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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Reduced mildly oxidized LDL in young female athletes.

We investigated the effect of physical activity and sports participation on LDL oxidation in vivo and on lipid risk factors in 183 teenage girls (9-15 years): 64 gymnasts, 61 runners, and 58 controls. Oxidized LDL was measured as baseline levels of conjugated dienes in LDL lipids (ox-LDL). The gymnasts had a 15% lower ratio of LDL conjugated dienes to LDL cholesterol (ox-LDL:LDL ratio, P = 0.0052) compared to controls, and the difference persisted when the body mass index was included as a covariate (ANCOVA, P = 0.013). Also, the gymnasts had a 12% higher ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol than the controls (ANCOVA, P = 0.046). There were no differences in the other common lipid risk factors between the groups. The ox-LDL:LDL ratio correlated negatively with HDL cholesterol (r = -0.23, P=0.0021) and with physical activity METs (multiples of resting metabolic rate) (r = -0.21, P=0.0040). Our study strengthens the evidence that the atherogenic risk is influenced favourably by physical exercise and sporting activities as early as in adolescents. This risk reduction is associated with lower mildly oxidized LDL in adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The clinical pathway for fast track recovery of school activities in children after minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery is now becoming standard in the correction of simple congenital cardiac malfbrmations. We introduced a clinical pathway for fast track recovery of school activities in children after minimally invasive cardiac surgery, and assessed the function of the pathway in children with atrial or ventricular septal defects, comparing minimally invasive surgery to repair through a conventional full sternotomy. METHODS: We studied 15 children of school age who underwent repair of an atrial or ventricular septal defect through a lower midline sternotomy, and 10 children undergoing repair through a full sternotomy. The clinical pathway was for extubation to take place in the operating room, echocardiographic evaluation on the 5th postoperative day, and discharge home on the 7th postoperative day, with return to school within 2 weeks, and resumption of all gymnastic activity within 6 weeks of the minimally invasive surgery. RESULTS: In those having a lower midline sternotomy, postoperative hospital stay was 7.4 +/- 0.8 days, with return to school 8.0 +/- 2.4 days after discharge. They resumed gymnastics 41 +/- 11 days after the minimally invasive surgery. In those having a full sternotomy, in contrast, these parameters were 13.5 +/- 2.7, 23.1 +/- 8.4, and 95 +/- 43 days, respectively. Of the 15 children undergoing a minimally invasive approach, 12 (80%) fulfilled the criterions of our clinical pathway. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that minimally invasive cardiac surgery can safely be performed in children. In addition to its cosmetic role, the technique has added value in promoting early return to normal school life, including gymnastics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Nutrition and eating in female college athletes: a survey of coaches.

The purpose of the present study was to gather information from coaches regarding their monitoring/management of athlete eating and weight, knowledge of nutritional health issues, availability of prevention/intervention services for athletes at their school, experience with athletes exhibiting symptoms of eating and body image disturbances, and their attitudes toward eating and weight in the sport. A total of 303 coaches (51% response rate) involved in six sports (i.e., gymnastics, swimming, basketball, softball, track, and volleyball) at all levels of collegiate competition (NCAA Divisions I, II, III, and NAIA) completed a 40-item survey. Gender was found to be related to differential responding on only one of the 40 items, while sport and level of competition were related to responses on multiple items. Gymnastics coaches and NCAA Division I coaches differed significantly from coaches of other sports and divisions in that they reported more monitoring/management behaviors, had more experience with athletes exhibiting eating disturbances, and had more resources available for preventing and treating athletes with eating disorders. Gymnastics coaches also differed from other coaches on a number of items related to their attitudes toward eating and weight in the sport. Many coaches have encountered disturbed eating among their athletes, and some of their coaching attitudes and behaviors may inadvertently increase the risk for such disturbances. Implications for clinical and sport psychologists providing prevention or intervention services to intercollegiate athletes are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Copper status of collegiate female athletes involved in different sports.

Copper status was assessed in 70 female collegiate athletes aged 18 to 25 years participating in cross country track, tennis, softball, swimming, soccer, basketball, and gymnastics during the 2000-2001 season. A group of 8 college-aged females, 20 to 23 years of age, who were not collegiate athletes, served as controls. Mean copper intakes including supplements did not differ significantly among the controls and athletic teams. Mean copper intakes including supplements as micrograms/day and percent recommended dietary allowance (RDA) were as follows: controls 1071 +/- 772 microg (119 +/- 86%), cross country track 1468 +/- 851 microg (163 +/- 95%), tennis 1099 +/- 856 microg (122 +/- 95%), softball 654 +/- 420 microg (73 +/- 47%), swimming 1351 +/- 1060 g (150 +/- 118%), soccer 695 +/- 368 microg (77 +/- 41%), and gymnastics 940 +/- 863 microg (104 +/- 96%). Forty-one percent of athletes and 29% of controls failed to consume two thirds of the RDA for copper. Mean serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations were within the normal range and did not differ significantly among the controls (117 +/- 22 microg/dl, 445 +/- 122 mg/L) and cross country track (98 +/- 17 microg/dl, 312 +/- 59 mg/L), tennis (140 +/- 84 microg/dl, 424 +/- 244 mg/L), softball (95 +/- 30 microg/dl, 310 +/- 77 mg/L), swimming (98 +/- 25 microg/dl, 312 +/- 40 mg/L), soccer (93 +/- 15 microg/dl, 324 +/- 54 mg/ L), basketball (85 +/- 10 microg/dl, 280 +/- 62 mg/L), and gymnastics (96 +/- 21 microg/dl, 315 +/- 68 mg/L) teams. Copper status of female collegiate athletes appears to be adequate in this cross-sectional assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orthopaedic injuries in athletes (ages 6 to 17). Comparison of injuries occurring in six sports.

A prospective study of orthopaedic injuries to children (ages 6 to 17) was conducted for a calendar year in the controlled environment of a military post. Data were collected on the number of participants, the hours of participation, and the number of injuries for six supervised sports (football, soccer, basketball, baseball, swimming, and gymnastics). An injury index factor was derived by a formula: (number of injuries x 10(4)) divided by [(number of participants) x (average number of hours of participation) x (number of weeks in the season of the sport)]. When the injury index factors were compared, the risk a participant has for sustaining an injury in football was twice as high (1.72) as its nearest competitors, basketball (0.88) and gymnastics (0.85). Soccer had an index factor of 0.29; baseball, 0.14; and swimming had a factor of zero. Eighty percent of all sports-related orthopaedic injuries involved the upper extremities. Lower extremity orthopaedic injuries occurred only in football and gymnastics. The evidence suggests that those persons concerned with reducing the number of injuries to the growing athlete in supervised sports should focus their attention on reducing the risk of injury to the upper extremities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth, pubertal development, skeletal maturation and bone mass acquisition in athletes.

The genetic potentials for growth can be fully expressed only under favourable environmental conditions. Excessive physical training may negatively affect growth, especially during puberty. Sports that require a strict control of energy input in the presence of a high energy output are of particular concern. In gymnastics, a different pattern in skeletal maturation was observed, leading to an attenuation of growth potential ins Artistic Gymnasts (AG), more pronounced in males than in females, whereas in female Rhythmic Gymnasts (RG) the genetic predisposition to growth was preserved because of a late catch-up growth phenomenon. In all other sports not requiring strict dietary restrictions, no deterioration of growth has been documented. Intensive physical training and negative energy balance modify the hypothalamic pituitary set point at puberty, prolong the prepubertal stage and delay pubertal development and menarche in a variety of sports. In elite RG and AG the prepubertal stage is prolonged and pubertal development is entirely shifted to a later age, paralleling the bone age rather than the chronological age. Bone formation, and, consequently, BMD are enhanced by physical activity. In athletes, high-impact loading activities have been shown to improve BMD, while in sports requiring a lean somatotype, the delay in skeletal maturation and pubertal development, resulting from hypoestrogenemia, predisposes athletes to osteopenia. In AG, an increase in bone density is observed using the bone age as denominator.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

A measure of stress for athletic performance.

The Athlete Stress Inventory of 49 items was developed. Using factor analysis on the intercorrelations of responses of 148 women student-athletes, four orthogonal factors of stress in athletes were identified-Negative Mood, Team Compatibility, Physical Well-being, and Academic Efficacy. Scales for these factors were reliable and valid. The predictive validity of these scores was investigated by correlations with the athletic performance of 32 women athletes on three intercollegiate teams-tennis, gymnastics, and basketball. Stress scores (except Emotional Mood) reported four days prior to competition tended to be significantly correlated with performance for the individual sports (tennis and gymnastics) but not for the group sport (basket-ball). The correlation involving Physical Well-being was not significant for gymnasts.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Parental influence on sport participation in elite young athletes.

AIM: To ascertain how talented young British swimmers, gymnasts, tennis and soccer players are introduced to their sport, and to identify how they are encouraged into intensive systematic training. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-two elite young athletes (aged 8 to 17 yrs) and their parents were interviewed in their homes to identify how and why they started intensive training. RESULTS: Of the 4 sports studied (soccer, gymnastics, tennis, and swimming), parents of swimmers were more likely introduce their children to the sport (70%), while parents of gymnasts (42%) were the least likely to do so. However, in this sports parents played a lesser role in the transition to intensive training (6% and 5%, respectively). Nearly half the soccer players (47%) became involved in the sport because of their own interest, with the majority making the transition to intensive training because of encouragement by a coach (65%). Self-motivation (27%) and parental influence (57%) brought children into tennis with 25% of the young athletes in the sample autonomously deciding to start intensive training. Children from the lower socio-economic classes were underrepresented, and the total number of 1-parent families (5.3%) was considerably less than current British national norms (16.1%). CONCLUSION: In Britain, young athletes' involvement in high level sport is heavily dependent on their parents, with sports clubs and coaches playing an important later role. In the present socio-economic and cultural situation, many talented youngsters with less motivated parents will not undertake sport. Talented youngsters from a poorer economic background will be heavily disadvantaged, especially in sports such as tennis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Control strategy for a hand balance.

The goal of this study was to investigate the control strategy employed by gymnasts in maintaining a hand balance. It was hypothesized that a "wrist strategy" was used in which perturbations in the sagittal plane were corrected using variations in wrist flexor torque with synergistic shoulder and hip torques acting to preserve a fixed body configuration. A theoretical model of wrist strategy indicated that control could be effected using wrist torque that was a linear function of mass center displacement and velocity. Four male gymnasts executed hand balances and 2-dimensional inverse dynamics was used to determine net joint torque time histories at the wrist, shoulder, and hip joints in the sagittal plane. Wrist torque was regressed against mass center position and velocity values at progressively earlier times. It was found that all gymnasts used the wrist strategy, with time delays ranging from 160 to 240 ms. The net joint torques at the shoulder and hip joints were regressed against the torques required to maintain a fixed configuration. This fixed configuration strategy accounted for 86% of the variance in the shoulder torque and 86% of the variance in the hip torque although the actual torques exceeded the predicted torques by 7% and 30%, respectively. The estimated time delays are consistent with the use of long latency reflexes, whereas the role of vestibular and visual information in maintaining a hand balance is less certain.

Hand↗
PubMed1991

[Onset of menarche and the course of menstrual cycles in female athletes in Youth Training Centers in Slovakia].

The authors characterize girls in youth Training Centres in Slovakia from the medical anthropometric, somatotypological and locomotor aspect and recorded the time of menarche and course of the menstrual cycle. 1. The group comprised 107 girls, mean age 13.69 years who specialized in different sports: tennis players, skiers (cross country skiing), high mountain skiers, synchronized swimmers, gymnasts, swimmers. 2. The mean daily load was 4-5 hours and together with competitions during weekends 800 hours per year. 3. Tennis players, gymnasts and swimmers started regular training at preschool age and the time of menarche varied. At an age above 12.5 years menarche was not recorded in high mountain skiers and swimmers. At a mean age above 13 menarche was recorded in tennis players, synchronized swimmers and gymnasts but not always in the whole group. The latest time of menarche was recorded in cross country skiers. In the menstrual cycle regularities and irregularities, dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual tension and sacralgia were recorded. As some girls did not enter menarche yet it is not possible to evaluate conclusively the influence of intensive physical training on the organism of girls. 4. The authors compared all assembled results with results in the available literature. 5. The authors proceed with the described investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The somatotype of Puerto Rican male athletes at the X Pan American Games: a brief descriptive report.

The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the Health-Carter anthropometric somatotype and other selected anthropometric characteristics of top class Puerto Rican athletes. One hundred and forty seven (147) male athletes, members of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee delegation to the X Pan American Games were evaluated. The sample represented 84% of the total number of male athletes. Nineteen different sports were represented. The results indicated that gymnasts (18.3 +/- 4.0 years), swimmers (18.5 +/- 2.9 years) and table tennists (19.3 +/- 3.5 years) were the group with the minimum age. The maximal age was demonstrated by shooters (40.2 +/- 7.8 years). The height range was 158.1 +/- 6.3 cm (judoists) to 193.8 +/- 15.2 cm (basketball players). The minimum weight was demonstrated by the group of gymnasts (57.8 +/- 10.3 kg) and the maximal by basketball players (94.2 +/- 18.6 kg). The endomorphy ratings for track and field-jumpers [TF JUMPS] (1.8 +/- 0.6), gymnasts (1.8 +/- 0.4) and rowers (1.9 +/- 0.5) were low. The group with the maximal endomorphy rating was the shooters (5.4 +/- 1.6). The minimum and maximal ratings for mesomorphy was 3.8 +/- 0.8 (TF JUMPS) and 8.9 +/- 1.9 (weight lifters), respectively. The range of the ectomorphy rating was 0.4 +/- 0.6 (weight lifters) to 3.8 +/- 0.9 (TF JUMPS). In conclusion, the results seem to indicate that the somatotypes of the Puerto Rican top class athletes are within the range demonstrated by international top class athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Cardiodynamic characteristics of chronic coronary insufficiency patients at medical rehabilitation stages using therapeutic physical exercise measures].

The functional condition of the cardiovascular system was studied in patients with chronic coronary insufficiency in various stages of rehabilitation employing measures of remedial gymnastics with the elaboration of criteria for substaintiating the broadening of the movement regimen. Sixty patients suffering from ischemic heart disease marked by the clinical picture of chronic coronary insufficiency and 25 persons forming a control group were examined Polycardiography, aortic and arterial rheocardiography, and tele-electrocardiography were used. A follow-up of the functional condition of the cardiovascular system makes it possible to detect signs of the development of its reserve possibilities under the effect of long-term remedial gymnastics. Favourable shifts in the functional ability of the cardiovascular system may be only produced after long-term (12 months) remedial gymnastics performed regularly and with sufficient physical exertion, including walking and running.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of exercise during pregnancy on uterine contractions].

External tocometry was performed one hour before and one hour after pregnancy gymnastics in 102 healthy pregnant women between 25th and 38th gestational week. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of contractions. The short-term increase in frequency of contraction was without any clinical importance. No prolongation of the duration of contractions could be observed with advanced pregnancy. 34 per cent of the women were delivered in the 41st gestational week, 32 per cent before the 40th one. In case of threatening premature delivery gymnastics are contraindicated with exclusion of relaxation exercises. They are allowed only in case that a good attitude of contractions before and after gymnastics can be demonstrated by objective external tocometry.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Pattern of injuries at a Danish sports college].

A batch of college students was followed with the object of describing the pattern of athletic injuries. Men sustained the greatest number of acute injuries while no sex difference was observed in the number of stress injuries. The majority of injuries occurred in connection with gymnastics but, when all ball games are considered together, ball game injuries exceeded the gymnastic injuries in number. This difference is further increased when the fact that, in this college, twice as much time is spent on gymnastics as on ball games, is taken into consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Bilateral stress fracture of the scaphoid. A case report.

Bilateral stress fractures of the scaphoid bones in a gymnast are reported and discussed with special consideration of the possible differential diagnoses; bipartite scaphoid and pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone. The relevance of the mechanical factors involved and the abduction and dorsiflexion of the wrist in gymnastics are suggested as likely pathomechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Consequences of sport training during puberty.

Growth at puberty depends on one's genetic potential, nutritional status and a series of hormones. Energy expenditure may modify the effects of these three factors on the linear growth rate and the relative proportions of fat-free and fat mass. Participation in sports where weight control is not required does not seem to affect pubertal timing or alter linear growth rate. The growth and maturation of athletes in weight control sports have the additional burden of energy output greater than intake; however, in only a minority the energy deficit is great enough to slow growth and maturation. Studies focusing on male wrestlers and female gymnasts are reviewed. In the wrestlers the hormonal picture is consistent with mild-to-moderate GH resistance and perhaps mild maturational delay, especially in the lower weight classes. The deficits in lean body mass and fat mass "catch-up" quickly following the end of training and competitive season. The situation with the gymnasts is somewhat different, the goal being to develop muscular strength within a shorter and lighter physique. Marked under-nutrition can keep these adolescents pre-pubertal for many years of training and competition. Whether subsequent growth is disproportionate or not remains indeterminate, but the marked delay in the onset of estrogen action can permanently cause the skeleton to be under-mineralized. In conclusion, most athletes continue to track along the centiles of their genetic potential. To define the mechanisms of growth and maturational delay one must longitudinally study children in weight-control sports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acute avulsion fractures of the pelvis in adolescent competitive athletes: prevalence, location and sports distribution of 203 cases collected.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, location and sports distribution of pelvic avulsion fractures in adolescent competitive athletes. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: One thousand two hundred and thirty-eight radiographs of the pelvis taken for focal traumatic symptoms in athletes with an age range of 11-35 years over a period of 22 years were reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-eight adolescent athletes were affected by 203 avulsion fractures of the pelvic apophyses (five cases presented multiple locations). The localisation was the ischial tuberosity (IT) in 109 cases, anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) in 45 cases, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in 39 cases, superior corner of pubic symphysis (SCPS) in 7 cases and iliac crest (IC) in 3 cases. Soccer (74 cases) and gymnastics (55 cases) were the sports with the highest number of avulsion fractures documented. CONCLUSIONS: Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis in adolescent competitive athletes are most common in soccer and gymnastics. The lesions are usually the consequence of sudden and forceful muscle-tendon contractions during sport activities. Plain radiographs, are determinant for the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An approach for developing an experimentally based model for simulating flight-phase dynamics.

This paper presents an approach for developing an experimentally validated dynamic multisegment model to simulate human flight-phase dynamics and multijoint control. Modeling and experimental techniques were integrated to systematically examine the contribution of multiple error sources to the accuracy of the model and to determine the complexity of a model that adequately emulates the dynamic behavior at the total-body and multijoint levels during flight. The accuracy of the model and of the experimental data was assessed using an inverse dynamics simulation of flight-phase motion for two representative cases: (i) a physical model released from a bar and (ii) a gymnast performing a layout dismount from a bar. Multijoint models with varying numbers of segments were assessed in order to determine the complexity of the model that adequately simulates the flight-phase task. A five-segment model was found to adequately simulate the layout dismount performed by the gymnast. The error introduced during modeling and digitizing contributed to an apparent violation of the conservation law manifested as large external forces acting on the nonactuated joints. These results demonstrate the need to reduce sources of error prior to testing hypotheses regarding feedforward and feedback components of the multijoint control system. The proposed approach for quantifying sources of error provides a crucial step that is required in the development of experimentally based dynamic models designed to examine and test hypotheses regarding multijoint control logic.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗