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PubMed2004

Ambiguity in social categorization: The role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization.

Two studies tested the hypothesis that perceivers' prejudice and targets' facial expressions bias race categorization in stereotypic directions. Specifically, we hypothesized that racial prejudice would be more strongly associated with a tendency to categorize hostile (but not happy) racially ambiguous faces as African American. We obtained support for this hypothesis using both a speeded dichotomous categorization task (Studies 1 and 2) and a rating-scale task (Study 2). Implicit prejudice (but not explicit prejudice) was related to increased sensitivity to the targets' facial expressions, regardless of whether prejudice was measured after (Study 1) or before (Study 2) the race categorizations were made.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

Event-related potentials to emotional and neutral stimuli.

The present study examined subjects' cognitive processing of pictures of emotional and neutral facial expressions, as measured by Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). In Experiment 1, 10 subjects viewed two slides of a woman modelling angry and happy expressions; in Experiment 2, 10 subjects viewed slides of two women modelling neutral expressions. One face appeared on 20% of the trials and the other on 80% of the trials. Subjects counted the low frequency target face. In both experiments, the area of the P300 component was larger at Pz than Cz. In Experiment 1, P300 area was larger when the target was happy; peak amplitude was greater when the target was angry. No differences between neutral target faces were found for P300 amplitude or area in Experiment 2. These results suggest that emotional versus neutral facial expressions elicit different electrophysiological responses; responses are further differentiated to positive versus negative expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Neural systems for recognition of emotional prosody: a 3-D lesion study.

Which brain regions are associated with recognition of emotional prosody? Are these distinct from those for recognition of facial expression? These issues were investigated by mapping the overlaps of co-registered lesions from 66 brain-damaged participants as a function of their performance in rating basic emotions. It was found that recognizing emotions from prosody draws on the right frontoparietal operculum, the bilateral frontal pole, and the left frontal operculum. Recognizing emotions from prosody and facial expressions draws on the right frontoparietal cortex, which may be important in reconstructing aspects of the emotion signaled by the stimulus. Furthermore, there were regions in the left and right temporal lobes that contributed disproportionately to recognition of emotion from faces or prosody, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Humor and smiling: cortical regions selective for cognitive, affective, and volitional components.

BACKGROUND: The interrelationships among humor, smiling, and grinning have fascinated philosophers for millennia and neurologists for over a century. A functional dissociation between emotional facial expressions and those under voluntary control was suggested decades ago. Recent functional imaging studies, however, have been somewhat at odds with older studies with respect to the role of the right frontal cortex in the perception of humor. METHODS: Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity was measured in 13 subjects during the presentation of "funny" vs "nonfunny" versions of essentially the same cartoons and compared with BOLD activity associated with "merely grinning" at similar nonfunny cartoons via fMRI. RESULTS: Humor perception was correlated with BOLD activity in the left temporo-occipitoparietal junction and left prefrontal cortex and humor-associated smiling (recorded with an MR-compatible video camera) with bilateral activity in the basal temporal lobes. Unexpectedly, both conditions were also accompanied by a decrease in BOLD activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex. Voluntary "grinning" in the absence of humorous stimuli was accompanied by bilateral activity in the facial motor regions. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the clinically derived hypothesis of separate cortical regions responsible for the production of emotionally driven vs voluntary facial expressions. The right orbitofrontal decrease reconciles inconsistencies between clinical and functional imaging findings and may reflect a disinhibition of facial emotional expression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Facial reactions to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli.

Earlier research has shown that subjects exposed to different facial expressions react spontaneously with different facial electromyographic (EMG) response patterns. In the present study subjects were exposed to fear-relevant (snakes/spiders) and fear-irrelevant (flowers/mushrooms) stimuli, while facial EMG activity, skin conductance responses (SCRs) and heart rate (HR) were measured. The stimuli evoked different response patterns. Fear-relevant stimuli elicited increased corrugator muscle activity, whereas fear-irrelevant stimuli evoked increased zygomatic muscle activity. Fear-relevant stimuli also evoked HR deceleration and larger SCR magnitudes. The present data are consistent with the theory that the face constitutes an emotional 'readout/output-system'.

Electromyography↗
PubMed2004

Resting RSA is associated with natural and self-regulated responses to negative emotional stimuli.

Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was assessed among 111 adult participants. These individuals were then asked to watch a positive or negative affective film in either a natural manner or while exaggerating their facial response. Facial reactions to the film were video-recorded and subsequently rated in terms of facial affect. Participants also self-reported the valence of their emotional experience. Results from regression analyses revealed that persons with low resting RSA behaviorally evidenced a more negative facial response to the negative film under natural-watch conditions. Low RSA individuals were also less able to modulate (i.e., amplify) their facial response to the negative film. In terms of self-report measures, persons in the exaggerate condition reported more positive affect to the positive film than did those in the natural-watch condition. Results suggest that cardiac vagal control is inversely associated with negative facial expression but positively associated with facial regulation ability to negative stimuli.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Social threat perception and the evolution of paranoia.

Rapid and efficient judgments about the significance of social threat are important for species survival and may recruit specialized neurocognitive systems, consistent with biological models of threat processing. We review cognitive, psychophysiological, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging evidence in support of specialized neural networks subserving the processing of facial displays of threat. Cognitive research suggests that faces depicting anger are detected quickly when presented amongst other facial expressions, on the basis of distinguishing facial features. Psychophysiological investigations using visual scanpath techniques provide evidence for increased foveal attention to facial features of threat-related expressions (anger, fear), which may facilitate rapid detection and subsequent appraisal of the significance of threat (such as the direction of impending threat). Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies implicate a primary role for the amygdale and pre-frontal cortices in interpreting signs of danger from facial expressions and other social stimuli. Subtle disturbances in these neurocognitive systems underlying efficient threat detection (manifesting in attentional biases and aberrant neural activity) may result in abnormally heightened perception of social threat, as seen in clinical levels of social anxiety and/or persecutory delusions in schizophrenia. Clinical states of paranoia may therefore reflect normal variation (i.e. biases) in the adaptive mechanisms which have evolved, in the Darwinian sense, to facilitate efficient threat detection in humans. As such, clinical levels of paranoia may represent the inevitable cost of efficient threat perception--or 'justified' suspicion--that is necessary for survival of the human species.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Psychogenic hemifacial spasm.

Facial spasms that distort facial expression are typically due to facial dystonia, tics, and hemifacial spasm (HFS). Psychogenic facial spasms, however, have not been well characterized. The authors sought to 1) determine prevalence of psychogenic facial spasm in patients referred for evaluation of HFS and 2) draw attention to clinical characteristics and potential diagnostic pitfalls. Among 210 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of HFS, 5 (2.4%) received diagnoses of psychogenic facial spasm. All patients were female; mean age was 34.6 years (range 26-45) and mean symptom duration 1.1 years (range 2 wk-2 yr). Onset was left-sided in 3 patients, and the lid was the initial site affected in 2 patients. This series of patients shows that facial spasms, although usually of neurovascular etiology, may be the initial or only manifestation of a psychogenic movement disorder, often associated with an underlying depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Persistent recurrence of hypomania and prosopoaffective agnosia in a patient with right thalamic infarct.

The authors report a 63-year-old man with a history of brief isolated manic episodes who became persistently hypomanic after a small right thalamic infarct. Detailed behavioral and neuropsychologic assessment were performed 18 months after the stroke and revealed a prosopoaffective agnosia as the foremost cognitive disorder, i.e., an impairment in the identification of emotional facial expressions with preserved discrimination of facial identity. Difficulties in reasoning on humorous material and other signs of mild right hemisphere dysfunction were present, but other perceptual, frontal and abstract-reasoning cognitive functions were unimpaired. Prosopoaffective agnosia has not been reported previously in thalamic lesions or in primary or secondary mania. The authors discuss the hypothetical relationships between a right hemisphere deficit in processing emotions and relapsing of the patient's hypomanic behavior.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1994

Preschool children's seriation of pain faces and happy faces in the Affective Facial Scale.

This study was designed to assess the extent to which use by preschoolers of the 1985 Affective Facial Scale by McGrath, et al. is associated with seriation ability and also to examine the number of different distressed and happy facial expressions which can be discriminated and ordered by this age group. 20 boys and 20 girls (mean age 4 1/2 yr.) were recruited from daycare centers. Participants were taught and tested on seriation using a task which required them to rank-order nine circles ranging from white to black through grey. Then they rank-ordered the nine faces of the Affective Facial Scale. While 39 out of 40 children successfully sorted happy from distressed faces, the present sample was less accurate in distinguishing levels of affect than the older children in the normative sample tested by McGrath, et al. The present participants discriminated only five different levels of facial expression among the nine pictures. Accuracy in rank-ordering the faces was not associated with gender or with performance on the seriation task. Implications for clinical measurement of pain in preschool children are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Affect and face perception: odors modulate the recognition advantage of happy faces.

Previous choice reaction time studies have provided consistent evidence for faster recognition of positive (e.g., happy) than negative (e.g., disgusted) facial expressions. A predominance of positive emotions in normal contexts may partly explain this effect. The present study used pleasant and unpleasant odors to test whether emotional context affects the happy face advantage. Results from 2 experiments indicated that happiness was recognized faster than disgust in a pleasant context, but this advantage disappeared in an unpleasant context because of the slow recognition of happy faces. Odors may modulate the functioning of those emotion-related brain structures that participate in the formation of the perceptual representations of the facial expressions and in the generation of the conceptual knowledge associated with the signaled emotion.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A generalised deficit can account for problems in facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia.

Neuroimaging research has shown localised brain activation to different facial expressions. This, along with the finding that schizophrenia patients perform poorly in their recognition of negative emotions, has raised the suggestion that patients display an emotion specific impairment. We propose that this asymmetry in performance reflects task difficulty gradations, rather than aberrant processing in neural pathways subserving recognition of specific emotions. A neural network model is presented, which classifies facial expressions on the basis of measurements derived from human faces. After training, the network showed an accuracy pattern closely resembling that of healthy subjects. Lesioning of the network led to an overall decrease in the network's discriminant capacity, with the greatest accuracy decrease to fear, disgust and anger stimuli. This implies that the differential pattern of impairment in schizophrenia patients can be explained without having to postulate impairment of specific processing modules for negative emotion recognition.

Anger↗
PubMed2004

Normalization of enhanced fear recognition by acute SSRI treatment in subjects with a previous history of depression.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to 1) assess facial expression recognition in subjects with a previous history of major depressive disorder relative to subjects with no history of depression and 2) characterize the effects of acute citalopram infusion on recognition performance for both groups. METHOD: Unmedicated euthymic women with a history of major depression and matched comparison subjects with no history of depression were given a facial expression recognition task following intravenous infusion of saline or citalopram (10 mg) in a double-blind, between-group design. RESULTS: Following saline infusion, subjects with a previous history of depression showed a selectively greater recognition of fear relative to the subjects with no history of depression. The abnormal fear processing observed in the subjects with a previous history of depression was normalized following citalopram infusion, an effect that was opposite to that seen with the subjects with no history of depression. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that increased recognition of fear is a trait vulnerability marker for depression and that this is normalized following a single dose of citalopram.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Facial reactions to auditory stimuli: sex differences.

This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle activity when exposed to tone stimuli with different intensity. Males and females were repeatedly exposed to 95 dB and 75 dB 1000 Hz tones while their facial electromyographic (EMG) activity from corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions were measured. Skin conductance responses were also measured. It was found that 95 dB but not 75 dB tones evoked increased corrugator activity. This effect differed significantly between males and females. Thus, it was only females that reacted with a significant increased corrugator response to the high intensity tone. While facial responses differed between the sexes, the skin conductance response patterns did not. Consistent with previous research it is concluded that females are more facially expressive than are males.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Normal standards for fetal neurobehavioral developments--longitudinal quantification by four-dimensional sonography.

AIM: To construct normal standards for fetal neurobehavioral development using longitudinal observations through all trimesters by four-dimensional sonography. SUBJECT AND METHODS: A group of 100 healthy normal singleton pregnancies were recruited for longitudinal 4D US examinations to evaluate fetal neurodevelopmental parameters between 7 to 40 weeks' gestation. Variables of maternal and fetal characteristics including gestational age, eight fetal movements patterns in the first trimester and 14 parameters of fetal movement and fetal facial expression patterns recorded thereafter for the construction of fetal neurological charts. RESULTS: Measurement of 7 parameters in the first trimester and 11 parameters in the second and third trimesters correlated with gestational age (P<0.05). Those parameters have been followed longitudinally through all trimesters and showed increasing frequency of fetal movements during the first trimester. A tendency towards decreased frequency of facial expressions and movement patterns with increasing gestational age from second to third trimesters has been noticed. CONCLUSION: With 4D sonography, it is possible to quantitatively assess normal neurobehavioral development. There is urgent need for further multicentric studies until a sufficient degree of normative data is available and the predictive validity of the specific relationship between fetal neurobehavior and child developmental outcome is better established.

Brain↗
PubMed2025

Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing Depression Through Behavioural Cues: A Diagnostic Accuracy Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

AIM: To synthesise existing evidence concerning the application of AI methods in detecting depression through behavioural cues among adults in healthcare and community settings. DESIGN: This is a diagnostic accuracy systematic review. METHODS: This review included studies examining different AI methods in detecting depression among adults. Two independent reviewers screened, appraised and extracted data. Data were analysed by meta-analysis, narrative synthesis and subgroup analysis. DATA SOURCES: Published studies and grey literature were sought in 11 electronic databases. Hand search was conducted on reference lists and two journals. RESULTS: In total, 30 studies were included in this review. Twenty of which demonstrated that AI models had the potential to detect depression. Speech and facial expression showed better sensitivity, reflecting the ability to detect people with depression. Text and movement had better specificity, indicating the ability to rule out non-depressed individuals. Heterogeneity was initially high. Less heterogeneity was observed within each modality subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review examining AI models in detecting depression using all four behavioural cues: speech, texts, movement and facial expressions. IMPLICATIONS: A collaborative effort among healthcare professionals can be initiated to develop an AI-assisted depression detection system in general healthcare or community settings. IMPACT: It is challenging for general healthcare professionals to detect depressive symptoms among people in non-psychiatric settings. Our findings suggested the need for objective screening tools, such as an AI-assisted system, for screening depression. Therefore, people could receive accurate diagnosis and proper treatments for depression. REPORTING METHOD: This review followed the PRISMA checklist. PATIENTS OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patients or public contribution.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Human amygdala responses to fearful eyes.

Fearful facial expressions evoke increased neural responses in human amygdala. We used event-related fMRI to investigate whether eye or mouth components of a fearful face are critical in evoking this increased amygdala activity. In addition to prototypical fearful (FF) and neutral (NN) faces, subjects viewed two types of chimerical face: fearful eyes combined with a neutral mouth (FN), and neutral eyes combined with a fearful mouth (NF). FE faces evoked specific responses in left anterior amygdala. FN faces evoked responses in bilateral posterior amygdala and superior colliculus. Responses in right amygdala, superior colliculus, and pulvinar exhibited significant time x condition interactions with respect to faces with fearful eyes (FF, FN) vs neutral eyes (NF, NN). These data indicate that fearful eyes alone are sufficient to evoke increased amygdala activity. In addition, however, left amygdala displayed discriminatory responses to fearful eyes in different configural contexts (i.e., in FF and FN faces). These results suggest, therefore, that human amygdala responds to both feature-specific and configural aspects of fearful facial expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cortical influences in emotion.

Emotions may be classified into two major divisions: experience and behavior. Because the brain is critical for mediating emotional experience and behavior, diseases of the brain may induce changes in emotional behavior and experience. Disorders of almost all portions of the cerebral hemisphere, including the cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia, have been associated with changes of emotional experience and behavior. Dysfunction of the cerebral cortex may be associated with disorders of emotional communication. Whereas deficits of the left hemisphere appear to impair the comprehension and expression of propositional language, deficits of the right hemisphere may be associated with an impaired ability to comprehend and express emotional gestures such as facial expression and emotional prosody. Some patients have either prosodic or facial emotional deficits. Some have only expressive or receptive deficits. However, others may be globally impaired, either within or across modalities. The posterior portions of the neocortex appear to be important for comprehension and the anterior for expression of both emotional prosody and faces. Injury and dysfunction of the limbic system may also alter emotional communication and experience. For example, damage to the amygdala may be associated with an impaired ability to recognized emotional faces and a reduction of affect, especially anger, rage, and fear. In contrast, lesions of the septal region may be associated with increased ragelike behaviors. Seizures frequently emanate from the limbic system, and seizures that start in the amygdala can induce fear and perhaps even rage. Disorders of the basal ganglia may also be associated with defects of emotional communication and experience. Patients with Parkinson's disease not only may be impaired at communicating emotions with both expressive and receptive deficits but also are often depressed and anxious. Patients with Huntington's disease may have emotional comprehension deficits with an impaired ability to recognize emotional faces and prosody. Patients with Huntington's disease may have mood changes even before motor dysfunction becomes manifest. Many of the defects in emotional experience may be related to the associated changes in neurotransmitter systems. Unfortunately, how alteration of neurotransmitters induce mood changes remains unknown. In this chapter we review the feedback and central theories of emotional experience. Although we argue against the postulates that feedback is critical to the experience of emotions, we do suspect that feedback may influence emotions. Emotions may be conditioned and may use thalamic-limbic circuits, as proposed by LeDoux. However, most emotional behaviors and experiences are induced by complex stimuli that an isolated thalamus could not interpret. The cerebral cortex of humans has complex modular systems that analyze stimuli, develop percepts, and interpret meaning. We discuss the proposal that the experience of emotions is dimensional. Almost all primary emotions can be described with two or three factors, including valence, arousal, and motor activation.

Arousal↗