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PubMed2001

Perceptions of primary healthcare services among persons with physical disabilities - part 2: quality issues.

BACKGROUND: The ability of persons with disabilities to access quality primary care in Canada is not well documented. This article reports on the perceived quality of primary care received by persons with disabilities by looking at utilization of elements of the health maintenance examination, referrals, health promotion, healthcare provider role clarification, and satisfaction. METHODS: A sample of convenience was undertaken whereby an anonymous self-report questionnaire, which included the Short Form-36 Health Survey, was mailed to members of several Canadian disability organizations and persons discharged within the last 2 years from a rehabilitation hospital. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: A total of 201 individuals (20% response rate) completed and returned the surveys, 61.2% of whom were women. Some elements of the health maintenance examination, including Pap tests, mammogram referral, and measurement of blood pressure (BP), were not markedly different from population census data. Inquiry around health promotion was low, as 61.7% of our sample did not receive a functional assessment, 58.2% were not asked about emotions, and only 10% were asked about physical or sexual violence. Diet, exercise, smoking, pain, sleep, alcohol, sex, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and reproductive choices were discussed in varying degrees. INTERPRETATION: Among respondents in our survey, disabled women were able to access important screening tests. Health promotion services, however, were often not offered. The particular healthcare needs of disabled women and men -- eg, having a condition that may be progressive, being at increased risk of secondary disability and the added effects of aging -- may be addressed more effectively by including health promotion. It is proposed that functional assessment, emotional inquiry, and role clarification could improve the delivery of health promotion and the perceived quality of care received.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The relation between Greek and Islamic materia medica.

Many studies have been made on the exact data of the introduction of Greek sciences to the Arabic culture. During the 8th and 9th centuries A.D. a big progress was done in the Arab-Islamic sciences, when the Caliphs of the Omayad and Abbasid dynasties invited many scientists, researchers and translators for translation of all sciences into Arabic. The Arabs paid special attention to the Greek natural sciences such as botany and pharmacy. Greek materia medica was a major common basis for Arab-Islamic medicine and pharmacy which in turn paved the way to the modern pharmaceutical therapy.

Arab World↗
PubMed1976

Spacelab and its utilization for biomedical experiments.

The types of investigations possible in the orbital laboratory Spacelab are considered. A summary of services available to the Spacelab user is given, in which the load carrying capacity and the characteristics of the main subsystems (e.g. thermal control, environmental control, electrical power and energy as well as data management) are briefly described. Life science investigations may be undertaken for two reasons: firstly, to ensure safety and efficiency, and, secondly, for their scientific interest relating to effects of weightlessness or cosmic radiation. Safety of the crew and their genetic cells in relation to cosmic radiation is considered vital; essential knowledge is also required about the performance of the vestibular balancing mechanism and the related problem of "stomach awareness". The effect of zero-gravity on the cardiovascular system is studied, and the effect of circulatory changes in the brain, possible psychological stress and effects on exercise tolerance measured. Due to their rapid reproduction, important information may be gained from micro-organisms in respect of mutation rates when exposed to radiation. Plants depend, to some extent, on gravity in germination and growth. Of interest here is the relative importance of gravitational and photonic influences.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

[Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain].

To realize the sustainable management of forest ecosystems, we should explicitly clarify the types and differences of the ecosystem services provided by different ecosystems under different conditions, with rethinking about the value of forest ecosystems; then solid management strategies and measurements will be enacted and applied to achieve the objects. The broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BLKPF) in Changbai Mountain is a unique and important forest type in China, owing to its many important ecosystem services such as preventing soil erosion, regulating climates, nutrient cycling, providing wood and non-timber forest products, etc. This paper is a preliminary study on the management strategy of BLKPF on the basis of analyzing the characters of the ecosystems and the relative importance of services they provided in this region. Based on the latest research of ecosystem services of BLKPF in Changbai Mountain, an idea of eco-value level (EVL) was introduced, and accordingly, management strategies were summarized by adopting the advanced theories in ecosystem management science and by analyzing field survey data. EVL means the relative amount of the value of ecosystem services provided by certain ecosystem, which can indicate the difference between services in given objects. The EVL classification of BLKPF implies the relative amount of the eco-value of different ecosystems including virgin forest, secondary forest, forest with human disturbance, and man-made forest in the clear-cutting sites. Analytical Hierarchical Processing method was used to formulate the equation for EVL index. Eight factors, namely, slope, soil depth, stability of soil maternal material, coverage of above-ground canopy, species diversity, regeneration rate of the stand, life span of dominant tree species, and intensity of human disturbance were chosen to build the formula. These factors belonged to three aspects affecting ecosystem services including the physical environment, community, and disturbance regime, and their selection and scaling were based on the previous studies on the BLKPF. The equation of EVL index (EI) was expressed as: EI = 0.542A1 + 0.171A2 + 0.072A3 + 0.067B1 + 0.043B2 + 0.014B3 + 0.010B4 + 0.081C1. According to the range of EI, ecosystems were classified into three types: low EVL type with EI from 1.000 to 1.874, medium EVL type with EI 1.874-2.749, and high EVL type with EI 2.749-3.623. Typical plots were surveyed and scaled with EI, and the predominant characters of each EVL type were summarized. Most forests of high EVL type were those in sites at high risk of soil erosion and hard to recover after disrupted. Forests of medium EVL type were those with worse community structure and composition, and were disturbed by human activities in relative steep sites. Forest of low EVL type were those in plane site with serious disruption or some young man-made stands. Based on the analyses of the characters of these three types, different management strategies were put forward. For high EVL type forest, strictly protection is most important to maintain the forest in natural succession and its eco-services. For medium EVL type forest, the key points of management are restoring their health and vigor by regulating their composition and structure in a seminatural way. For low EVL type forest, some area could be used to extensive exploration for economic benefits, and the rests should be reconstructed towards the original stand in composition and structure, based on the 'shadow ecosystem' in a close-to-nature way to promote the capacity of providing more eco-services.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1992

Considerations in screening adults/older persons for handicapping hearing impairments.

Given the present state of the "science," that is, the dearth of data on the "ideal" hearing screening protocol for noninstitutionalized adults and older adults, a definitive recommendation for screening is premature. The controversy and intensity of debate surrounding these issues attests both to the importance of a screening protocol and the acknowledgment of the need for further study by the profession. The ensuing intellectual controversy is not capricious nor whimsical but healthy. The committee has therefore chosen to discuss the issues surrounding selection of a screening protocol and to provide the reader with a series of options for screening. Armed with knowledge of the goal of a particular screening program, it is hoped that clinicians will make educated choices about the screening protocol that best meets their clients' needs. It is also our hope that this report will temporarily assist screening discussions until more comprehensive studies on the reliability, validity and predictive accuracy of selected protocols are available.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[New measurement techniques in biology and medicine: atomic force microscopy (part III)].

Biological samples can be investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) in either of two imaging modes: contact mode or tapping mode. Applications of fluid tapping mode AFM in biology and medical sciences are constantly growing and the data obtained with this technique are improving, especially in terms of resolution. Even dynamic processes can be observed almost as they would occur in vivo. AFM is a proven imaging technique that has recently gained attention in biomaterials due to its ability to analyze surface properties, non-destructively at nanometer-level resolution in ambient air or in fluid environments.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge and awareness of pregnant women about ultrasounsd scanning and prenatal diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: Antenatal screening and ultrasound scan has become an integral part of the antenatal care in the present time. The aim of this study is to accurately describe the background knowledge and awareness of pregnant women about ultrasound scan and prenatal diagnosis. METHODS: It is a clinic based cross sectional study. Four hundred women, attending the antenatal clinics, were asked to fill in a pre tested structured questionnaire. Different variables of interest were collected. Statistical Program for the social sciences (SPSS) was used for the data management. RESULTS: Over 93.5% of the women were aware that ultrasound examination is an important investigation. They believed that it should be performed at least twice during pregnancy but were not sure about the timing of the test. Most of them felt that it was to check the growth of the baby and 97% of women considered ultrasound to be safe. However, only 26% of women had any knowledge about Down's syndrome or its screening. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women in our set-up are aware of importance of ultrasound examination during pregnancy. However, there is a need to improve public awareness of problems like Down's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Integrating and analyzing psychosocial and stage theories to challenge the development of the injured collegiate athlete.

OBJECTIVE: To integrate a psychosocial developmental theory and a psychological stage theory for challenging an injured collegiate student-athlete's personal development and to highlight future areas of research. DATA SOURCES: I searched Education Abstracts, ERIC, Social Science Citation Index, and SPORT Discus for the years 1990-2001 using the key words student-athlete,injury,psychological reaction,Chickering, and psychosocial. DATA SYNTHESIS: Stage theories are theoretic models that outline basic reactions to a stressor, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity. In textbooks addressing the injured athlete, the Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement constitute one of the most commonly presented stage theories addressing the psychological reaction to injury. Psychosocial theories, on the other hand, such as the Chickering and Reisser theory, are theoretic models developed in the educational literature that outline the personal development process (ie, vectors) through which adolescents and adults progress. For this review, the Kubler-Ross and Chickering and Reisser revised theories will be used to outline possible psychological reactions to injury throughout the development progression from vector 1, competence, through vector 7, integrity. CONCLUSIONS: The 1999 Athletic Training Clinical Proficiencies as outlined by the National Athletic Trainers' Association Education Council require clinical proficiencies in the area of psychosocial intervention and referral, yet psychosocial theory is rarely addressed in athletic training educational curricula or texts. Presenting a universal psychosocial developmental theory, such as the Chickering and Reisser 7 vectors, and integrating a common stage theory, such as the Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement, are beneficial in providing athletic training students and athletic trainers additional skills to recognize and mediate negative psychological reactions to injury and in illuminating new areas of research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

[The value of clinical and experimental results for surgical practice].

Since John Hunter first applied the scientific approach to surgery in the late 18th century, it has been raised from the humble level of a handicraft to a highly experimental science. Although surgical research is essential, the practice of surgery has always been much influenced by the basic sciences. The clinical significance of experimental data has often only been recognized years later: research to no pre-defined end is also of utmost importance. Today in a time of cost explosion and overabundance of information cooperative and statistically well-planned studies are essential to optimize financial and physical resources. Fields of increasing interest such as gene technology, immunology and preventive medicine will certainly influence surgery in the near future. Minimal invasive and interventional techniques have already started to revolutionize surgical practice.

Austria↗
PubMed1991

[Proposal for the teaching and application of informatics at medical schools].

Informatics is the discipline that process efficiently all the necessary data to obtain information. The data acquisition, processing and interpretation is realized through traditional as well as automated means. Medical Informatics is the union of all methods of informatics in medicine including the preparation of medical data required for the application of these methods. Due to the need to keep up with the increasing amount of data that modern medicine is receiving and efficiently process it to obtain meaningful information, we propose the creation of a department of Medical Informatics in our Medical School to: 1) Teach the basic principles of medical informatics to undergraduate and graduate students, including lectures in: Information technics, medical terminology, medical linguistics, international classification of diseases, Hospital informations Systems, practical application of computing in medicine as Oncocyn, Mycin, etc., as well as external data bases. 2) Help the health sciences personnel to obtain and transfer medical information through the National and International Electronic Networks of Medical Information.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1977

A mini-research program for dental students.

A mini-research program to familiarize dental students with scientific research methods is described. Students who have not been exposed to laboratory or clinical research and who are not familiar with the use of the library and other research resources participate. The gross anatomy laboratory is the setting for the data-gathering stage, although most basic science departments could conduct a similar program. The assigned topics are of a morphologic, observational, and descriptive, rather than experimental, nature. The best reports are selected for presentation at a brief scientific session patterned after meetings of the International Association for Dental Research.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1987

Nutrition education research: reaching toward the leading edge.

The work of the past ten years in the field of nutrition education research is reviewed and analyzed. First, definitions of key concepts are provided. Second, the author reviews and assesses the influences from the five nutrition education research conferences held in the past. Presented are results from a survey conducted that asked nutrition educators about the usefulness of the five conferences. Third, results are presented from a review of research articles published since 1980 in JADA, JNE, and HERJ. Implications for designing nutrition education research studies are discussed. Fourth, direction is provided for the future of nutrition education research, with special attention given to the necessary link between researchers and practitioners, so that "right" questions get asked and "correct" answers get used.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1987

Estimating age at death from immature human skeletons: an overview.

Literature on the estimation of age at death of immature human skeletons is critically reviewed. Those estimating age at death for forensic science purposes should consider all available data, but especially rely upon the most appropriate and accurate methods. Estimates should reflect the possible error resulting from the sex differences and population variability known to be associated with the growth process.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Results of the appraisal of diagnostic criteria for podagra].

The authors describe the results of the appraisal of the podagra diagnostic criteria developed by the researchers of the USSR and Hungarian People's Republic at the Institute of Rheumatology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Present the data obtained during the examination of 500 patients. According to the materials of both countries' researchers the accuracy of podagra recognition amounts to 99% in the group of podagra patients and to 94.6% in the group of patients afflicated with diseases similar to podagra.

Adult↗