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PubMed1999

Health, hierarchy, and social anxiety.

This paper suggests that the main reasons why populations with narrower income differences tend to have lower mortality rates are to be found in the psychosocial impact of low social status. There is now substantial evidence showing that where income differences are greater, violence tends to be more common, people are less likely to trust each other, and social relations are less cohesive. The growing impression that social cohesion is beneficial to health may be less a reflection of its direct effects than of its role as a marker for the underlying psychological pain of low social status. Low social status affects patterns of violence, disrespect, shame, poor social relations, and depression. In its implications for feelings of inferiority and insecurity, it interacts with other powerful health variables such as poor emotional attachment in early childhood and patterns of friendship and social support. Causal pathways are likely to center on the influence that the quality of social relations has on neuroendocrine pathways.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2002

A twenty-year trip through the chromaffin cell.

Described here is the origin of a fruitful, long-lasting, and friendly international group of scientists whose main interests are chromaffin cells and exocytosis. Meetings have been held every two years in different countries of Europe and North America, and in Japan, Australia, and Israel. We have no formal society or written rules, and our intention is good science and friendship. The first of our International Symposia on Chromaffin Cell Biology (ISCCB-1) was held in Ibiza (Spain) in 1982, and the most recent (ISCCB-11) was held in San Diego (USA) in 2001. These symposia are attended by 100-150 scientists from most European countries, Japan, Israel, the United States, Canada, South America, and Australia. The interest in the chromaffin cell as a model for studying basic mechanisms of calcium signaling, cell-cell communication, exocytosis, and membrane and vesicle trafficking has been wide; I predict that this interest will grow in the coming years.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Suicidal behavior in "normal" adolescents: risk and protective factors.

Risk and protective factors were examined in suicidal and nonsuicidal public high school students. With life stress and depression as independent risk factors, family cohesion was found to offset the effect of stress, and friendships to have a more indirect effect. Differential effects of ten sources of stress were analyzed from a developmental perspective, and the probability of suicidal behavior associated with clusters of factors was estimated for the general population.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

First impressions count: a controlled investigation of social skill following closed head injury.

This study examined social skills in 14 closed head injured (CHI) patients who were assessed at four months post-injury and compared with 19 orthopaedic control (OC) patients. Social skills deficits were found to be more common in the CHI patients, of whom over half were classified as socially unskilled. CHI patients displayed poorer social skills in the earlier (but not later) part of an extended social interaction, indicating that they make a poor first impression. It is suggested that poor initial impression formation skills may be one reason why CHI patients fail to establish and maintain friendships. Implications of these findings for patient management are discussed. Close others of CHI patients reported higher levels of mood disturbance. Higher levels of close other hostility were associated with social skills deficits in CHI patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Children with mild learning difficulties in an integrated and in a special school: comparisons of behaviour, teasing and teachers' attitudes.

Comparisons were made between children and teachers in two schools, one a mainstream school with an integrated resource unit for children with mild learning difficulties, the other a special school. Seventeen children with mild learning difficulties from the special school and ten children with mild learning difficulties from the mainstream school, matched with ten mainstream children for age and sex, took part in the study. Observations were made on children in the playground and their social proximity and positive and negative behaviours were categorised. Self-reports on teasing, bullying and friendships were also collected from children in the mainstream school. Teachers from both schools completed a questionnaire on their attitudes to integration. There was no difference in amount of social contact children with mild learning difficulties had in the mainstream and special school nor were there significant differences in total positive and negative behaviours. Mainstream children, however, played significantly less frequently with children with mild learning difficulties and this was more marked in the older than the younger children. Self-reports from children in the integrated school indicated that the children with mild learning difficulties were teased/bullied more and made fewer friends than the mainstream children. Teachers in the mainstream were more positive and teachers in the special school were more negative towards integration. The special school teachers' expectations fitted more with the findings of the study than did those of the mainstream teachers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent health behaviour and similarity-attraction: friends share smoking habits (really), but much else besides.

Smoking habits and related attitudes were assessed in a sample of 4059 11- to 16-year-olds who also identified their best friends from among their fellow respondents. Subjects' responses were directly collated with those of their friends and indicated a clear covariation of smoking status (controlling for sex and age) as anticipated from previous research in which adolescents have been asked to report on the smoking habits of their friends. Such covariation, however, was not specific to smoking habits, but generalized to related measures of attitude and normative beliefs, alcohol use, health locus of control, school performance, spending habits and socio-economic status. Similarities on these other attributes were much the same, whether or not friends shared each others' smoking habits. It is concluded that these data argue against a simplistic view of unidirectional 'peer group influence' and invite an interpretation of friendship choice based on multiple dimensions of similarity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Personality functioning: the influence of stature.

BACKGROUND: The Wessex Growth Study has monitored the psychological development of a large cohort of short normal and average height control participants since school entry. AIMS: To examine the effect of stature on their personality functioning now that they are aged 18-20 years. METHODS: This report contains data from 48 short normal and 66 control participants. Mean height SD score at recruitment was: short normals -2.62 SD, controls -0.22 SD. Final height SD score was: short normals -1.86, controls 0.07. The Adolescent to Adult Personality Functioning Assessment (ADAPFA) measures functioning in six domains: education and employment, love relationships, friendships, coping, social contacts, and negotiations. RESULTS: No significant effect of recruitment height or final height was found on total ADAPFA score or on any of the domain scores. Socioeconomic status significantly affected total score, employment and education, and coping domain scores. Gender had a significant effect on total score, love relationships, coping, and social contacts domain scores. Salient aspects of daily living for this sample were identified from the interviews (prevalence%): consuming alcohol (94%), further education (63%), love relationships (55%), current drug use (29%), experience of violence (28%), parenthood (11%), and unemployment (9%). Stature was not significantly related to behaviour in any of these areas. CONCLUSIONS: Despite previously reported links between short stature and poorer psychosocial adaptation, no evidence was found that stature per se significantly affected the functioning of the participants in these areas as young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

WATCH IT: a community based programme for obese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The WATCH IT programme was developed to address the needs of obese children from disadvantaged communities in Leeds and has been running since January 2004. Results of the pilot phase, prior to a randomised controlled trial, are presented. METHODS: A process evaluation to assess success of implementation was conducted in December 2004. User views (parent and child) were obtained by semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Change in BMI SD score was calculated for children attending between January 2004 and November 2005. RESULTS: A total of 94 children (49 girls, 45 boys), mean age (SD) 12.2 (2.0) years attended. They were moderately to severely obese (mean BMI SDS 3.09 (0.45), with low quality of life and self-image scores. There was a significant reduction in overweight at 6 months (DeltaBMI SD -0.07), especially for teenagers (DeltaBMI SD -0.13) and girls (DeltaBMI SD -0.07). The programme was successfully implemented. By December 2004 mean attendance was 2.1 (0.7) clinics per month, and sports sessions 3.3 (1.7) sessions per month. Fourteen children dropped out and non-attendance was low (only 7.5% sessions missed in 12 months). Qualitative research indicated significant appreciation of the service, with reported increase in self-confidence and friendships, and reduction in self-harm. CONCLUSION: WATCH IT offers a model for a community based service for obese children. The programme suggests that effective care can be delivered by health trainers supervised by health professionals, and so potentially provides a cost effective programme within children's communities. These findings are encouraging, and need to be substantiated by extension to other locations and evaluation by randomised controlled trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy.

BACKGROUND: Among all racial and ethnic groups in the USA, African Americans bear the greatest burden from tobacco related disease. The tobacco industry has been highly influential in the African American community for decades, providing funding and other resources to community leaders and emphasising publicly its support for civil rights causes and groups, while ignoring the negative health effects of its products on those it claims to support. However, the industry's private business reasons for providing such support were unknown. OBJECTIVE: To understand how and for what purposes the tobacco industry sought to establish and maintain relationships with African American leaders. METHODS: Review and analysis of over 700 previously secret internal tobacco industry documents available on the internet. RESULTS: The tobacco industry established relationships with virtually every African American leadership organisation and built longstanding social connections with the community, for three specific business reasons: to increase African American tobacco use, to use African Americans as a frontline force to defend industry policy positions, and to defuse tobacco control efforts. CONCLUSION: As the tobacco industry expands its global reach, public health advocates should anticipate similar industry efforts to exploit the vulnerabilities of marginalised groups. The apparent generosity, inclusion, and friendship proffered by the industry extract a price from groups in the health of their members. Helping groups anticipate such efforts, confront industry co-optation, and understand the hidden costs of accepting tobacco industry largesse should be part of worldwide tobacco control efforts.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

The importance of social sources of cigarettes to school students.

OBJECTIVE: To discover the importance of social sources of tobacco to young people as opposed to commercial sources; to describe the peer market for cigarettes in schools and the consequences for young people of their involvement in it. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional questionnaire survey, one-to-one interviews, and focus groups. SETTING: Seven schools in Birmingham, UK. SUBJECTS: All students in two randomly selected classes from each school completed the questionnaire, and never smokers, occasional smokers, and regular smokers were interviewed. RESULTS: Two thirds of occasional smokers and one quarter of regular smokers obtained cigarettes socially, mostly for free. A few smokers regularly bought their cigarettes from others. Among friendship groups, both smokers and non-smokers were involved in the exchange of cigarettes, often for money, which is a common activity. A few young people use the selling of cigarettes to fund their own smoking. Some young people, smokers and non-smokers, are involved in semi-commercial selling of cigarettes. All school students are aware of where to purchase cigarettes from non-friends, which is only used "in emergency" because of the high price. One school had a strong punishment policy for students caught with cigarettes. In this school, more people bought singles from the peer market and the price was higher. CONCLUSIONS: The passing and selling of cigarettes in school is a common activity, which from the young persons perspective, ensures that all share cross counter purchases. A few people are prepared to use the peer market for monetary gain and it appears to be responsive to external conditions. The peer market might mean that efforts to control illegal sales of cigarettes are not as effective as hoped.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Intergroup contact theory.

Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalization-decategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

History of the European pancreatic club: the first 40 years 1965-2005. The development of the European pancreatic club as a scientific society.

The European Pancreatic Club (EPC) was founded during a first symposium on December 9 and 10, 1965 in London (President H.T. Howat). The nine founding members were one biochemist (Jean Christophe, Belgium), one physiologist (Alfred A. Harper, UK), two surgeons (André Delcourt, Belgium, Yngve Edlund, Norway) and five physicians with special interest in the pancreas (Werner Creutzfeldt, Germany, Oliver Fitzgerald, Ireland, Karel Herfort, Czechoslovakia, Henry T. Howat, UK, Henri Sarles, France). It was the first scientific society worldwide which was concerned with the study of the pancreas. The idea was to bring basic scientists and clinicians together in an informal atmosphere to promote friendship and communication on research between them. The 2nd symposium was held in Marseilles in 1967 (President H. Sarles). Until now there have nearly always been annual meetings, the one in 2005 is the 37th. In 1973 the EPC decided to lay down 'Internal Rules' and in 1992 new statutes were introduced. It became a member of the United European Gastroenterology Federation (UEGF) and is coorganizer of the United European Gastroenterology Week (UEGW). The official journal has been Pancreatology since 2001; previously the abstracts had been printed in Digestion since 1982. The officers of the EPC are the President, the Past President, the President Elect, the Secretary, the Treasurer and six Councillors from different European countries, three from basic and three from clinical science. A selection committee (4 basic and 4 clinical scientists) decides on the acceptance of papers. Officers and Presidents are elected by the General Assembly. At the meetings on average 150 contributions are accepted for presentation; the abstracts are printed in Pancreatology. Papers came from nearly all European countries and from overseas. In numbers Germany, France, the UK, Italy and Sweden are at the top. In total 4,837 scientific presentations were made from 1971 to 2004. Fifty-nine symposia and 245 invited lectures informed about the state of the art. Since 1991 a Young Researchers Corner given by international experts is especially designed to give information on new techniques of research. The European Study Group of Pancreatic Cancer (ESPAC) and the European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatitis and Familial Pancreatic Cancer (EUROPAC) are affiliated with the EPC. Since 1999 a Newsletter of the EPC has been published. The website of the EPC is www.e-p-c.org.

Europe↗
PubMed2006

Factors associated with perceived health of very old inhabitants of Japan.

BACKGROUND: Perceived health or self-rated subjective health of the oldest inhabitants of Japan was studied to identify its associated impact on their lives. OBJECTIVE: The health status of the aged was evaluated to elucidate the correlation between their health complaints and perceived health status as expressed on a comprehensive rating scale. METHODS: A health questionnaire including the Todai Health Index (THI) was applied to 529 inhabitants of Central Japan, aged 85 years or older. THI is a symptom checklist composed of 130 questions. Twelve scale scores and two discriminant function values were calculated. Response rate was 99.8% (528/529). Other items included sex, age, prevalence of chronic disease and its treatment, marital status, academic career, and friendship. A question 'How is your health?' with five ordinal response options was used to assess perceived health. RESULTS: The mean values of THI scale scores of lie and aggression of poor (poor or extremely poor) perceived health were significantly lower than those of good (extremely good or good) perceived health. The mean values of other THI scale scores of poor perceived health except impulsiveness and nervousness in male subjects were significantly higher than those of good perceived health. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between perceived health score and THI scale scores were all statistically significant. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify significant factors predicting perceived health. THI scale scores of physical symptoms, depressive state, and irregular daily life were significant. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals in parentheses on each factor were 1.15 (1.07-1.23), 1.14 (1.02-1.30), and 1.15 (1.02-1.30), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Poor perceived health was significantly associated with irregular lifestyle, physical and mental complaints. Perceived health reflects the health status of the oldest inhabitants of Japan.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Factors influencing the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Japan: marital distance and opportunity of encounter.

The inbreeding coefficients (F) were estimated according to marital distance between birthplaces and the opportunity of encounter. As for marital distance, the F-value was the highest for the shortest distance (0.00252), whereas the F-values were similar in the other distance classes (0.00072-0.00097). As for opportunities of encounter, the F-value was 30-37 times higher in the group for friendship from the time of childhood (0.00986) than in those for school, workplace and social gatherings (0.00033) and for chance meetings (0.00027).

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1997

Hamburger's achievement with early renal transplants.

In 1947 Hamburger mapped out his course of action to achieve successful renal transplantation and then undertook what he had predicted. His steps were as follows: in 1952, graft of a kidney from a mother to her son, a failure providing more information than any experimental attempt; in 1959, a transplantation from a non-identical twin to his irradiated brother, a rare success with this dangerous immunosuppression; in 1964, a successful graft from a dead donor, with Dausset's introduction of HLA typing to match the donor and the recipient. Hamburger's and Crosnier's endeavours were interwoven with those of other physicians and surgeons: in Paris, Küss and Legrain, in Boston, Murray and, especially, Merrill, with whom Hamburger shared more than a friendship.

France↗
PubMed1990

Positive psychotherapy: a transcultural and interdisciplinary approach to psychotherapy.

The development of society may be described in terms of the following structural changes: (a) increased population, which requires other rules of contact for adequate forms of social relationships; (b) urbanization, with people living together in clusters, which, on the one hand, intensifies social relationships, but, on the other, reduces possibilities for real friendship; (c) differentiation, which rests on increasing technological development and requires specialization in partial functions; (d) transcultural problems. With people in the industrialized countries, this somatic-psychosocial relationship finds expression in the famous deadly sins of civilization, the risk factors. The following five factors are responsible for the origin and development of psychosocial and psychosomatic diseases, especially the so-called diseases of civilization: alcohol; intoxicants and drugs; smoking, overweight, sedentary life; and emotional stress (anxiety and inner tension).

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytopathology in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences and similarities between cytopathology practice in Vietnam and North America. STUDY DESIGN: Through the sponsorship of Friendship Bridge, we traveled to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in January 1994. By visiting hospitals and medical centers in each city, we observed how economic, demographic and social factors affected cytopathology practice. RESULTS: In Vietnam, the resources of the medical system, cytopathology in particular, are devoted to diagnosis rather than prevention. Consequently, screening tests, such as the Papanicolaou smear for the detection of cervical-vaginal lesions, are not performed on a routine basis. There are regional differences in Vietnam in the employment of common techniques, such as fine needle aspiration biopsy. CONCLUSION: Although limited in funds, cytopathology is widely practiced and serves an important role in the medical system of Vietnam.

Biopsy, Needle↗