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PubMed2005

The cognitive cost of extending an evolutionary mind into the environment.

Clark and Chalmers (1998) have argued that mental states can be extended outside an organism's skin. In response to some worries about the availability, reliability and portability of such extended resources, Clark (2005) offers a set of rough criteria that non-biological objects must fulfil to legitimately ground mental states. One such criterion is that the information retrieved from these non-biological sources be (more or less) automatically endorsed. But Sterelny (2003, 2005) has persuasively argued that the extended sphere is epistemologically opaque: a domain of contested truth and deliberate deception. As such, retrieving information from this domain requires the deployment of social guards for the information to remain reliable. But deploying such guards would seem to endanger endorsability by increasing cognitive load. Here I demonstrate that deploying social guards does not increase cognitive load if the guards are implemented in a highly distributed connectionist economy or off-loaded to the external environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Repressing distress in childhood: a defense against health-related stress.

This paper is a review of empirical investigations of the repressive adaptive style in youth. Studies were selected on the basis of their adherence to Weinberger et al.'s (J Abnorm Psychol 88: 369-380, 1979) paradigm, consisting of the interaction between a measure of distress and a measure of defensiveness to categorize repressors. The presence of a repressive style of adaptation was identified in adolescence, especially among pediatric populations. Adolescent repressors were found to exhibit characteristics similar to those identified among adult samples (i.e., self-deception, biased self-reports, and inhibition of signals of distress). Only one study focused on young repressors' autonomic reactivity, which is another main characteristic of a repressive adaptive style in adulthood. Methodological inconsistencies between child studies are highlighted and weaknesses in the psychometric properties of defensiveness measures in childhood are discussed. Future investigations should examine the impact of a repressive adaptive style on health outcomes and behaviors to see if adult health data associated with a repressive style of adaptation are replicable in childhood.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

A comparative study of the use and understanding of self-presentational display rules in children with high functioning autism and Asperger's disorder.

The use and understanding of self-presentational display rules (SPDRs) was investigated in 21 children with high-functioning autism (HFA), 18 children with Asperger's disorder (AspD) and 20 typically developing (TD) children (all male, aged 4- to 11-years, matched on mental age). Their behaviour was coded during a deception scenario to assess use of SPDRs; understanding of SPDRs was assessed via three real/apparent emotion-understanding vignettes. The children with HFA and AspD used less effective SPDRs than the TD children, but there were no group differences in understanding SPDRs. The children with HFA and AspD did not differ on their use or understanding of SPDRs, and the results are discussed in relation to the similarities and differences between these diagnostic conditions.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Floral phenylpropanoid cocktail and architecture of Bulbophyllum vinaceum orchid in attracting fruit flies for pollination.

It is widely believed that most orchid flowers attract insects by using deception or chemical rewards in the form of nectar. Flowers of Bulbophyllum vinaceum produce a large array of phenylpropanoids that lure tephritid fruit fly males and also act as floral reward, which the flies subsequently convert to pheromone components. The major floral volatile components identified are methyl eugenol (ME), trans-coniferyl alcohol (CF), 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxphenol (DMP), and trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl acetate, whereas the minor components are eugenol, euasarone, trans-3,4-dimethoxy cinnamyl alcohol, and cis-coniferyl alcohol. Among the various floral parts, the lip (which is held in a closed position up against the sexual organs) has the highest concentration of the major compounds. An attracted male fly normally lands on one of the petals before climbing up onto and forcing the "spring loaded" floral lip into the open position, hence exposing the floral sexual organs. The architecture and location of chemical attractants of the lip compel the fly to align itself along the lip's longitudinal axis in a precise manner. As the fly laps up the compounds and moves towards the base of the lip, it passes the point of imbalance causing the lip to spring back to its normal closed position. The fly is catapulted headfirst into the column cavity, and its dorsum strikes the protruding sticky base of the hamulus and adheres to it. The momentum of the fly and the structural morphology of the long stiff hamulus act to pry out the pollinia from its anther cover. Hence, the pollinarium (pollinia + hamulus) is detached from the flower and adhered to the fly's dorsum. In this unique mutualistic association, both species receive direct reproductive benefits--the flower's pollinarium is transported for cross pollination, and the fly is offered a bouquet of phenylpropanoids (synomone) that it consumes, converts, and/or sequesters as sex pheromonal components, thus enhancing sexual attraction and mating success.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Epidemic occupational pseudo-illness: the plague of acronyms.

Genuine disorder caused by repetitive movement has unmistakable features vitally different from occupational pseudo-illness, which comes and goes in new guises and massive epidemics wherever the label legitimizes gain from compensation. The assumption of an existing label such as the carpal tunnel syndrome gives the false idea of greater potential for deception. The solution to the menace lies in logical reasoning, which recognizes falsity before it begins to dominate the minds of the community.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome↗
PubMed1975

Temporary blindness after cosmetic blepharoplasty.

A patient who underwent a cosmetic blepharoplasty suffered a retrobulbar hemorrhage with no light perception deception detected when the dressing was removed two hours postoperatively. Opening the incision site led to the complete return of visual acuity and ocular motility and relief of the proptosis. The rebleeding of cauterized blood vessels may have caused the retrobulbar hemorrhage and seems to be a potential problem in all cosmetic blepharoplasties. Eliminating the use of postoperative bandages may prevent blindness after cosmetic blepharoplasty since it allows early detection of a retrobulbar hemmorrhage. This allows the nurse to check the patient for loss of vision and proptosis at ten-minute intervals for the first two hours after surgery so immediate treatment can be implemented if retrobulbar hemorrhage and central retinal artery occlusion occur.

Blindness↗
PubMed1985

Solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the lateral orbital wall.

Two children (aged 18 and 23 months at the initial examinations) were each ultimately found at surgery to have a solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the lateral orbital wall. Both patients had a symptomatic period of six weeks during which time other diagnoses were considered: bacterial preseptal cellulitis and mumps dacryoadenitis in the first case and traumatic recurrent orbital hematoma in the second. Diagnostic difficulties stemmed from confusing features in their histories, as well as the location of the lesion and the deceptively minimal swelling relative to the actual size of the lesion. Follow-up ten and 18 months after curettage of the two lesions showed no recurrence or evidence of systemic involvement. Although most reported cases describe the orbital frontal bone as the site of origin in the orbit, our cases demonstrated that unifocal eosinophilic granuloma may occur in the lateral wall of the orbit.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1977

Angiodysplasia as a source of intestinal bleeding.

Nine cases of angiodysplasia have been angiographically identified in the past eight years at the two teaching and two major private hospitals in the West Los Angeles-Santa Monica area. In seven patients, repeated massive hematochezia whose source had escaped previous intensive diagnostic studies, was the indication for angiography. Two malformations were found incidentally during an angiogram for an unrelated problem. Four of the patients had had a previous angiogram which failed to show the lesion. Eight of the nine patients had right colon vascular malformations, but one had jejunal angiodysplasia as well. One patient had a midileal vascular malformation which appeared in the right lower quadrant on the study. Six of the seven underwent resection of the implicated bowel, and none have rebled. The series suggests that angiodysplasia may not be as rare as commonly assumed and in four cases escaped detection even angiographically at least initially. The lesions may be multiple and their anatomical site radiologically deceptive. Finally, these vascular malformations may be an incidental finding, and though demonstrable angiographically, may not necessarily be responsible for bleeding in the patient older than fifty years.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Anomalous course of the left main coronary artery in tetralogy of Fallot.

An extremely rare coronary artery anomaly where the left main coronary artery arose anteriorly from the right coronary sinus and coursed in front of the right ventricular outflow tract was present in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Preoperative angiocardiography was interpreted as normal. Operative recognition was prevented by dense adhesions and a partial intramural course. Division of the vessel at repair resulted in death of the patient. The angiographic pattern associated with this anomaly is very unusual, and in many views looks deceptively normal. Details are presented.

Coronary Angiography↗
PubMed1991

Enhancement of physicians' treatment of illness by behavior therapy.

The author criticizes physicians who cling to the conventional belief that successful diagnosis and treatment of physical symptoms can only be handled by medical interventions. He describes the behavioral treatment of three patients who had been treated for almost two years unsuccessfully by medical specialists and who improved significantly with behavioral interventions. A physician who lacks the psychological information that illuminates the environmental and personal contingencies that help to initiate, support, and maintain a patient's symptoms--information such as that obtained by a behavioral analysis--risks deriving a deceptive image of the illness, extends treatment time, prolongs suffering, augments the risk of iatrogenic complications, and increases treatment costs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Epithelioid sarcoma masquerading as Dupuytren's disease.

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare and deceptive lesion, often confused both clinically and on histopathological examination with other malignant processes. The surgical course of two patients with initial diagnoses of Dupuytren's disease is described. Early biopsy of all unusual fibrotic lesions on the palm is recommended. An aggressive surgical approach to confirmed malignancy is mandatory.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Realism and children's early grasp of mental representation: belief-based judgements in the state change task.

In a standard deceptive box procedure, children aged around 3 years typically fail to acknowledge their own prior false beliefs. For example, they judge incorrectly that they had initially thought a Smarties tube contained pencils after discovering these to be the actual content. Wimmer and Hart (1991) showed that children were more likely to answer correctly in a variant of this task known as a "state change", procedure. In this task, they saw that a container held its expected content (so the initial belief was true) before this was exchanged for something atypical. This appears to offer powerful evidence suggesting that children who fail the standard task do not understand about belief. However, we argue against this view. In a series of 4 experiments, we show that when children see the expected contents before these are swapped for something atypical, this not only makes it easier to report their own and a puppet's initial true belief but also a puppet's current false belief. The results are consistent with the "reality masking hypothesis", according to which facilitation is due to the belief option being linked with a physical counterpart in the state change procedure.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

Necrotizing fasciitis: a serious complication of omphalitis in neonates.

Necrotizing fasciitis occurs when the inflammation (cellulitis) spreads beyond the umbilicus to include the subcutaneous tissue and underlying fascia. Presently, omphalitis is relatively uncommon because of aseptic delivery techniques and antimicrobial therapy. One hundred three neonates aged 7 to 28 days, with varying degrees of omphalitis, were treated on an outpatient or inpatient basis between 1989 and mid-1993. The neonates were full-term and weighed at least 2.5 kg. Patients with necrotizing fasciitis initially appear deceptively well, which results in less-than-optimum treatment at the outset, followed by a rapid and fulminating downhill course, in turn resulting in death within 24 to 72 hours. Early recognition of the condition, with aggressive resuscitation, appropriate antibiotics, and early surgery are necessary to salvage this high-risk group. The risk factors that may predict the development of necrotizing fasciitis and its early detection are discussed.

Debridement↗
PubMed1986

Defensive projection and paranoid delusions.

The present study considered the implication of a new explanation of defensive projection for the thematic qualities of schizophrenic delusions. Projection was proposed to be a form of self-deception practiced by people who make excessive use of social comparison in self-evaluation. Defensive projection occurs when an unacceptable quality is minimized by distorting this quality in other people used as standards of comparison. Reactive paranoid schizophrenics were expected to show projection as a distortion of social comparison and process paranoid schizophrenics were not. This was tested in terms of a number of thematic qualities that should appear in actual delusions of reactive paranoids but not in those of process paranoids (i.e. more specific social references, attribution of untrustworthiness by men, attribution of hostility by women, concern with female identity in women). The results confirmed these predictions and supported the social-comparison interpretation of projection as a defense in reactive schizophrenics that contributes to the development of delusions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Measurement of conscious symptom exaggeration by questionnaire: a clinical study.

This study compared measures of conscious exaggeration of symptoms by 157 patients with chronic pain who were involved in personal injury litigation with 106 patients not seeking compensation who were also attending a multidisciplinary pain clinic. Pain severity was assessed using a visual analogue scale and the adjectival check-list of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. There was no difference between the two groups on scores obtained on the Conscious Exaggeration (CE) scale; it was found that there was a significant correlation between CE scores and trait anxiety, hostility, state anxiety, and pain descriptors in the 'Miscellaneous' category of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. It was concluded that there is no support for the claim that the Conscious Exaggeration scale can detect deception with the object of financial gain among chronic pain patients involved in litigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Illness behavior and somatization in general practice.

In the primary care setting, the early recognition that a patient has psychological problems is frequently hindered by the deceptive mode of presentation known as somatization. In a cross-sectional survey of patients attending suburban General Practitioners in a large metropolitan city, the General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ-30) and the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) were completed by 201 patients. A comparison was made between somatizing and nonsomatizing patients with new inceptions of illness in terms of the risk of the presence of a mild nonpsychotic psychiatric illness and aspects of illness behavior. For the group as a whole, somatizing patients were more likely to be older and female. Male somatizers differed from male nonsomatizers by showing greater disease conviction and affective disturbance and more readiness to acknowledge difficulties in their lives other than health problems. No differences were found between female somatizing and nonsomatizing patients. We conclude that, while male patients who somatize psychological distress may be distinguished from male nonsomatizers early in their illness, in terms of their illness behavior, these differences are not seen as early distinguishing characteristics in female patients who present to their General Practitioners with physical problems for which no organic cause can be established.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Variance of sensory threshold measurements: discrimination of feigners from trustworthy performers.

Sensory threshold measurements are criticized as subjective and therefore not to be relied upon in clinical diagnostic practice, particularly when deliberate deception by the patient is suspected. In an attempt to devise a method which permits dependable sensory threshold interpretation, individual variability of thresholds was examined in normal and neuropathic subjects. Normals were also instructed to feign sensory impairment resulting from hypothetical injury. For each subject, a number of threshold readings were averaged, yielding individual means and variances. Feigning normal subjects evidenced a larger variance compared to trustworthy normal and neuropathic subjects. Thus, alertness to variance reinforces the psychophysical analysis: small variance values suggest trustworthy normal or pathological results, whereas large variance calls the interpreter's attention to feigned results or inattentive test performance.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1992

Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands. Case report and literature review.

Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands is rare and tends to occur in the palate. This tumor has distinct but rather deceptive histomorphologic features, which may cause erroneous diagnosis. An extensive English-language literature review revealed reports of 22 well-documented low-grade papillary adenocarcinomas. Six of these tumors (27%) recurred locally between 12 months and 19 years after initial treatment. Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma appears to have more aggressive biologic behavior compared with other low-grade adenocarcinomas in this region. Four of the reported cases (17%) had cervical lymph node metastases at the time of presentation. We report an additional case and discuss the literature.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗