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PubMed1997

Combating heterosexism: implications for nursing.

Gays and lesbians are becoming increasingly visible to the healthcare professional as a result of the AIDS epidemic and the growing number of lesbian mothers. Ethical practice requires that nurses have an understanding of diverse cultures but focus has historically been on racial and ethnic minorities; little research exists on those with minority sexual or affectional preferences. Heterosexism, the promotion of a heterosexual orientation as the only viable option, has much the same effect as racism. Individuals experience feelings of shame, self-hatred, and lowered self-esteem. The purpose of this article is (1) to present the current state of knowledge regarding individual identity formation and couple development in the gay and lesbian community and (2) to describe the impact of heterosexism. Implications for nursing practice and research will be explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The control of sexual identity in the Drosophila germline.

Whether to be male or female is a critical decision in development. Nowhere is this more important than in the germ cells, which must produce either the sperm or eggs necessary for the perpetuation of the species. How does a germ cell make this decision and how is it executed? One thing that is clear is that this process is very different in germ cells compared with other cells of the embryo. Here, we explore how sexual identity is established in the Drosophila germline, how this affects other aspects of germ cell development and what studies in Drosophila can teach us about mammalian germ cells.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Myths and historiographies of lesbian sexuality.

In this paper I address the issue of female sexuality, in search of historical situations of female pleasure and enjoyment. I will thereby (re)unite or confuse lesbian and heterosexual identities in order to explore a method of historical research on lesbian sexuality. "Lesbian identity," as we know it today, is a sociocultural construction of the western world, thus this confusion seems necessary. The application of this or any notion of "lesbian identity" to historical and cultural periods prior to or outside of twentieth century western culture, would thus keep many moments, encounters and sensibilities, in which lesbian sexuality plays its part, out of our sight.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Transsexual development after committing an offense].

Connections between transsexualism and delinquency have been considered in only a few publications to date. The authors report on a forensic psychiatric case with a transsexual development after committing an offence based on sexual deviations. Transsexualism in this context seems to represent an attempt for the symbolic solution of a conflict of identity. This should be interpreted in the context of psychotherapy and not be misunderstood as a symptom proving the diagnosis of manifest transsexualism by orientation on pure phenomenological criteria.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Gender-power relations and safer sex negotiation.

This paper examines the gender-power relations in heterosexual relationships and discusses the implications for women in attempting to negotiate safer sex. Whilst acknowledging the need for examining both male and female perceptions of sexuality, the paucity of research on men's heterosexual experiences has restricted this paper to the consideration of the woman's standpoint. Reviewing the literature, the complexities of sexual relationships are explored in terms of the power imbalance which arises from the ideologies of femininity and masculinity. The implications for safer sex promotion by practice nurses working in primary health care teams are then discussed within the context of gender divisions of labour and gender role conflict.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Alcohol and masculinity.

Alcohol use--and abuse--has always been more prevalent among males than among females. The sex role prescription for men to affirm their masculinity by drinking is a major determinant of this sex difference. This paper reviews the intricate interrelationship between masculinity and both social and alcoholic drinking. A large body of evidence indicates that social drinking is a primary cultural symbol of manliness; portrayals in the media strengthen this association. Less evidence exists to connect masculinity issues with alcoholic dependence, but there has been much speculation: Three psychodynamic theories of alcoholism--the repressed homosexuality, dependency, and power theories--hypothesized that men who drink addictively have the most fragile masculine identities. The 1980s have witnessed a widespread recognition of the dangers of equating drinking and manliness, and societal changes suggest that drinking may be gradually losing its masculine aura.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period.

Previous research suggests that the sexual identities, attractions, and behaviors of sexual-minority (i.e., nonheterosexual) women change over time, yet there have been few longitudinal studies addressing this question, and no longitudinal studies of sexual-minority youths. The results of 2-year follow-up interviews with 80 lesbian, bisexual, and "unlabeled" women who were first interviewed at 16-23 years of age are reported. Half of the participants changed sexual-minority identities more than once, and one third changed identities since the first interview. Changes in sexual attractions were generally small but were larger among bisexuals and unlabeled women. Most women pursued sexual behavior consistent with their attractions, but one fourth of lesbians had sexual contact with men between the two interviews. These findings suggest that there is more fluidity in women's sexual identities and behaviors than in their attractions. This fluidity may stem from the prevalence of nonexclusive attractions among sexual-minority women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sex-role strain in alcoholic women.

We investigated sources of sex-role strain between alcoholic and non-alcoholic women. We compared alcoholic (n = 55) and non-alcoholic (n = 51) women on the presence of strain in their sex-role identity and strain between sex-role identity, attitudes, and behaviors in 1996. One source of sex-role strain for alcoholic women was the discrepancy between their perceived femininity when intoxicated versus when sober. A second source of strain for alcoholic women was the discrepancy between their traditionally feminine sex-role identity as well as attitudes toward marital, parental, and educational roles and their participation in male-valued activities. We offer suggestions for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A survey on issues in the lives of women with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: Women with severe mental illness were surveyed to explore issues in living with mental illness, personal relationships, and professional relationships and health care. The topics were drawn from the literature on the psychology of women and from separate focus groups of therapists and mental health care consumers. The women's survey responses were compared with men's responses to an equivalent survey to determine if the issues affected women and men similarly. METHODS: A 76-item questionnaire was completed by 107 women and 59 men from ten rehabilitation centers in Maryland. RESULTS: A larger proportion of women than men cited personal relationships as their most important formative experiences, with only 32 percent of women citing severe mental illness or related issues as formative experiences. Despite acknowledging the negative impact of several mental illness on their lives, most respondents reported normal concerns rather than illness-related ones, and most were relatively satisfied with their lives. Respondents made sense of their problems in diverse ways, although most knew their diagnosis. Women reported both more and better quality personal relationships than men. However, women were more likely than men to report a history of sexual abuse. Women reported generally good relationships with providers. About one-quarter to one-third of women reported not receiving proper care for birth control and menopause and not receiving pelvic or breast examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The survey results suggested that personal relationships are central in women's lives, that women with severe mental illness do not see their mental illness as the main feature of their identities, and that women's experience of living with severe mental illness is considerably different from that of men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Effect of Western culture on women's attitudes to eating and perceptions of body shape.

OBJECTIVE: The current study investigated the effect of culture on two factors implicated in the development of eating disorders, negative attitudes toward eating and dissatisfaction with body shape. METHOD: Hong Kong-born and Australian-born women from two Australian universities were surveyed using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Figure Rating Scale (FRS). RESULTS: Results showed no difference between the groups in eating attitudes, but significant differences in body shape perceptions, with the Australian-born reporting greater dissatisfaction. Hong Kong-born subjects were separated into two groups based on their level of Chinese identity (Western acculturized and traditional). Their EAT and FRS scores were compared to the Australian-born, with Western acculturized Hong Kong-born subjects reporting significantly lower EAT and FRS scores than the Australian-born, whereas the more traditional Hong Kong-born subjects reported equivalent scores. DISCUSSION: Main implications center around the need for a cross-culturally sensitive definition of eating disorders, the effect of level of ethnic identity on eating attitudes and body image, and the importance of developing culturally appropriate measures.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

External breast prosthesis use: experiences and views of women with breast cancer, breast care nurses, and prosthesis fitters.

After mastectomy, the provision of an appropriate breast prosthesis can help to improve body image and quality of life and reduce associated emotional distress. Although up to 90% of women use an external breast prosthesis after mastectomy, little is known about their experiences and satisfaction with breast prosthesis use. Focus groups were conducted with women who had been fitted with an external breast prosthesis, breast care nurses, and prosthesis fitters to explore women's experiences of prosthesis use. Qualitative thematic content analysis of focus group transcripts indicated that whereas women's initial reaction to the prosthesis generally was negative, this improved over time. Provision of adequate information and support, characteristics of the fitter and the fitting experience, and relationships with breast care nurses and prosthesis fitters were important to women's acceptance and satisfaction with their prosthesis. The study results highlighted the key role that breast care nurses play and the underestimation of the prosthesis fitter's role. Common themes concerning the impact of prosthesis use included body image, appearance, and feminine identity. These findings have important implications for professionals involved in the delivery of breast prostheses services.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Japanese male gay and bisexual identity.

Few studies have ever dealt with Japanese male gay and bisexual identity. This exploratory study investigated gay and bisexual identity through interviews of 34 Japanese gay and bisexual men. Though Japan has unique cultural aspects that are different from Western countries, it can be shown that Western concepts or models of homosexual identity are applicable to a considerable extent to Japanese gay and bisexual men. The results of this study suggest that there are two distinct types of Japanese men sexually interested in men, which the author will call "bisexual" and "gay." These two types are compared in terms of three aspects: self-identity, sexual preference, and social identity and role. A significant number of respondents have careers or vocations in the arts. This study touches on the correlation between art and male-male sexual orientation in Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Developing an identity model for transgender and intersex inclusion in lesbian communities.

The article briefly highlights past ideologies of Essentialism and Constructionist thought, identifying their weaknesses as arguments of exclusion. By combining corporeality and mentality, the article posits an identity model, the spherical characterization model that argues for transgender inclusion in lesbian space by deconstructing the ideology behind identity group construction. Next the article applies the spherical characterization model to the characters in Virginia Woolf's 'Orlando' and Jeffrey Eugenides' 'Middlesex' to delineate how the model argues for transgender inclusion within lesbian space.

Female↗
PubMed1985

The social definition of women's smoking behaviour.

The history of women's smoking behaviour is one of changing normative definitions. Recent trends have been explained in terms of the symbolic value of smoking, representing for women freedom and independence. This view is emphasised by advertising. However, other evidence suggests the continued existence of an older, more negative cultural stereotype. A two-part study of young women undergoing professional training for nursing and teaching throws some light on the way in which female smoking behaviour is currently socially interpreted. The first phase indicated that among the minority of parents who had expressed their attitudes towards their daughter's smoking in relation to sex-role norms, smoking was presented as unacceptable for women. More than half the sample perceived a negative cultural stereotype to be operating in contemporary society and two-thirds recognised its existence in the past. This stereotype presents smoking as a male behaviour and hence inappropriate for women. Women who do smoke are liable to be labelled as having unfeminine or degrading attributes. The stereotype operated more strongly in the general social background rather than in reference to personal relationships and hence its influence on contemporary behaviour is likely to be limited. It was rejected as out-dated or a male belief by some but nevertheless it represented the personal opinion of others. In terms of a more favourable definition the female smoker was perceived in terms of an elegant/sophisticated dimension and in relation to an extrovert personality. The view of sample members that the growing acceptability of women's smoking was related to social change indirectly supported the view that sees smoking as symbolic of independence. Those who saw smoking in neutral terms, i.e. as not having sex-role attributes, perceived smoking in this sense as normal social behaviour for men and women alike. The second phase suggested that smokers and non-smokers have divergent views about the image of the female smoker. The non-smoker's image was based on the older cultural stereotype ('unladylike'), whereas the smokers were more likely to take a view corresponding to the perspective that sees women's smoking as symbolic of social change and greater independence ('liberated'). The non-smokers had a clear and positive image of 'girls who don't smoke' ('feminine'), whereas for smokers the female non-smoker lacked a distinctive identity. The study thus suggests that traditional concepts of appropriate female behaviour continue to inhibit smoking among some women, whereas others perceive it as an aspect of independent behaviour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

"Only odd people wore suede shoes": careers and sexual identities of men attending a sexual health clinic.

This paper is concerned with the ways in which men construct and explain their sexual identity. When attending a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic the constraints of the system and the imperatives of the clinical encounter tend to be reductive, reinforcing the dominant constructions of male sexuality and masculinity. Interviews with men recruited as part of a study of the social construction of male sexuality yielded richly textured narratives of sexual experiences and explanations of sexual identity. The paper reports on the ethnographic study and, using extracts from these narratives, will address central themes of: (i) emotional labour of identity formation; (ii) an essentialist view of sexual orientation and corresponding identity; and (iii) role, social fit and the reformulating of the dominant social notions of partnerships within a new geography of desire transgression, "authenticity".

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1984

Weighing the shift from sexual identity to sexual relationships.

The shift in inquiry from sexual identity to a conceptualization of sexual relationship, as proposed by De Cecco and Shively (1983/1984), has advantages for research on sexuality, but psychological and political disadvantages for homosexuals, which are briefly summarized in this analysis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗