venous catheters.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of a single lumen 16 G central venous catheter for the drainage of uncomplicated pleural effusions in intensive care unit patients. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed in two intensive care units of university-affiliated hospitals. The study involved 10 intensive care unit patients with non-loculated large effusions. A 16 G central venous catheter was inserted at the bedside without ultrasound guidance using the Seldinger technique. The catheter was left in situ until radiological resolution of the effusion. RESULTS: Fifteen sets of data were obtained. The mean and standard deviation of the volumes drained at 1, 6 and 24 hours post catheter insertion were 454 +/- 241 ml, 756 +/- 403 ml and 1010 +/- 469 ml, respectively. The largest volume drained in a single patient was 6030 ml over 11 days. The longest period for which the catheter remained in situ without evidence of infection was 14 days. There were no instances of pneumothorax, hemothorax, re-expansion pulmonary edema and catheter blockage/ disconnections. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an indwelling 16 G central venous catheter is efficacious in draining uncomplicated large pleural effusions. It is well tolerated by patients and is associated with minimal complications. It has the potential to avoid repeated thoracentesis or the use of large-bore chest tubes.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗
PubMed2003

Hemomediastinum resulting from subclavian artery laceration during internal jugular catheterization.

UNLABELLED: The complications associated with internal jugular vein catheterization are inadvertent arterial puncture, pleural and mediastinal injuries, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and hemomediastinum. Complications caused by laceration of a subclavian artery are rare. We present a case of hemomediastinum resulting from laceration of the subclavian artery during central venous catheterization. After right internal jugular vein catheterization, the left lateral decubitus position was maintained for 6 h during surgery. The severe hypotension was first noted in the supine position after transfer to the postanesthesia care unit. Chest radiograph showed a bulging of the right upper mediastinum. During the upper half sternotomy, a 5-mm long laceration was found at the posteroinferior side of the right subclavian artery near its origin from the innominate artery. IMPLICATIONS: The authors describe the delayed presentation of hemomediastinum resulting from subclavian artery laceration after internal jugular vein catheterization.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1980

Treatment of ischemic deficits from cerebral vasospasm with high dose barbiturate therapy.

In 12 patients with life-threatening neurological deficits from vasospasm refractory to other measures, high dose barbiturate therapy was used in an attempt to prevent permanent changes in the brain. In each case angiography was performed and intracranial pressure was measured. Dexamethasone, a low molecular weight dextran, and mannitol were administered. If intracranial pressure (ICP) was elevated, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and hyperventilation were used. Arterial pressure was maintained at not less than 140/90 preoperatively and 180/100 postoperatively. Barbiturate therapy was continued until vasospasm decreased angiographically and ICP was normal. Eleven of the 12 patients perished. One had a fatal rebleed. One died of an iatrogenic hemothorax. Four died from uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. One improved slightly and then died from a cardiac arrhythmia. One died of increased ICP when her ventriculostomy malfunctioned. One improved and was responding purposefully to pain, only to die suddenly with a low ICP. Two patients became awake and responsive to verbal commands; 1 of these died from Klebsiella meningitis and the other died from an intracerebral hematoma. In the 3 patients in whom hypothermia was also used, profound alterations in acid-base and fluid electrolyte balance occurred. These discouraging results are most likely a reflection of the severity of the patients' condition at the beginning of therapy. There may be some benefit of barbiturates in the management of vasospasm, and the potential effectiveness of barbiturates may be more obvious if therapy is started at an earlier stage. However, until further evidence of the usefulness of this modality becomes manifest, it should be limited to patients with life-threatening impairments unresponsive to all other measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Treatment of ischemic deficits from vasospasm with intravascular volume expansion and induced arterial hypertension.

In 58 patients with progressive neurological deterioration from angiographically confirmed cerebral vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, arterial hypertension was induced in an attempt to improve their deficits. The most effective regimen consisted of intravascular volume expansion, blockade of the vagal depressor response, and the administration of antidiuretics and vasopressor agents. With this protocol, arterial blood pressure could be sustained at high levels for prolonged periods. Neurological deterioration was reversed in 47 patients, transiently in 4; permanent improvement occurred in 43. Complications experienced during therapy included pulmonary edema, dilutional hyponatremia, aneurysmal rebleeding, coagulopathy, hemothorax, and myocardial infarction. Elevating systemic arterial pressure in states of cerebrovascular insufficiency resulting from vasospasm is safe if meticulous attention is paid to physiological, biochemical, and hematological parameters, with the exception that it may be hazardous in the presence of an untreated ruptured or intact aneurysm. Intravascular volume expansion and induced hypertension are effective in reversing ischemic deficits from vasospasm provided that treatment commences before cerebral infarction and that adequate pressures are maintained for a sufficient period. The production of a hypervolemic state by the use of colloid and crystalloid infusion accompanied by atropine blockade of the vagal depressor response and blunting of the diuresis with vasopressin enables arterial pressure to be elevated for longer than 1 week.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Perforation of the descending aorta by the tip of an intra-aortic balloon pump catheter.

Perforation of the proximal descending aorta occurred in a patient on intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support after emergency coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. The IABP catheter was inserted under fluoroscopic guidance into the right femoral artery without difficulty, but after 8 h on IABP support the patient went into shock with a left hemothorax. Emergency surgery was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and a perforation of the proximal descending aorta with active bleeding was found and successfully repaired. A distorted descending aorta in which the IABP catheter was kinked, as in the aortic arch, was discovered during surgery and confirmed postoperatively with 3-dimensional computed tomography scans, particularly in the lateral view. Not only the antero-posterior but also the lateral fluoroscopic view is recommended to prevent aortic perforation by a kinked IABP catheter.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1992

Interpleural placement of central venous catheter. Failure of preventive practices.

An attempt to access the central venous circulation in a patient with a persistent left pleural effusion resulted in positioning the catheter within the pleural space. Chest roentgenograms with injection of contrast material revealed catheter location. Compliance with standard preventive practices may not assure correct placement of a central venous catheter via the internal jugular route in a patient with a hemothorax or effusion of unknown composition.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗
PubMed1993

Delayed pulmonary perforation. A rare complication of tube thoracostomy.

Tube thoracostomy is a standard therapy for a number of pulmonary disorders. The procedure is associated with a certain incidence of morbidity related to the technique of insertion, the patient population selected, and the length of time the tube remains in place. Complications of tube placement previously described include empyema, residual pneumothorax, lung perforation, placement of the tube in the chest wall, diaphragmatic perforation, perforation of intraabdominal organs (such as spleen, liver and stomach), unilateral pulmonary edema, bronchopleural fistula, hemothorax, cardiogenic shock and Horner syndrome. A case of a delayed pulmonary perforation developing several days after placement of a chest tube is described with a discussion of the clinical and radiographic findings associated with this complication. A possible pathophysiologic mechanism by which this complication may have occurred is proposed.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The incidence of pleural effusion in a well-defined region. Epidemiologic study in central Bohemia.

Pleural effusion may complicate various diseases. To facilitate the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion, the authors conducted an epidemiologic study of incidence and etiology of different types of pleural effusions in a well-defined region in central Bohemia. During a 1-year period, the authors worked with the general practitioners and other physicians from the local hospital to identify patients with pleural effusion either while the patient was alive or at autopsy. During this period, 142 individuals (93 living and 49 at autopsy) with pleural effusion were identified among a population of 44,000 (incidence = 0.32 percent). The most common etiologies of the effusions were congestive heart failure (65, 46 percent), malignant effusions (31, 22 percent), parapneumonic effusions (24, 17 percent), and pulmonary emboli (8, 5.6 percent). Other etiologies for the effusions included pulmonary hemothorax (6), intra-abdominal processes (4), uremia (2), myxedema (1), and rheumatoid pleuritis (1). We conclude that pleural effusions are relatively common and if these figures are extrapolated to the United States and Czechoslovakia respectively, one could expect at least 800,000 cases in the United States and 48,000 in Czechoslovakia annually. Over 90 percent of the pleural effusions will be due to congestive heart failure, malignancy, pneumonia, or pulmonary emboli.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for early onset pneumonia in trauma patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for early onset pneumonia (EOP) in trauma patients, in order to seek possible intervention strategies. STUDY POPULATION: Participants included 124 consecutive trauma patients admitted to a general intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital from December 1990 to February 1992 inclusive. DATA COLLECTION: The following data were prospectively collected for each patient: demographics, severity of trauma according to the abbreviated injury scale (AIS), severity of coma according to the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), presence of pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, rib fractures, hemothorax, and mechanical ventilation. All patients were monitored daily during the ICU stay for the onset of pneumonia, sepsis syndrome, septic shock, and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Criteria for the diagnosis of pneumonia were: core temperature of greater than 38.3 degrees C, a WBC count of 10,000 cells/mm3, purulent tracheobronchial secretions, a worsening of pulmonary gas exchange, and persistent pulmonary infiltrates. All patients with suspected pneumonia underwent quantitative bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as blood cultures; BAL cultures were considered positive when they showed bacterial growth greater than 1 x 10(5) colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml, or less than 10(5), but with the same microorganism isolated in blood cultures. Pneumonia occurring within the first 96 h after trauma was considered EOP. DATA ANALYSIS: A stepwise logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to identify factors independently associated with an increased risk of EOP and late onset pneumonia (LOP). RESULTS: Overall mortality was 43.5 percent: mortality increased by age and AIS score. Forty one patients (33.1 percent) developed pneumonia: 26 (63.4 percent) were EOP and 15 (36.6 percent) were LOP. In the univariate analysis, an age greater than 40 years, the presence of pulmonary contusion, AIS of more than 4 for thorax and of more than 9 for abdomen, and the absence of mechanical ventilation (MV) during the first 4 days of hospitalization or MV lasting less than 24 h were significantly associated with an increased risk of acquiring EOP. Logistic regression analysis showed that the strongest risk factor for EOP was a combined severe abdominal and thoracic trauma, which increased the risk of EOP by 11 times; an age of more than 40 years and MV of less than 24 h during the first 4 days of hospitalization were also independent risk factors for EOP. Factors associated with LOP were an AIS score of more than 4 for abdomen and a length of MV of more than 5 days. CONCLUSION: In a trauma population, a combined severe abdominal and thoracic trauma represents a major risk factor for EOP. Mechanical ventilation administered during the first days after trauma seems to reduce the risk of EOP. As reported in previous studies, mechanical ventilatory support lasting more than 5 days is associated with an increased risk of LOP.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1995

Talc slurry is an effective pleural sclerosant in rabbits.

Insufflated talc is probably the most effective agent for creating a pleurodesis both in the clinical situation and in animals. However, the insufflation of talc requires an invasive procedure such as thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. Recently, there have been reports that talc in a slurry was effective in the clinical situation. The objective of this project was to determine whether talc in a slurry at varying doses is an effective sclerosant in an experimental model in rabbits. Talc, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, in a 2-mL slurry was injected intrapleurally through a small catheter in male rabbits. Eleven rabbits received each dose. Twenty-eight days after the instillation, the animals were killed. The pleural spaces were assessed grossly for evidence of pleurodesis and microscopically for evidence of fibrosis and inflammation. The degree of pleurodesis (on a scale of 0 to 4) after the injection of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of talc was 1.1 +/- 0.9, 1.5 +/- 1.1, 2.7 +/- 0.6, and 3.4 +/- 0.5, respectively. The degree of microscopic fibrosis similarly increased with increasing doses of talc. These scores were similar to those we have reported with the tetracycline derivatives. In contrast to the results with tetracycline derivatives, none of the rabbits developed fibrothorax or hemothorax. From this study, we conclude that talc in a slurry is a very effective pleural sclerosant in rabbits and does not produce hemothoraces as do the tetracycline derivatives.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Phase II study of repeated intrapleural chemotherapy using implantable access system for management of malignant pleural effusion.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of repeated intrapleural chemotherapy using an implantable access system (INFUSE-A-PORT; Horizon Medical Products; Manchester, GA) for the management of a malignant pleural effusion (MPE). METHODS: Twenty-two patients with histologically proven MPEs (11 men and 11 women; mean age, 63.8 years; age range, 51 to 81 years; performance status, less-than-or-equal 3) were enrolled in this study. There were 17 patients with MPEs resulting from primary lung cancer; of whom 7 had metastatic disease (stage IV), 3 had stage IIIB disease, and 7 had postoperative recurrences. Three patients had MPEs that were caused by mesothelioma, and two had MPEs caused by breast cancer. Intrapleural catheters were placed by a video-assisted thoracoscopic procedure. The intrapleural administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 250 mg per body) and cisplatin (10 mg per body) using the implantable access system was performed biweekly at the outpatient clinic. Drainage of the MPEs through the port was performed only when the patients had some manifestations that occurred due to increasing effusion. RESULTS: The mean total administered doses of 5-FU and cisplatin were 3,290 and 124 mg, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 431 days (range, 209 to 792 days). The median survival period was 403 days, and the longest survival period was 792 days. No treatment-related mortality, renal dysfunction, bone marrow suppression, or infection occurred. One patient experienced a hemothorax after eight instances of intrapleural administration. The port and the catheter were involved with the tumor in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated intrapleural chemotherapy using the implantable access system is useful and safe for patients with MPEs. In the future, prospective randomized studies will be necessary to compare the efficacy of therapy for MPE using the implantable access system with that of pleurodesis.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Real-time chest ultrasonography: a comprehensive review for the pulmonologist.

This review discusses real-time pulmonary ultrasonography (US) for the practicing pulmonologist. US supplements chest radiography and chest CT scanning. Major advantages include bedside availability, absence of radiation, and guided aspiration of fluid-filled areas and solid tumors. Pulmonary vessels and vascular supply of consolidations may be visualized without contrast. US may help to diagnose conditions such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural or pericardial effusion, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism in the critically ill patient who is in need of bedside diagnostic testing. The technique of US, which is cost-effective compared to CT scanning and MRI, may be learned relatively easily by the pulmonologist.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2004

Outcome analysis of cirrhotic patients undergoing chest tube placement.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with cirrhosis can acquire pulmonary conditions that may or may not be related to their illness. Although posing a greater risk for complications, chest tubes are sometimes placed as treatment for hepatic hydrothorax and other pulmonary conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of chest tube placement in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 59 adults with cirrhosis undergoing chest tube placement. Variables that were investigated included reason for chest tube placement, complications developing while having the tube in place, and outcome. RESULTS: The 59 subjects were classified as having Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class A cirrhosis (n = 3), CTP class B cirrhosis (n = 31), and CTP class C cirrhosis (n = 25). Indications for having a chest tube placed were hepatic hydrothorax (n = 24), pneumothorax (n = 9), empyema (n = 8), video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) [n = 7], non-VAT (n = 5), and hemothorax (n = 3). The CTP class A subjects had their chest tubes removed without further complications early in the course, and were excluded from further statistical analysis. Twenty-five subjects (42%) had significant pleural effusions requiring chest tube placement. Among the CTP class B and class C subjects, the median duration with chest tube in place was 5.0 days (range, 1 to 53 days). Serum total bilirubin levels, presence of portosystemic encephalopathy, and CTP C classification were predictors of mortality. Mortalities were seen in 5 of 31 CTP class B subjects (16%), and 10 of 25 CTP class C subjects (40%). The tubes were successfully removed in a total of 39 subjects (66%) with no further procedure. Forty-seven subjects (80%) acquired one or more of the following complications: renal dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, and infection. CONCLUSIONS: When placed for all indications, chest tubes may be successfully removed in the majority of cirrhotic patients. However, a third of all patients still die with the chest tube still in place. Failure to remove the chest tube increases mortality in patients with increasing severity of liver disease.

Chest Tubes↗
PubMed2004

Pleural effusions in febrile medical ICU patients: chest ultrasound study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the necessity of thoracentesis in febrile medical ICU (MICU) patients, and to evaluate the efficiency and reliability of sonographic effusion patterns for diagnosing empyema. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective, 1-year, tertiary-care hospital study of febrile MICU patients with physical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic evidence of pleural effusion. PATIENTS: During this study period, we screened 1,640 patients who had been admitted to the MICU; of these, 94 patients had a temperature > 38 degrees C for > 8 h with evidence of pleural effusion proven by chest radiography and ultrasound. INTERVENTION: Routine thoracentesis and pleural effusion cultures were performed in 94 febrile patients under portable chest ultrasound guidance. Three days later, if the first pleural effusion culture was inconclusive and the patient still had persistent fever of > 38 degrees C, we repeated the diagnostic thoracentesis and pleural effusion culture. In total, 118 procedures were performed in those 94 febrile patients. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In all, 58 patients (62%) had infectious exudates (parapneumonic, n = 36; empyema, n = 15; urosepsis, n = 3; liver abscess, n = 2; deep neck infection, n = 1; and wound infection, n = 1), 28 patients (30%) had transudates, and 8 patients (8%) had noninfectious exudates. The prevalence of empyema in febrile patients admitted to the MICU was 16% (15 of 94 patients). Analyses of the sonographic patterns of the 15 patients with empyema out of the 118 thoracenteses performed showed the following: anechoic pattern, 0% (0 of 47 procedures); complex nonseptated and relatively nonhyperechoic pattern, 0% (0 of 36 procedures); complex nonseptated and relatively hyperechoic pattern, 100% (2 of 2 procedures); complex septated pattern, 35% (11 of 31 procedures); and homogeneously echogenic pattern, 100% (2 of 2 procedures). Hemothorax was the only complication, and it occurred in two patients (2%). Both patients had a favorable outcome after drainage. CONCLUSION: Portable chest ultrasound examination and ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in febrile MICU patients are safe, feasible, and useful methods for diagnosing thoracic empyema. Our results suggest that only some sonographic patterns of pleural effusion (homogeneously echogenic, complex nonseptated and relatively hyperechoic, and complex septated) deserve aggressive assessment and rapid management.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Thoracentesis in patients with hematologic malignancy: yield and safety.

BACKGROUND: Pleural effusions occur in patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly during periods of hospitalization. Thoracentesis is often performed to diagnose infection and to exclude the presence of complicated parapneumonic effusions. The efficacy and safety of thoracentesis in this setting has not been well-studied. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing thoracentesis. The aim of this study was to assess the role of thoracentesis in establishing a diagnosis of infection in this population and to determine the risk of complications. RESULTS: A total of 100 thoracentesis findings were analyzed in patients with lymphoma (52 patients) and leukemia (27 patients), and in patients who had undergone bone marrow or stem cell transplantation (21 patients). The indication for performing thoracentesis was to exclude infection in 69% of cases. Fever was present in 59% of the patients, and a concomitant lung parenchymal abnormality was present in 69% of cases. Effusions were moderate to large in size (87% of cases), and were both bilateral (62%) and unilateral (38%). Exudates were documented in 83%of the cases. A specific diagnosis was found in 21 patients and was more frequently established in those with lymphoma (31%) compared to the other groups of patients. Diagnoses found included malignancy in 14 cases, chylous effusions in 6 cases, and infection in 1 case. The one patient in whom empyema was found required drainage. The criteria for a parapneumonic effusion were not found in any other patients. The complication rate of 9% (pneumothorax, seven patients; hemothorax, two patients) was comparable to that in other populations of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high propensity for developing pulmonary infections, hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies rarely developed complex parapneumonic effusions. The etiology of many of the effusions that occurred in this setting was unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with pleural effusions: preliminary observations.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To address the value of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations as a diagnostic tool for determining the cardiac etiology of pleural effusions, and to determine possible differences of plasma BNP concentrations before and after pleurocentesis in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive series of 64 patients with indications for diagnostic pleurocentesis. The final diagnosis of the underlying disease was assessed by clinical criteria. Seven patients were excluded due to pleural effusions of equivocal origin or due to obvious hemothorax secondary to trauma. INTERVENTION: Pleurocentesis attempting to drain effusions dry. Plasma BNP concentrations were measured directly before pleurocentesis and 24 h after the intervention. During these 24 h, the dosages of patients' medications were held constant. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In distinguishing between patients with pleural effusions caused by CHF (n = 31) and patients with pleural effusions attributable to other causes (n = 26), the area under the curve was 0.974 (SE, 0.021; 95% confidence interval, 0.892 to 0.997) for plasma BNP. A BNP cutoff concentration of 2,201 ng/L had a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 100% in the diagnosis of CHF. The median plasma BNP concentrations in patients with pleural effusions caused by CHF (n = 31) did not change within 24 h after pleurocentesis compared with the concentrations obtained before the procedure (before pleurocentesis, 3,227 ng/L; 24 h after pleurocentesis, 2,759 ng/L; p = 0.189), despite a median removal of 1,100 mL pleural fluid. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma BNP concentrations of patients with pleural effusions of unknown origin may be an aid in the diagnosis of CHF as the underlying cause. If plasma BNP is used as a surrogate marker of global cardiac function, there is no indication of hemodynamic improvement caused by pleurocentesis alone in patients with CHF and pleural effusions.

Adolescent↗