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PubMed2003

[A pair of crude drugs used in Shang-Han-Lun, especially the ways of using roasted licorice].

The frequency and usage of "Yao-dui" (pair of two kinds of crude drugs, Yaku-tai used in Shang-Han-Lun, a famous formulary in traditional Chinese medicine, was examined. The best ten kinds of pairs of two crude drugs frequently mentioned in the formulary were those among five drugs contained in Guizhi-tang (Keishi-to in Japanese), which is a major formulation in Shang-Han-Lun. Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata (Sha-kanzo in Japanese) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (Keishi in Japanese) were used in pairs very frequently, which is used for the treatment of palpitation caused by Xin-yang deficiency (Shin-yo-kyo in Japanese) and usually used with Poria. Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata and Radix Paeoniae worked in pairs for the treatment of muscular spasm and pain due to Xue-deficiency-syndrome (Kekkyo in Japanese). Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata is used together with Rhizoma Zingiberis (Kankyou in Japanese) for the treatment of diarrhea accompanied with cold pain in the lower abdomen and usually used with Radix Ginseng and Aconiti Preparata. The experimental knowledge of the usage of these crude drug pairs will be useful to create a new formulation of crude drugs for modern medical treatment.

Formularies as Topic↗
PubMed2003

[Particular combination of two crude drugs used in six stages in Shang-Han-Lun].

In the "Shang-Han-Lun", a famous old formulary in traditional Chinese medicine, the exogennous diseases are classified into six stages of syndromes according to the progress of the illness in general terms for tai-yang, shao-yang, yang-ming, tai-yin, shao-yin and jeu-yin stages. The frequency of particular combinations of two crude drugs used in the six stages of diseases was examined to obtain the guidance in the preparation of new and appropriate formulations for modern medical treatments. The best pairs frequently mentioned in the tai-yang and yang-ming stages were the pair of Glycyrrhizae Preparata Radix (Sha-kanzo in Japanese) and Cinnamomi Ramulus (Keishi in Japanese), and Rhei Rhizoma and Natrii Sulfas, respectively. The characteristic combinations in the shao-yang stage were the pairs containing Scutellariae Radix and Pinelliae Tuber, which is contained in te formulation Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (Sho-saiko-to in Japanese). The pair of Glycyrrhizae Preparata and Radix Paeoniae Radices is the characteristic in the tai-yin stage, which is used for the treatment of muscular spasms and pain. The pair of Aconiti Preparata and Zingiberis Rhizoma is used for the treatment of diarrhea with cold pain in the shao-yin and jue-jin stages. The present results of these crude drugs of pairings will be useful to create a new formulation of crude drugs for modern medical treatment.

Formularies as Topic↗
PubMed2004

How beneficiaries fare under the new Medicare drug bill.

The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act (MMA) provides the largest benefit expansion in Medicare's history while enacting major changes to the program's structure. Offering $410 billion in new drug benefits will certainly help many beneficiaries now struggling with the costs of prescriptions, particularly those with low incomes. It is difficult to determine, however, whether beneficiaries will be better off in the long run. The drug benefits will not grow with the needs of beneficiaries, and other changes that prove to be unworkable or that place some beneficiaries at risk will create added costs. In the meantime, favorable treatment of private plans will create new inequities. Additional legislation and carefully crafted regulations could mitigate a number of these issues; in the meantime, they will require close scrutiny.

Cost Sharing↗
PubMed2004

The managed care approach to placing a drug on formulary.

The placement of a drug on a health plan's formulary is important to ensure patient access to the best therapeutic options. Unfortunately, cost is too often a defining attribute that determines whether or not a drug is placed on formulary. Multitiered formularies represent one method for managing costs while still providing access to more expensive medications. Creating a niche for a product is one way that drug companies may be able to obtain formulary acceptance.

Drug Costs↗
PubMed2004

Open access to innovative drugs: treatment substitutions or treatment expansion?

Granting open access to new antipsychotic medications by the California Medicaid Program fostered the desired substitution of second-generation medications for conventional antipsychotics. However, open access also generated an immediate but temporary influx of previously treated patients, many with a recent institutionalization, who restarted drug therapy using the new antipsychotics. Persistence with initial therapy declined, but cost outcomes improved due primarily to reduced nursing home use. Racial disparities were also reversed. Program administrators must use caution when evaluating the impact of unrestricted access on drug therapy outcomes and treatment costs given the changes in the characteristics of patients seeking treatment.

Adult↗