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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Concordance of histological classification of lung cancer with special reference to adenocarcinoma in Osaka, Japan, and the North-West Region of England.

In routinely collected data adenocarcinoma of the lung appeared to be 3 times more frequent in Osaka, Japan, than in the North-Western (NW) Region of England (Manchester). Before embarking on comparative epidemiological studies, it was decided to investigate the comparability of histological diagnosis. Specimens from 60 NW Region lung cancer patients and 52 Osaka patients were exchanged and reviewed. The entire material was then independently assessed by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Histological Classification of Tumours. The interpretation of the WHO Classification (WHO, 1981) by the NW Region and by Osaka was upheld by the WHO Collaborating Centre in 89% and 93% of all cases and in 97% and 100% of adenocarcinoma cases respectively. Agreement between the 2 centres was 88% for the main cell types. Differences in the frequency of adenocarcinoma of lung between the NW Region and Osaka are thus not due to diagnostic artefact and require further exploration. The aetiological implications of the finding that many Chinese and Japanese women with lung adenocarcinoma do not smoke (77% in Osaka) are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

A prospective study of the independent effects of parity and age at first birth on breast cancer incidence in England and Wales.

The independent effects of parity and age at first birth on breast cancer incidence are investigated in a 1% sample of women aged 16 to 59 from the 1971 Census of England and Wales. Over the period 1971-81, 1,003 breast cancer cases occurred in the cohort of 113,263 women who were either married, widowed or divorced at the time of Census. Age at first birth was positively related to breast cancer risk, women giving birth to their first child after 35 years being at greater risk than nulliparous women. This effect remained, after adjustment for number of live-born children. Breast cancer risk showed a statistically significant decline with increasing parity even after adjustment for age at first birth. These results are consistent with other published evidence which suggests that other births subsequent to the first have an independent effect on breast cancer risk.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Is the apparent rise in cancer mortality in the elderly real? Analysis of changes in certification and coding of cause of death in England and Wales, 1970-1990.

The effect of changes in recording and coding of cause of death on trends in cancer mortality in England and Wales in persons aged 45 and over during 1970-1990 is reviewed. During this period, all-cancer mortality rates increased only at ages over 75 in males and over 55 in females. Rises in cancer mortality were largely due to increases in cancer of lung, prostate and unspecified site in men, and of lung, breast and unspecified site in women. Death coding and certification artefacts were much larger in older persons. In those aged 75-84, a change in the position of recording cancer on the death certificate could potentially account for 46% of the recorded increase in prostate-cancer mortality and 28% of the increase in breast-cancer mortality. The decrease in recorded mortality from ill-defined terminal events was far greater than the increase in cancer mortality in this age group. The rise in all-cancer mortality in the elderly was partly due to an increase in lung-cancer mortality, and data artefacts explained a large proportion of the increase in the other common specified cancers in those aged 75-84. The use of routine mortality statistics to chart progress against cancer lacks validity at older ages because of imprecision in certification of cause of death.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Surveillance of norovirus infection in a study of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis in South West England and South Wales, during one winter season (1999-2000).

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), electron microscopy (EM) and a genotype II specific antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), (Lordsdale strain) were used to establish the prevalence of Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) among sporadic cases of childhood gastroenteritis in South West England over a winter season. Samples of 3,172 stools from cases of gastroenteritis in children aged under 7 years sent to the Bristol Public Health Laboratory over the 1999/2000 winter 'season' were tested prospectively by EM, EIA and RT-PCR. The results from sporadic cases were compared with 1,360 samples from 285 outbreaks of gastroenteritis which were sent to the laboratory over the same period. In total NLV was established as the causal agent in 326 cases (10.3%) of sporadic gastroenteritis by one or more of the tests (EM 30 (0.9%), EIA 132 (4.2%) and RT-PCR 276 (8.7%)). The presence of other enteric viruses was established using EM and rotavirus EIA. Rotaviruses were the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis with 684 cases (21.6%). Other viruses detected included, adenovirus 124 cases (3.9%), astrovirus 97 cases (3.1%) and calicivirus in 7 cases (0.2%). NLV was the second most common viral agent indicating a significant role in cases of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis.

Caliciviridae Infections↗
PubMed2004

Methods for the detection and characterisation of noroviruses associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis: outbreaks occurring in the north-west of England during two norovirus seasons.

This article describes the methods used to investigate 407 outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurring in the North-West of England between January 2000 and July 2001 and suspected to be caused by noroviruses (NV) [Mayo (2002) Arch Virol 147:1655-1663]. These included 319 outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes and 88 other settings. Eight hundred and seventy-one faecal samples from 407 outbreaks were tested using electron microscopy (EM), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for Grimsby virus (GRV) capsid antigen and/or by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for NV, allowing the utility of each assay for routine diagnosis to be assessed. Preliminary genomic characterisation of detected strains was performed using the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and DNA sequencing. The results demonstrate the continuing predominance of GII-4 GRV strain of NV as a cause of outbreaks, particularly in hospital and nursing home settings. Overall, NV were detected in 223/407 (55%) of outbreaks tested. However, a wide range of apparently diverse strains was identified, including several not previously reported. Genomic characterisation revealed clusters of linked outbreaks not recognised previously.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiology of human Sapporo-like caliciviruses in the South West of England: molecular characterisation of a genetically distinct isolate.

Human enteric caliciviruses have been assigned to two distinct genera: the Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and the Sapporo-like viruses (SLVs). During a 3-year surveillance of gastroenteritis in the South West of England during November 1997-2000, a total of 27 clinical samples containing SLVs were collected. PCR amplicons covering a region of the RNA polymerase gene were obtained from 18 of the SLV samples. Sequence analysis of the PCR products indicated that the SLV isolates could be assigned to one of the two major genetic groups represented by Sapporo and London/92 caliciviruses. One of these isolates belonging to the London/92 group (Bristol/98) was subjected to a complete genome sequence analysis. The full genomic sequence of the Bristol/98 isolate was determined from RNA extracted from a single stool sample and consists of 7490 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail. The genome is organised into two open reading frames (ORFs), similar to that of Manchester SLV although the small ORF overlapping the region encoding the capsid protein observed in Manchester SLV is absent in Bristol/98 SLV. The polyprotein (ORF1) of Bristol/98 SLV consists of 2,280 amino acids and, as observed in all SLVs, the structural protein is encoded in frame and contiguous with the 3' terminus of the ORF1. Phylogenetic studies based on complete capsid sequences and genome arrangements within the SLVs indicate that the human enteric viruses within the "Sapporo-like" virus clade should be divided into two distinct genetic groups analogous to the assignment of the Norwalk-like viruses.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Machado-Joseph disease in New England: clinical description and distinction from the olivopontocerebellar atrophies.

Experience is described in 25 patients from southern New England with Machado-Joseph Disease, examined serially at annual screening clinics. The disorder is dominantly inherited, with a wide range of phenotypic variation. Core clinical features described include ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, facial fasciculations, and lid retraction, producing a characteristic staring expression. In addition, young onset patients have spasticity, extrapyramidal rigidity, and dystonic manifestations. Late onset patients often have distal atrophy and sensory loss. Postural instability is often an early feature. We discuss the distinction of this entity from the olivopontocerebellar atrophies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Living circumstances of children and adults with mental retardation or developmental disabilities in the United States, Canada, England and Wales, and Australia.

The purpose of this article was to collate evidence to describe where people with mental retardation or developmental disabilities live in five developed countries: United States, Canada, England, Wales, and Australia. Family homes are important dwelling places for people with mental retardation. They are the home of the great majority of children with mental retardation and a considerable proportion of adults with mental retardation. The likelihood of placement outside the family home increases with adulthood and progressively as people age. Adults with mental retardation live in a wide variety of settings, with formal residential provision frequently dependent on the arrangements that the authorities responsible for providing service support have chosen to make. There has been a considerable move away from accommodating people in large segregated and geographically isolated institutions in the countries considered. However, the current range of accommodation includes much with a distinctively different character to the homes where other citizens live. Many people still live in larger groups than would be ordinarily found in typical homes and this may necessitate departure from the architectural norm. In all of the countries considered, there has been a recent trend towards small community settings, compatible with typical housing architecture. This appears furthest advanced in the U.S. but is discernible elsewhere. Availability of residential services at a national level varies between 100 and 155 places per 100,000 total population. Regional variation within countries is even greater. In no case is the national availability considered adequate to meet the demand arising from changing need or expectations. MRDD Research Reviews 7:115-121, 2001. (c) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

A prospective study of admissions for febrile neutropenia in secondary paediatric units in South East England.

BACKGROUND: The Paediatric Oncology Centres (POCs) treating childhood cancer in South East England produce unified supportive care guidelines for use in the secondary pediatric (shared care) units. This study evaluated the adherence to current guidelines for febrile neutropenia (FN) and documented outcome in terms of bacterial isolates, antibiotic resistance patterns, length of hospital stay, and mortality. PROCEDURE: Prospective study of pediatric FN admissions between July 2001 and December 2002. RESULTS: Data were received on 433 eligible FN episodes in 212 patients. The recommended empirical antibiotics (piptazobactam + gentamicin) were used in 354 (82%) admissions. Blood cultures were positive in 129 episodes (30%). Gram-positive organisms predominated (120/149 organisms isolated) and the majority were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (95/120). There were 27 Gram-negative isolates and 1 fungal isolate. No Gram-negative isolate was resistant to both first-line antibiotics. Only one death was recorded in the study group. The median length of hospital stay was 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: We obtained data on a large number of shared care episodes of FN. The antibiotic guidelines were followed in most episodes. Bacteremia was common, but little resistance to first-line antibiotics was documented among Gram-negative isolates, confirming the safety of the strategy in our population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for thalassaemia in pregnant Pakistani women in the North of England.

OBJECTIVES: Most births of children affected with beta-thalassaemia major in the United Kingdom are to parents of Pakistani origin. A popular explanation for this is that Pakistanis decline termination of pregnancy on religious grounds. However, various factors influence people's attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy, which have not been investigated in a UK Pakistani sample. This study is aimed at exploring the attitudes of pregnant Pakistani women towards prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for beta-thalassaemia major in the North of England. METHODS: Forty-three pregnant women tested for thalassaemia carrier status were interviewed following receipt of their test results. Interviews were analysed using the grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Findings showed: (1) women's awareness of and attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis; (2) the relationship between attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis and termination of an affected foetus; (3) the relationship between attitudes towards termination of pregnancy and religious beliefs, perceptions of severity of the condition, influence of significant others, and (4) the impact of gestational age at the time of the offer of termination of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Pakistani women's attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy are influenced by various factors, and therefore their religion should not be taken as a proxy for their attitudes either for or against termination of pregnancy.

Abortion, Eugenic↗
PubMed1987

The impact of screening for open neural tube defects in England and Wales.

Using information derived from the voluntary system of notification of congenital malformations in England and Wales, the birth prevalence of anencephaly and spina bifida was estimated to have declined by 80 per cent from 31.5 to 6.2 per 10,000 between 1964-1972 and 1985. Over the same period, notified terminations of pregnancy with a suspected fetal central nervous system abnormality increased from less than 1 per cent to 56 per cent of neural tube defect births and central nervous system terminations combined, accounting for 31 per cent of the decline in births. Routinely collected national statistics provide a method for monitoring the impact of screening for open neural tube defects. However because they are incomplete and lack detail an alternative method of monitoring is needed. This paper includes an outline of such a method, together with the results of a pilot study designed to assess the feasibility of monitoring screening in the Oxford Region.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1989

Prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects in England and Wales in 1985.

A survey was carried out to determine the effect of prenatal screening and therapeutic abortion on births in 1985 with anencephaly and spina bifida in England and Wales. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein tests were done on 399,288 women (60 per cent of pregnant women): 4 per cent were reported as being screen-positive and 1 per cent had an amniocentesis. An estimated 534 pregnancies associated with anencephaly were terminated and an estimated 445 pregnancies associated with spina bifida (but without anencephaly) were terminated. Most (63 per cent) of the anencephalic pregnancies were first suspected from an ultrasound examination; 57 per cent of the spina bifida pregnancies were first suspected from a positive maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test, 35 per cent by ultrasound, and the remaining 8 per cent by other means. The birth prevalence of anencephaly declined by 94 per cent between 1964-1972 and 1985, but when the terminations of pregnancy on account of having a fetus with anencephaly are added to the births the decline in prevalence was only 50 per cent. The birth prevalence of spina bifida declined by 68 per cent over the same period but when the terminations were added to the births the decline in prevalence was only 32 per cent. Among births with anencephaly 66 per cent had had no screening or diagnostic tests in early pregnancy, but in those that did nearly all were positive--usually in twin pregnancies where one fetus was affected but not the other. Among births with spina bifida, 48 per cent had no tests and in those that did the results were mainly negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1991

Birth prevalence of Down's syndrome in England and Wales.

The natural birth prevalence of Down's syndrome for England and Wales in 1974-1987 (i.e., the birth prevalence in the absence of prenatal diagnosis and the induced abortion of affected pregnancies) was estimated by applying the maternal age-specific birth prevalence derived from epidemiological studies to the number of births in single-year age groups tabulated by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). On average, the natural birth prevalence was 12.6 per 10,000 births and increased slightly from 12.2 to 13.2 per 10,000 births over the 14-year period. Using data on induced abortions carried out on account of Down's syndrome reported to OPCS under the statutory abortion notification scheme, 14 per cent of affected births were avoided by the induced abortion of affected pregnancies, so that the actual birth prevalence of Down's syndrome was estimated at 10.8 per 10,000 births. Using data on Down's syndrome births reported to OPCS under the voluntary congenital malformation notification scheme, the prevalence was 7.2 per 10,000 births, so only 67 per cent of the estimated number of affected births were, in fact, notified to the scheme.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer patients consultation patterns in primary care and levels of psychological morbidity: findings from the Health Survey for England.

AIM: To determine the consultations patterns in general practice, for people with cancer and other chronic illnesses, and to assess the levels of psychological morbidity. METHODS: The following questions from the 1999 Health Survey for England were analysed: presence of a self-reported long-standing illness and its nature, numbers of contacts with general practitioner (GP) in the previous 2 weeks, contact with a GP in the previous year for anxiety/depression or a mental, nervous or emotional problem, presence of a self-reported long-standing illness of mental illness, anxiety or depression, and GHQ12 scores. For comparison purposes, data from respondents reporting having asthma, arthritis, diabetes, other long-standing illness, and no long-standing illness are presented. RESULTS: A third of respondents with cancer had contact with a GP in the last 2 weeks, which was slightly higher than the other illness group, however the pattern of attendances for those respondents who did consult were similar between groups. A quarter of people with cancer had spoken to a GP in the last year about being anxious/depressed, or about a mental, nervous or emotional problem. A third of cancer respondents reported high GHQ12 scores, but self-reported long-standing illness of 'mental illness/anxiety/depression' was low (4%). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that psychological morbidity may be unrecognised in some cancer patients. There is potential for these symptoms to be identified and treated in primary care, especially given the ongoing nature of the patient-doctor relationship and the easy access primary care affords.

Depression↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of PCR, IEF and ELISA techniques for the detection and identification of potato cyst nematodes from field soil samples in England and Wales.

Effective management of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) requires simple, rapid and accurate identification and quantification of field populations. Soil samples from a survey of 484 fields in potato rotations in England and Wales were used to compare the identification and quantification of PCNs using IEF, PCR, ELISA and bait plant tests. The cyst counts and bait plant test revealed that 64.3% of field samples contained PCNs. Bait plant tests increased the detection rate of PCNs in field samples by 4-6.4%. This means that some infestations are cryptic and would not normally be detected by standard counts. IEF, PCR and ELISA methods distinguished between Globodera rostochiensis and G pallida and were able to register mixed populations; however they were not in full agreement. All methods suggested that G pallida is the dominant species in the field samples tested. The PCR results indicated that 66% of field samples contained pure G pallida, 8% contained pure G rostochiensis and 26% contained mixtures of the two species. Estimates of the relative process times taken per sample in the PCR, IEF and ELISA techniques are given.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Radon levels in abandoned metalliferous mines, Devon, southwest England.

Radon levels underground in two abandoned mines in Devon, United Kingdom, are reported and analyzed. Extremely high levels have been noted, 7,100,000 Bq m(-3) being the highest level recorded. This is approximately 89 times higher than the highest published radon level for caves and mines in Devon and Cornwall, England, which is 80,000 Bq m(-3). These levels have significant health implications for both casual and occupational mine explorers.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1998

First sexual intercourse: anticipation and communication. Interviews with young people in England.

This study investigated anticipation and communication around first sexual intercourse through semi-structured interviews with young people (aged 16 to 29) in England. Ranging from surprise to pre-planning, several different levels of anticipation are explored. The main findings are as follows: communication plays a central role, mediating between the degree of anticipation and the degree to which first intercourse is wanted, protected and enjoyed. First intercourse tends to be characterized by silence, especially during early, spontaneous encounters. Silence does not imply lack of communication-non-verbal communication plays an important role. Where young people are ambivalent, verbal and non-verbal communication may send contradictory messages. The implications of the results for future safer sex campaigns are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Knowledge of cardiovascular disease prevention: an analysis from two New England communities.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has been decreasing in the United States, possibly due in part to educational programs about CVD prevention. This study investigates CVD risk-reduction knowledge among demographic subgroups in two New England cities and how the level of knowledge changed in these subgroups over time. METHODS: Six independent cross-sectional surveys including a series of open-ended recall CVD knowledge questions were conducted biennially from 1981 to 1993 as part of the outcome evaluation for the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. We constructed a raw CVD knowledge score and then created an analysis of variance model with knowledge score as the dependent variable and explanatory variables including demographics, survey, and city. RESULTS: CVD prevention knowledge improved significantly over time in both cities and in every demographic subgroup, increasing rapidly from 1981 to about 1988 and then plateauing between 1988 and 1993. Adjusted knowledge scores were higher for people born in the United States, women, more educated individuals, and those who spoke English at home. The increase in knowledge over time came mainly from an increase in the identification of physical inactivity, and blood cholesterol/high fat diet as CVD risk factors, while there was a decrease in the identification of overweight and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In order to assure that reductions in CVD morbidity and mortality will be sustained, national educational efforts which stress behavior change skills as well as knowledge must continue. These programs should focus particularly on higher risk subgroups, and risk factors such as weight reduction and blood pressure control should be special priorities.

Adolescent↗