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PubMed1999

Differential effects of safflower oil versus fish oil feeding on insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in skeletal muscle: a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study.

To examine the effects of safflower oil versus fish oil feeding on in vivo intramuscular glucose metabolism and relative pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) versus tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, rats were pair-fed on diets consisting of 1) 59% safflower oil, 2) 59% menhaden fish oil, or 3) 59% carbohydrate (control) in calories. Rates of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis were assessed by monitoring [1-(13)C]glucose label incorporation into [1-(13)C]glycogen, [3-(13)C]lactate, and [3-(13)C]alanine in the hindlimb of awake rats via 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy during a euglycemic (approximately 6 mmol/l) hyperinsulinemic (approximately 180 microU/ml) clamp. A steady-state isotopic analysis of lactate, alanine, and glutamate was used to determine the relative PDH versus TCA cycle flux present in muscle under these conditions. The safflower oil-fed rats were insulin resistant compared with control and fish oil-fed rats, as reflected by a markedly reduced glucose infusion rate (Ginf) during the clamp (21.4 +/- 2.3 vs. 31.6 +/- 2.8 and 31.7 +/- 1.9 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in safflower oil versus control and fish oil groups, respectively, P < 0.006). This decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in the safflower oil group was associated with a lower rate of glycolysis (21.7 +/- 2.2 nmol x g(-1) x min(-1)) versus control (62.1 +/- 10.3 nmol x g(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001) and versus fish oil (45.7 +/- 6.7 nmol x g(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.04), as no change in glycogen synthesis (103 +/- 15, 133 +/- 19, and 125 +/- 14 nmol x g(-1) x min(-1) in safflower oil, fish oil, and control, respectively) was detected. The intramuscular triglyceride (TG) content was increased in the safflower oil group (7.3 +/- 0.8 micromol/g) compared with the control group (5.2 +/- 0.8 micromol/g, P < 0.05) and the fish oil group (3.6 +/- 1.1 micromol/g, P < 0.01). Conversely, the percent PDH versus TCA cycle flux was decreased in the safflower oil (43 +/- 8%) versus the control (73 +/- 8%, P < 0.01) and fish oil (64 +/- 6%, P < 0.05) groups. These data suggest that the reduced insulin-stimulated glucose disposal attributed to safflower oil feeding was a consequence of reduced glycolytic flux associated with an increase in relative free fatty acid/ketone oxidation versus TCA cycle flux, whereas fish oil feeding did not alter glucose metabolism and may in part be protective of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by limiting intramuscular TG deposition.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Effect of in vitro stability of dietary fish oil on lipid peroxidation and prostanoids in vivo.

Dietary supplementation of rats with fish oil for 18 days resulted in signs of lipid peroxidation, with increased malondialdehyde production in plasma and myocardium. This increase in malondialdehyde could be completely prevented by supplementing the fish oil with a new natural antioxidant mixture (Pufanox) which is known to markedly increase the in vitro stability of fish oils. Addition of Pufanox to fish oil also tended to increase the ratio between the vasodilator prostacyclin and the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2. The concentration of vitamin E decreased, both in plasma and in the heart after the period of fish oil ingestion, indicating that the fish oil used contained too little vitamin E. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased markedly after fish oil supplementation but with no apparent difference between fish oil with or without Pufanox, probably due to the insufficient content of vitamin E. The results obtained emphasize the importance both of the in vitro stability of the fish oil given and of the amount of vitamin E added.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Practical applications of fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids) in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids) has been studied for more than 30 years. However, recent concerns of mercury and environmental toxins have clouded fish oil's potential clinical benefits. This article aims to review practical, evidence-based applications of fish oil for the primary care physician. METHODS: PubMed search using key words 'fish oil,' 'docosahexaenoic,' and 'eicosapentaenoic' in title/abstract. Limited to human clinical trials. Articles were further scanned for relevant sources. RESULTS: For secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 1 g of fish oil has shown to reduce overall and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Higher doses may be used for its potent triglyceride-lowering effects and for patients with rheumatoid arthritis to reduce nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation of infant formula has shown benefit in infant neural growth and development. With the potential health benefits of fish, women of childbearing age should be encouraged to eat 1 to 2 low-mercury fish meals per week. CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil has numerous practical applications for the primary care physician. Understanding the diverse clinical research of Omega-3 fatty acids and fish oil is important in determining its role in primary care practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Milk production and composition from cows fed small amounts of fish oil with extruded soybeans.

Eight Holstein (189 +/- 57 DIM) and 4 Brown Swiss (126 +/- 49 DIM) multiparous cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to determine the minimal dietary concentration of fish oil necessary to maximize milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA). Treatments consisted of a control diet with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate (dry matter basis), and 3 diets with 2% added fat consisting of 0.33% fish oil, 0.67% fish oil, and 1% fish oil with extruded soybeans providing the balance of added fat. Dry matter intake (23.1, 22.6, 22.8, and 22.9 kg/d, for control, low, medium, and high fish oil diets, respectively) was similar for all diets. Milk production (21.5, 23.7, 22.7, and 24.2 kg/d) was higher for cows fed the fat-supplemented diets vs. the control. Milk fat (4.42, 3.81, 3.80, and 4.03%) and true protein (3.71, 3.58, 3.54, and 3.55%) concentrations decreased when cows were fed diets containing supplemental fat. Concentration of milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA (0.55, 1.17, 1.03, and 1.19 g/100 g of fatty acids) was increased similarly by all diets containing supplemental fat. Milk VA (1.12, 2.47, 2.13, and 2.63 g/100 g of fatty acids) was increased most in milk from cows fed the low and high fish oil diets. Milk total n-3 fatty acids were increased (0.82, 0.96, 0.92, and 1.01 g/100 g of fatty acids) by all fat-supplemented diets. The low fish oil diet was as effective at increasing VA and CLA in milk as the high fish oil diet, showing that only low concentrations of dietary fish oil are necessary for increasing concentrations of VA and CLA in milk.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient for Rora (Labeo rohita) as a representative of freshwater fish.

This investigation was directed towards finding the need of vitamin D for fish. The freshwater column feeder fish Labeo rohita (Rora) was used for the study. Early fry stage fish were divided into four experimental groups of 350 each: two groups were kept in natural light, while the other two were maintained under total darkness. One each of the light and dark-grown groups was supplied dietary vitamin D3 [1,650 i.u/kg diet], whereas the other groups were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet for six months. The known vitamin D-related functions and growth parameters were studied in these four experimental groups of fish. The results showed that fish reared on vitamin D-deficient diet and in dark did not have even traces of liver vitamin D, indicating a state of vitamin D deficiency in these fish. No significant differences were observed in percent bone to body weight or dry matter of the vitamin D-deficient/supplemented groups of fish grown in light/dark. Further, it was also observed that there were no significant changes in bone and carcass ash or calcium and phosphorus content in response to vitamin D3 supplementation as compared to the groups which did not receive vitamin D3 (grown both in light and dark). Also, there was little change in several other parameters like carcass protein and lipid, mortality rates, hepatosomatic index, and feed efficiency between the vitamin D-deficient/supplemented groups of fish. Thus, these findings suggest that vitamin D may not be an essential nutrient for Rora (Labeo rohita) as a representative of freshwater fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Interactions of angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide in the brain: fish to rodent.

The brain peptides atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and angiotensin II (AngII) have antagonistic actions centrally that have evolved to play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of fluid volume and electrolytes. This paper discusses the possible evolution of these functions as viewed through studies on fish and rats. In the euryhaline teleost fish, the major form of ANP is CNP. CNP is important for the adaptation of fish in sea water to water with lower salinity (50% SW). The concentration of CNP in the hypothalamus (HTS-CNP) of toadfish is significantly increased when the fish moves from SW to 50% SW. Interestingly, the plasma CNP concentrations of these fish go in the opposite direction to the brain CNP. Plasma CNP is reduced 24 hrs and 10 days after the fish has been in 50% SW. We postulate that the increased hypothalamic CNP is correlated with an increase in hypothalamic dopamine turnover. Dopamine is the main inhibitory factor for the release of prolactin. In sea-water-adapted fish, prolactin plasma levels are low. In 50% SW, the levels are increased. Extracts of fish-brain CNP caused an increase in urinary sodium and volume, indicating the natriuretic action of CNP. In contrast to CNP, hypothalamic AngII was decreased during adaptation to 50% SW. Thus, CNP and AngII in the brain have opposite actions in fish which aid in their survival in adapting to different salinities. This implies that the hormones evolved as sodium/osmoregulatory peptides, not volume-regulatory peptides. In moving from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, ANP further evolved in mammals as a volume-regulating hormone while retaining its sodium-regulating properties. In the brain the antagonism between the peptides is apparent in many actions, but when volume is changed both peptides are increased. This is in contrast to plasma ANP and plasma AngII, which have opposite actions during hemorrhage. Plasma AngII is increased and plasma AnP is decreased after blood volume loss. Brain ANP counteracts the thirst-inducing and volume-restoring roles of brain AngII in mammals. By these actions, the brain peptides play significant roles in maintaining volume and electrolyte homeostasis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

The effect of fish consumption on blood mercury levels of pregnant women.

In the present study, we examined the relationship between average fish consumption, as well as the type of fish consumed and levels of mercury in the blood of pregnant women. We also performed follow-up studies to determine if blood mercury levels were decreased after counseling and prenatal education. To examine these potential relationships, pregnant women were divided into two groups: a study group was educated to restrict fish intake, whereas a control group did not receive any prenatal education regarding fish consumption. We measured blood mercury level and performed follow-up studies during the third trimester to examine any differences between the two groups. Out of the 63 pregnant women who participated in our study, we performed follow- up studies with 19 pregnant women from the study group and 12 pregnant women from control group. The average initial blood mercury level of both groups was 2.94 microg/L, with a range of 0.14 to 10.75 microg/L. Blood mercury level in the group who ate fish more than four times per month was significantly higher than that of the group who did not consume fish (p = 0.02). In follow-up studies, blood mercury levels were decreased in the study group but slightly increased in the control group (p = 0.014). The maternal blood mercury level in late pregnancy was positively correlated with mercury levels of cord blood (r = 0.58, p = 0.047), which was almost twice the level found in maternal blood. Pregnant women who consume a large amount of fish may have high blood mercury levels. Further, cord blood mercury levels were much higher than that of maternal blood. Because the level of fish intake appears to influence blood mercury level, preconceptual education might be necessary in order decrease fish consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys.

Diets involving three or five fish meal treatments and two zinc bacitracin treatments were fed to 5410 poults. The poults were divided into 552 pens and raised to two, three or four weeks of age in five series of 3 X 2 or 5 X 2 factorial experiments. Body weights increased 9.0 to 31.3% from the addition of 5% menhaden fish meal and 5.4 to 11.9% from the addition of 44 ppm bacitracin. No interaction existed between fish meal and bacitracin. Residues derived from either water or petroleum ether extraction of fish meal, when added to diets at levels equivalent to those in 5% fish meal, produced body weight gains nearly equal to those obtained from 5% fish meal. Body weights were not increased by the addition of either water or petroleum soluble extracts or by charred or ashed fish meal. The addition of a mixture of crystalline amino acids, defluorinated phosphate, and fat equivalent to 5% fish meal produced only a 4.4% increase in body weight. An unidentified growth factor which is non-lipid, non-mineral, and non-water soluble appears to be present in menhaden fish meal when added to well foritified po

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical studies on the effect of thyroid hormone on alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in liver of fish and amphibia.

The Lata fishes (Ophicephalus punctatus) showed increased alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in liver after immersion for 15-30 days in thyroxine-containing medium (0.025 mug/ml). A single injection of thyroxine (1-2 mug/g of body weight) caused increased acid phosphatase activity in liver of Lata fish in comparison to the controls on the 5th day after experiment but the alkaline phosphatase activity remained unchanged. Both alkaline and acid phosphatases showed increased activities in liver of Lata fishes treated with a single injection of 4 mug of thyroxine per g of body weight on the 5th day. Immersion of Lata fishes in thiourea solution (1 mg/ml) for 15 days did not show any alteration in alkaline or acid phosphatase activities but these enzyme activities decreased after 30 days' immersion in thiourea solution in comparison to the controls. A seasonal variation of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities was observed in liver of Lata fishes. More alkaline phosphatase activity was found in liver of summer fishes than in winter fishes. The winter fishes showed more acid phosphatase activity than the summer fishes. Three consecutive injections of thyroxine (0.1 mug/g of body weight) to toads (Bufo melanostictus) caused increased alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in liver on the 5th day of the experiment, in comparison to the controls.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Fatty fish consumption lowers the risk of endometrial cancer: a nationwide case-control study in Sweden.

The consumption of fatty fish, which contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, may lower the risk of hormone-responsive cancers. Our aim was to study the association of fish consumption and endometrial cancer risk in Sweden, a country with a wide range of high fatty fish consumption. Using data from a large, nationwide case-control study (709 cases and 2888 controls), we analyzed consumption of both fatty (e.g., salmon and herring) and lean (e.g., cod and flounder) fish in relation to endometrial cancer risk, adjusting estimates for a wide range of potentially confounding variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed from unconditional logistic regression models fit by maximum likelihood methods. Consumption of fatty fish was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk. The multivariate OR for women in the highest quartile level (median, 2.0 servings per week), compared to women with in the lowest (median, 0.2 servings per week), was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.8; P for trend, 0.0002). The corresponding OR for women in the highest quartile level of lean fish (median, 2.5 servings per week), compared to women in the lowest (median, 0.6 servings per week), was 1.0 (95% CI, 0.8-1.3; P-value for trend, 0.72). Total fish consumption was inversely associated with risk, although weakly. Our results suggest that the consumption of fatty fish, but not other types of fish, may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1976

[The formaldehyde content in fish in relation to anemia in mink (author's transl)].

The fish-induced anemia in mink is an alimentary disease produced by feeding high amounts of some raw marine fishes. The anemiogenic properties of the fish has been related mainly to its content of the iron binding agent-trimethylaminoxide. The aim of the present investigation was to examine how far formaldehyde could also play a part as an anemiogenic factor. The content of formaldehyde has been analysed in all species of raw, cold stored fish known to be used in mink food and in a few samples of ready made food (Table II). The content of formaldehyde varied within wide limits from 12 to 105 ppm, but none of the measured contents reached the high values obtained by Costly (1970). The mean values of formaldehyde in gutted coalfish, fillet waste of coal fish, cod and haddock prepared for the feeding experiments, were all close to 50 ppm. 175 female mink and 632 mits were tested during the whole of the breeding period from 15.2-30.6, 80 per cent of the diet (page 1) was fish products with and without supplements of formaldehyde. Amounts from 200 to 50 ppm were tried (Table I). The supplement of 200 ppm formaldehyde had an appetite-decreasing and anemiogenic effect, but the supplement of 50 ppm, i.e. a formaldehyde content up to the highest value observed in fillet waste, had no effect on appetite or hemoglobin synthesis neither in females nor in kits. This content of formaldehyde did not counteract the anti-anemiogenic effect of iron glutamate. The fish-induced anemia occurred in mink thus appears unaffected by the quantities of formaldehyde found in fish diets to fur bearing animals. Triox must be regarded as the dominant anemiogenic factor in raw fish diets.

Anemia↗
PubMed2003

Toxic metals in freshwater fish from the Zagreb area as indicators of environmental pollution.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the levels of heavy metals and metalloids in freshwater fish from the Zagreb area. A total of 216 freshwater fish samples from 5 sites were examined: Sava river upstream from Zagreb, Sava river at Zagreb, Sava river downstream from Zagreb, Jarun Lake, and 5 "ecologic" fishponds from the Zagreb surroundings. The metals lead, cadmium, mercury and the metalloid arsenic were determined by the method of atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean pooled levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic in all fish samples were 112.3 +/- 95 micrograms/kg, 8.5 +/- 11 micrograms/kg and 23.5 +/- 36 micrograms/kg, and did not exceed the allowed levels of 1,000 mg/kg, 100 micrograms/kg and 200 micrograms/kg, respectively. In 4 fish samples, the levels of mercury exceeded the allowed limit of 500 micrograms/kg (509, 596, 605 and 788 micrograms/kg), however, the pooled mean level of mercury was 127.8 +/- 90 micrograms/kg. There was no major difference in the levels of heavy metals between the two fish families observed, although the levels of lead, cadmium and mercury were higher in the family Ictaluridae (144 vs. 107 micrograms/kg, 10.4 vs. 8.2 micrograms/kg, and 153 vs. 124 micrograms/kg, respectively), whereas the level of arsenic was higher in the family Cyprinidae (23.8 vs. 21.8 micrograms/kg). Although the Sava river at Zagreb is the main recipient of sewage and wastewater in the Republic of Croatia, the levels of heavy metals were within the allowed limits in all groups of freshwater fish samples, with the exception of 4 samples that contained moderately elevated levels of mercury. Study results suggest that only mercury could be considered a good indicator of environmental pollution, because higher levels of mercury were measured in the fish from the Sava river than in the fish from the Jarun Lake and fishponds from the Zagreb surroundings, considering both pooleded and fish family specified data.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Plasma endothelin levels in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by fish gall bladder poisoning].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the change of plasma endothelin (ET) and the occurrence and progress of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) caused by fish gall bladder poisoning. METHODS: Plasma ET was measured in 85 patients with fish gall bladder poisoning and 30 healthy controls and comparison of the levels of plasma ET was carried out between patients groups with different severity of fish gall bladder poisoning. The relationship between plasma ET levels and enzymology as well as some biochemistry indexes in patients with fish gall bladder poisoning was then analyzed. RESULTS: Plasma ET in patients with fish gall bladder poisoning (150.5 +/- 90.5) ng/L was much higher than that in controls (52.8 +/- 9.3) ng/L. The concentration of plasma ET in slight poisoning group (61.2 +/- 13.6) ng/L increased a little, but it was not significantly different with that in controls (P > 0.05). The concentration of plasma ET was significantly higher in moderate poisoning group and severe poisoning group (162.3 +/- 82.3) ng/L and (232.6 +/- 92.7) ng/L as compared with that in the controls (P < 0.01), with the severe poisoning group much higher than the moderate poisoning group and the latter much higher than the normal. At the same time, plasma ET in MODS group and non-MODS group (210.2 +/- 98.7) ng/L and (126.3 +/- 68.3) ng/L were both notably higher than that in the controls. Furthermore plasma ET in the MODS group was much higher than that in the non-MODS (P < 0.01). It was also found that a positive correlation existed between plasma ET and creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (P < 0.01) and a negative correlation between plasma ET and endogenous creatinine clearance rate (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Plasma ET may be involved in the process of fish gall ladder poisoning and later in the progress of MODS. It was shown that the higher the level of plasma ET, the severer the degree of poisoning and the higher the fatality rate. So monitoring plasma ET level dynamically may be an important clinical index in judging the patients condition and their prognosis in fish gall bladder poisoning. Simultaneously it is useful for earlier diagnosis of fish gall bladder poisoning and alertness of MODS caused by it as well as for proper management with antagonist and inhibitor against plasma ET for prevention and cure of fish gall bladder poisoning.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in sea fish samples in some sea areas in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) in sea fish samples in some sea area in China surveyed by using isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS and was evaluated the local people with PCDD/Fs exposure from eating fish. METHODS: Seven different kinds of fish and twenty fishes were sampled totally. Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans were extracted from fish samples by Soxhlet extraction, concentrated and purified by FMS column chromatograph and enriched by carbon column. Confirmation and quantitative analysis at ng/kg level of PCDD/Fs was performed by HRGC/HRMS using multiple ion detection mode (MID). RESULTS: Carp-2 was the certified reference material obtained from the NRC Institute of Canada. The concentration of 9 compounds was consistent with the certified value, and precision was evaluated in this study. The relative standard deviation was less than 15 percent for three times determination. The average concentration of 20 sea fishes was 1.48 ng/kg wet weight, the range was in 0.21-8.10 ng/kg wet weight, and the average total toxicity equivalency factor (TEQ) was 0.292 ng TEQ/kg (wet weight basis) and the range was 0.030-1.291 ng TEQ/kg for these 20 fishes. The evaluation exposure from fish for local people was 0.58 pg WHO-TEQ/kg BW.day. CONCLUSION: The levels of PCDD/Fs was different from sample to sample, and the exposure from fish be less than WHO tolerance limit standard, however, the status for PCDD/Fs pollution should not be ignored especially when having an intake of multi-food.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fish consumption and advisory awareness among expectant women.

During the spring of 2003, the Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS) piloted a fish consumption advisory program targeted at pregnant women. Fish consumption recommendations and information about the prenatal effects of methylmercury were illustrated in multilingual posters, brochures, fact cards, and other promotional items. These materials were mailed to Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program providers, local health departments, and medical clinics, along with a cover letter that encouraged them to display the materials in waiting areas and distribute them to new mothers and expectant women who visited their facilities. In August 2003, a survey was mailed to 1000 women who had given birth during the first week of June 2003. The survey was intended to provide an estimate of the number and types of fish meals the women had consumed during pregnancy and evaluate their familiarity with the outreach materials. On average, survey respondents consumed 3 fish meals a month. The most frequently consumed fish were canned tuna and frozen fish. Approximately one third of women knew that older fish and predatory fish have the highest levels of mercury. While almost half of the women were aware of Wisconsin's sport fish advisory, only 13% of them remembered seeing any of the outreach materials.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Fish oil: a potent inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness.

The effect of fish oil administration on platelet function was studied in eight normal individuals, four men and four women, who received fish oil equivalent to 6 g eicosapentaenoic acid per day for a period of 25 days. Platelet aggregation, platelet adhesion, phospholipid and fatty acid distribution were measured at periodic intervals before, during, and after the period of fish oil administration. Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen showed a moderate increase in ED 50 in response to the administration of fish oil. Conversely, platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and collagen I, which was studied at low shear rates in a laminar flow chamber, showed a striking 60% to 65% decrease after fish oil supplementation of the diet. The change in adhesiveness could be correlated with the pseudopodia formed in response to agonistic stimulation. Scanning electron microscopic examination of adherent platelets showed an overall reduction of pseudopodia that appeared short and stubby on fish oil administration. The profile of the fatty acids extracted from plasma confirmed compliance of the volunteers with their dietary supplements. Analysis of phospholipids showed changes in sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylcholine between pseudopodia and platelet cell bodies. Fish oil administration did not affect their overall distribution except for a moderate decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine in platelet pseudopodia. Changes were also recognized in the total fatty acids extracted from platelets, affecting primarily arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. There were no changes in platelet adhesiveness in a group of five normal individuals who received a vegetable oil supplement of equal dose and duration as that of the fish oil. We conclude from these studies that fish oil, at least when administered over a limited period of time, is an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1987

The use of hydrogenated fish oil to extend vegetable oil.

During the last four years, national production of fish oil has increased appreciably due to the expansion of the "reduction" industries (fish flour). Nevertheless, this production is almost totally destined to industrial use (lubricants, tannery, etc.). In contrast, some countries like Japan, Canada and Peru have been using oil from different fish species for human consumption. In view of the above, the objectives of the present work were: first, to establish the experimental conditions for obtention of a hydrogenated fish oil and second, the formulation of fish and vegetable oil mixtures for use in the food industry. The methodology followed comprised: 1) characterization of crude fish oil through physical and chemical analysis; 2) adaptation of the vegetable oil refining procedures to fish oil, and 3) development of fish oil with vegetable oils. A hydrogenated fish oil with a melting point of 36 degrees C, iodine index of 80, and lovibond color, yellow 20, red 13, was produced. Based on the results of the sensory test, the possibility of using up to 30% extension of this oil with vegetable oils for frying, and up to 50% extension for baking, without affecting acceptability of product, was established.

Fish Oils↗
PubMed1987

Electric organ discharge rhythms and social interactions in a weakly electric fish, Rhamphichthys rostratus, (Rhamphichthyidae, Gymnotiformes) in an aquarium.

Pairs of fish of the South American "pulse" species (of 40-100 Hz frequency), Rhamphichthys rostratus, were studied for position and motor behaviour in tanks fitted with hollow tiles on the bottom. Each pair consisted of a larger and a smaller fish. The larger fish in each pair seemed to be territorially dominant and tended to stay inside the tiles more than the smaller one; the smaller fish moved around more than the larger one. All animals stayed more frequently inside the tiles during the daytime period. During rainy weather, or when each fish was studied separately rather than in pairs, the animals stayed more frequently inside the tiles, usually resting for long periods of time. The larger fish in each pair spent more time on its side than the smaller one, showing a diurnal rhythm in the amount of time spent in this position, whereas no such rhythm was observed for the smaller fish. The acceleration of the frequency of electric organ discharges (EOD), called "jump", and social interaction were also recorded. Smaller fish showed more jump activity than larger ones. The occurrence of jumps was related to the anti-parallel and tandem position of the two fish, seemed to increase with time of settled position and favourable temperature, was more likely to occur when the individuals were quite close to each other and to decrease during rainy weather.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗