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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

A mathematical model for the computation of the forces exerted by the facial orthopedic mask.

This study presents a model for the computation of the forces exerted on the chin and on the forehead by the facial orthopedic mask in skeletal Class III malocclusions. Cephalometric data as well as geometry of the mask are taken into account to simulate in quantitative terms the entire approach. A computer program has been implemented to validate the model on a group of patients. Despite the approximations about the mechanical characteristics of the appliance and of the constraints (rigid body, ideal constraints) and despite the unavoidable errors in the estimation of the geometric parameters (dimensions and angles), it is shown that the computation of the forces (in orientation and in magnitude) at the forehead and at the chin is possible. Some practical applications of the model are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Long-term effects of hormone therapy on skin rigidity and wrinkles.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of long-term hormone therapy (HT) on skin rigidity and wrinkling. DESIGN: Single blinded cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENT(S): Sixty-five long-term HT users who underwent menopause at least 5 years before evaluation and who have either consistently used HT or have never used HT. INTERVENTION(S): Visual assessment of severity of wrinkles at 11 facial locations using the Lemperle scale by a plastic surgeon blinded to HT use. Measurement of skin rigidity at the cheek and forehead with a durometer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Lemperle wrinkle score and skin rigidity. RESULT(S): Twenty women met inclusion criteria. Eleven women who had not used HT were compared to nine long-term HT users. Demographics including age, race, sun exposure, sunscreen use, tobacco use, and skin type were similar. Rigidity was significantly decreased in HT users compared to nonusers at both the cheek (1.1 vs. 2.7) and forehead (20 vs. 29). Average wrinkle scores were lower in hormone users than in nonhormone users (1.5 vs. 2.2). CONCLUSION(S): Long-term postmenopausal HT users have more elastic skin and less severe wrinkling than women who never used HT, suggesting that hormone therapy may have cosmetic benefits.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2006

Suitable age for nasal reconstruction after subtotal amputation in a child, with respect to a case involving purpura fulminans.

The authors report a case of nasal reconstruction in a 5-year-old boy who had undergone subtotal amputation of the nose 8 months before in the context of meningococcus-induced purpura fulminans. Two-step surgery involved implantation of a forehead expansion graft preliminary to use of a contralateral forehead flap to cover a cartilaginous graft from the concha that reconstituted the ala nasi, columella, and septum. At 1 year of follow-up, the results were considered quite satisfactory esthetically and psychologically beneficial. Nasal amputation in the child is infrequent, and the procedure is not clearly defined. Early reconstruction certainly improves the child's life and social integration. The major risk is unsatisfactory growth of the reconstructed nose, which may persuade some surgeons to postpone the operation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Changes of cerebral blood oxygenation and optical pathlength during activation and deactivation in the prefrontal cortex measured by time-resolved near infrared spectroscopy.

To determine the alterations in optical characteristics and cerebral blood oxygenation (CBO) during activation and deactivation, we evaluated the changes in mean optical pathlength (MOP) and CBO induced by a verbal fluency task (VFT) and driving simulation in the right and left prefrontal cortex (PFC), employing a newly developed time-resolved near infrared spectroscopy, which allows quantitative measurements of the evoked-CBO changes by determining the MOP with a sampling time of 1 s. The results demonstrated differences in MOP in the foreheads with the subjects and wavelength; however, there was no significant difference between the right and left foreheads (p > 0.05). Also, both the VFT and driving simulation task did not affect the MOP significantly as compared to that before the tasks (p > 0.05). In the bilateral PFCs, the VFT caused increases of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin associated with a decrease of deoxyhemoglobin, while the driving simulation task caused decreases of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin associated with an increase of deoxyhemoglobin; there were no significant differences in evoked-CBO changes between the right and left PFC. The present results will be useful for quantitative measurement of hemodynamic changes during activation and deactivation in the adults by near infrared spectroscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of Botulinum Toxin type A on capsaicin-evoked pain, flare, and secondary hyperalgesia in an experimental human model of trigeminal sensitization.

The trigeminovascular system is involved in migraine. Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin type A (BoNT-A) in migraine has been investigated in clinical studies but the mechanism of action remains unexplored. It is hypothesized that BoNT-A inhibits peripheral sensitization of nociceptive fibers and indirectly reduces central sensitization. We examined the effect of intramuscular injection of BoNT-A on an experimental human model of trigeminal sensitization induced by intradermal capsaicin injection to the forehead. BoNT-A (BOTOX) or saline was injected intramuscularly in precranial, neck and shoulder muscles to 32 healthy male volunteers in a double blind-randomized manner. Intradermally capsaicin-induced pain, flare and secondary hyperalgesia were obtained before and 1, 4 and 8 weeks after the above treatments. A significant suppressive effect of BoNT-A on pain, flare and hyperalgesia area was observed. The pain intensity area was significantly smaller in BoNT-A group (9.16+/-0.83 cm x s) compared to saline group (15.41+/-0.83cm x s) (P=0.011). The flare area was also reduced significantly in BoNT-A group (29.81+/-0.69 cm2) compared to saline group (39.71+/-0.69 cm2) (P<0.001). Similarly, the mean area of secondary hyperalgesia was significantly smaller in BoNT-A group (4.25+/-0.91 cm2) compared to saline group (7.03+/-0.91 cm2) (P=0.040). Post hoc analysis showed significant differences across the trials with a remarkable suppression effect of BoNT-A on capsaicin-induced sensory and vasomotor reactions as early as week1 (P<0.001). BoNT-A presented suppressive effects on the trigeminal/cervical nociceptive system activated by intradermal injection of capsaicin to the forehead. The effects are suggested to be caused by a local peripheral effect of BoNT-A on cutaneous nociceptors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Damage to bicycle helmets involved with crashes.

The objective was to evaluate the relationship between helmet damage and head injuries in helmeted bicyclists in a sub-study of a large case-control study of bicycle injuries and helmet effectiveness. The setting consisted of seven hospital emergency departments in Seattle, WA. Hospitalized patients and medical examiners cases were included. The participants in the study were helmeted bicyclists who suffered a head injury or who damaged or hit their helmet in a crash. The Snell Memorial Foundation laboratory evaluated the helmets, blinded to crash circumstance and injury diagnosis. Damage was scored on a five-point scale (0 = none to 4 = destroyed). The damage location for each helmet was coded into regions (six longitudinal and three latitudinal) and mapped onto a three-dimensional CAD (computer-aided design) model of a helmet. The same procedure was also followed for injury location, which was mapped onto a three-dimensional ISO (International Organization for Standardization) headform for visualization of head-injury distribution. 785 helmeted subjects met the criteria for inclusion in the sub-study, and 527 helmets were purchased and evaluated (67%). 316 (60%) of the helmets had no or minimal damage, and 209 (39.7%) had significant damage (score 2, 3 or 4). Helmet types were 49.7% hard shell, 34.2% thin shell and 16.1% no shell. The risk of head and brain injury increased if the helmet was destroyed: OR = 5.3 (95% CI 2.9, 9.9) and OR = 11.2 (95% CI 3.5, 37.9), respectively. A high proportion of helmet impacts were along the front edge of the helmet, with a preponderance of head injuries in the same region. The large number of impacts to the front rim of the helmet, combined with the substantial number of riders with injuries to the forehead, indicate that some helmets, because of poor fit or wearing style, expose the forehead to injury. In addition, the data indicate that for a small proportion of injuries, the energy to the helmet may exceed design limits.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1983

The coronal brow lift.

We use a coronal brow lift to correct brow ptosis and associated forehead wrinkling. This technique eliminates the disadvantages of the traditional direct brow elevation, including scarring above the brow and failure to correct forehead and glabellar ptosis and wrinkling. The entire upper face is elevated as a unit, preserving the natural anatomy as much as possible. The scars are covered by hair. Eyebrow elevation and the final cosmetic results were satisfactory in all 22 cases in which we used this technique. There were no serious complications.

Eyebrows↗
PubMed2003

A new retroauricular flap for facial reconstruction.

A retroauricular reverse flow flap based on the anastomosis of the frontal branch of the temporal superficial artery with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side as well as with the ipsilateral supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, was used in two clinical cases for forehead and facial reconstructions. The arc of rotation associated with the length of the pedicle allows its transfer, in a one-stage procedure, to cover small to medium defects of any part of the forehead, face and parts of the scalp. The procedure is safe, simple and causes minimum donor site morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Investigating demodex in forensic autopsy cases.

Demodex is an ectoparasite living in the skin as a nonpathogen or a pathogen. It is also known that demodex acts as a vector of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we have investigated the rate of occurrence and vitality of demodex in forensic autopsies that have a high risk of contamination by infected organisms. The study, which was cross-sectional, conducted on 100 autopsy cases: 77 of the bodies were male and 23 female. The average age was 41. The samples were taken from the forehead, nose, cheeks, eyelashes and the temporal areas using the standardized skin surface biopsy and hair epilation techniques that were modified for this study. The data obtained were assessed statistically. Demodex was determined in 10% of all the cases. The cases revealed that demodex increased in old age and was more frequently seen in people with fair complexion. It was most frequently found in the forehead and the cheek. The longest postmortem interval in the positive cases was 55 h. The relationship between the postmortem interval and the presence of demodex was not statistically significant. Considering the fact that demodex, which is transmitted from human to human through skin contact, acts as a vector of pathogenic organisms and can stay alive in dead bodies for a long time, we think that the personnel performing autopsies without taking the necessary precautions are under risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Planning and control of vertical dimension in Le Fort I osteotomies.

Depending on the different anatomy of the soft and hard tissues, concavity or convexity of the face, measurements of inferior or superior repositioning of the maxilla may be less predictable when using only the osteotomy site for this calculation. A more reliable method would be to measure the distance from a bone mark in the forehead to the incisor edges. This method has been practiced by our clinic during the past five years. The method is thought to offer a more accurate estimation of the position of the upper anterior teeth in relation to the lip, although one must anticipate a certain degree of postoperative relapse especially concerning inferior repositioning. In order to evaluate the accuracy of our method, a comparison has been made of the calculated vertical repositioning and the surgical results in two groups. In group I (12 individuals) conventional estimation of maxillary repositioning in the osteotomy line was made; in group II (12 individuals) measurements were made from a bone mark on the forehead to the incisor edges. A satisfying correlation was found between calculated and achieved results in both groups. In comparison between calculated and immediate postoperative measurements the results showed no statistically significant difference between the two methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Titanium implants and lateral forces. An experimental study with sheep.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance of titanium implants to horizontal forces in a sheep model. Twenty implants were inserted into the foreheads of 5 sheep, 4 implants on each animal. After a healing period of 3 months, abutments were mounted on the implants. After a further healing period of 3 weeks, the implants were loaded with a horizontal pull of orthodontic elastics. The force varied between 250 and 350 grams. The duration of loading was 3 months. After the loading period the animals were sacrificed and the forehead bones with implants were fixed in formalin and evaluated histologically. In the histological specimens no signs of infection or bone loss were found around the implants. The results of the present study encourage the use of titanium implants also in cases where constant lateral forces are present.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Increased finger arterial blood pressure after exercise detraining in women with parental hypertension: autonomic tasks.

The effects of exercise detraining on resting finger arterial blood pressure (BP), the carotid-cardiac vagal baroreflex, and BP and heart rate (HR) responses to mental arithmetic and forehead cold exposure were studied in young (19 +/- 1.1 years) normotensive women with parental history of hypertension. Following 8 weeks of aerobic exercise for 25 min, 3 days week-1 at an intensity of 60% VO2peak, subjects ceased training for 6-8 weeks. After detraining, VO2peak (mL kg-1 min-1) was reduced by 11.5% (41.1 +/- 6.9 to 36.4 +/- 4.8) coincident with an approximately equal to 10% increase in submaximal exercise heart rate. Responses to the laboratory tasks were then compared. Detraining was accompanied by increases (P < 0.05) in resting systolic (SBP) (113.6 +/- 8.9 to 121.2 +/- 9.0), diastolic (DBP) (63.0 +/- 8.4 to 68.3 +/- 6.8), and mean arterial (MAP) (78.7 +/- 8.4 to 84.2 +/- 7.3) BP (mmHg). None of the above changes occurred in sedentary matched-control subjects. Systolic blood pressure was elevated during forehead cold exposure and MAP was elevated during mental arithmetic after detraining, but the rates of response and recovery for SBP, DBP and MAP were not altered by detraining. Despite higher submaximal exercise HR after detraining, HR responses to autonomic challenges, including the carotid-cardiac vagal baroreflex, were unchanged between training and detraining. Our results indicate that exercise detraining increases resting finger arterial BP in young normotensive women at risk for hypertension with no effects on the rate of response or recovery of heart rate and BP during autonomic tasks known to elicit sympathetic and carotid-cardiac vagal activities in this population. The use of auscultatory brachial artery pressures in a similar study of women diagnosed with hypertension will clarify the clinical meaning of our findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Malassezia globosa as the causative agent of pityriasis versicolor.

BACKGROUND: The taxonomic revision carried out in 1996 on the genus Malassezia, which now comprises seven different species, made necessary a re-evaluation of the data concerning the ecology and pathogenicity of these lipophilic yeasts. Very little has been published since then. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the aetiology of pityriasis versicolor (PV) with a mycological study made according to the new species. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with PV completed the study. In all of them, samples were taken from the lesions for direct microscopy with KOH+ Parker ink and culture. Samples were also taken from normal skin of the trunk and the forehead of the same patients for culture. Cultures were made in modified Dixon medium in Petri dishes, incubated at 31 degrees C and the isolates were identified by morphological and physiological characteristics. RESULTS: In the PV lesions, direct microscopy always showed the typical mixture of globose blastoconidia and pseudomycelium. Only one patient, having received previous topical antimycotic treatment, was negative. The spherical yeasts observed in vivo were morphologically identical to the globose yeasts characteristic of M. globosa. In culture, M. globosa was found in 97% of cases, alone in 60% of them and associated with M. sympodialis in 29% and M. slooffiae in 7%. These two species were also found in similar percentages on the clinically uninvolved skin of the trunk, whereas M. globosa was not isolated at these sites. However, on the forehead, a small number of colonies of M. globosa was recovered in 12% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the data previously reported and strongly suggest that M. globosa in its mycelial phase is the causative agent of PV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Cluster headache. The sweating pattern during spontaneous attacks.

Sweating in the forehead, on the eyelids, in the face and on the trunk was measured with the Evaporimeter during 31 spontaneous cluster headache attacks of varying severity in 18 patients. The evaporimeter measures evaporative water loss (sweating + transepidermal water loss) rapidly and accurately as g/m2/h. The patients themselves acted as controls. Sweating was also estimated in 25 healthy individuals at a temperature of 27 +/- 1 degree C, and a mean relative humidity of 19%. During eight severe attacks, sweating in the medial part of the forehead on the symptomatic side was invariably increased. In moderate attacks the increment was less pronounced and in the inter-cycle period, no definite increase was found. The cause of increased sweating during cluster headache attacks remains enigmatic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Cluster headache-like headache, Hageman trait deficiency, retrobulbar neuritis, and giant aneurysm. Autonomic function studies.

A 56-year-old, previously reported woman with cluster headache-like headache with bouts of unilateral (the side of predominance changing through the years) severe headache had a familial history (three generations) of partial Hageman factor deficiency and bleeding episodes. A giant aneurysm was found to be lodged in the anterior communicating artery on the left side. Clinically, the features were atypical for cluster headache: onset at a young age (14 years), episodes of retrobulbar neuritis appearing at the side of pain, etc. Studies of forehead sweating indicated that the right side was the pathologic one, from an autonomic point of view, as did pupillometric studies. However, during attacks, which were left-sided at the time, forehead sweating was marked laterally on the left side and on the upper eyelid, but not on the right. The "signal" usually reaching the autonomically stigmatized side during attacks of cluster headache, therefore, did not seem to reach the sweat glands on that (the right) side during the attack in the present case. This headache may, therefore, be distinct from cluster headache, both from a clinical and from an autonomic function point of view.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of pressure achieved by various materials used for pressure dressings.

BACKGROUND: To minimize the risk of complications, pressure dressings are frequently applied to wounds. The actual pressures yielded by different dressing materials and application techniques have not been documented. OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare pressures produced using various types of dressing tapes with and without a gauze roll. METHODS: An infant blood pressure cuff was adapted for use in a pressure dressing model. Investigators independently applied four strips of each of five different types of tape to the cuff when it was located in three settings: a hard inanimate surface, a subject's distal volar forearm, and the subject's forehead. RESULTS: Foam and plastic tapes produced more pressure under a simple dressing than three other commonly used tapes. Higher, more consistent pressures were achieved on the forearm than the forehead. Adding a gauze roll to the dressing consistently increased the pressure. CONCLUSION: The experimental model demonstrated substantial differences in pressures yielded by various pressure dressing materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wegener granulomatosis in a child: cutaneous findings as the presenting signs.

Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic disease that is particularly unusual in children. A limited form has been described without renal involvement. We report a 14-year-old girl in whom the disease started with acneiform nodular and papular lesions on the forehead. Later necrotic ulcers developed on her forehead, arms, and buttocks. The cutaneous lesions were associated with upper and lower respiratory tract involvement, low-grade fever and arthralgias. Subsequently clinical and laboratory evaluations (increased ESR; leukocytosis and presence of serum IgG antibodies cANCA = 1:160), with chest roentgenograms revealing pulmonary densities and parenchymal infiltration, suggested the diagnosis of WG. The histologic findings of a cutaneous biopsy specimen were ulceration of the epidermis with diffuse neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate and a late-stage small vessel vasculitis in the dermis. Histopathology of the nasal mucosa was characterized by a granulomatous process with a dense lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with few giant cells, a finding that confirmed the diagnosis of WG. No renal involvement was present. One month of cyclophosphamide (125 mg/day) and prednisone (70 mg/day) therapy markedly improved the patient's clinical condition. At present, 1 year later, she is free from any signs of the disease. According to the literature, the frequency of cutaneous lesions in WG ranges from 16% to 46%. They are the presenting sign only in 6% of patients. Cutaneous lesions are even more uncommon in children. In particular, an "acneiform" presentation is a rare finding in WG.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Aesthetic considerations in the elevation of the eyebrow.

In an increasingly diverse and multicultural society, it becomes increasing imperative to understand the aesthetics and proper analysis of the face, particularly as it applies to forehead lifting and elevation of the eyebrow. Most articles published to date have emphasized the surgical anatomy and/or surgical technique of forehead lifting and addressed the question of brow aesthetics in a uniform, generalized fashion. In addition, the emphasis on brow elevation as a means to brow/upper lid rejuvenation can further distract the surgeon from appreciating each person's unique brow aesthetics. This article examines current surgical concepts of brow/upper lid proportion and harmony and compares and contrasts them with cultural notions of the "pleasing brow" as represented by the makeup and fashion industries. There is great variation in what is considered to be a "beautiful brow," and the facial plastic surgeon must understand the nuanced elements of eyebrow configuration that contribute to the overall balance and harmony of the face.

Beauty↗