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PubMed2000

Performance characteristics of the Becton Dickinson ProbeTec System for direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male and female urine specimens in comparison with the Roche Cobas System.

OBJECTIVE: The Becton Dickinson BDProbeTec ET System is a new semiautomated system using strand displacement amplification technology that simultaneously amplifies and detects Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA. The strand displacement amplification products are hybridized with a fluorescent detector probe and are captured by a chemiluminescent assay in a microwell format. An amplification control is also included to monitor assay inhibition. This study evaluated the performance of the BDProbTec ET system in detecting C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae in male and female urine specimens, calculated its ability to process large volumes of specimens, and determined the inhibition rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight hundred twenty-five male and 399 female urine specimens were tested for both C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae with the BDProbeTec ET system, and results were compared with those of the Roche Amplicor Cobas system. All urine specimens were processed on both assays on the same day they were received, according to the manufacturers' instructions. Discrepant results were resolved by in-house polymerase chain reaction assays. Internal or amplification controls were also used in each specimen assay to monitor inhibition. The throughput of the BDProbTec ET system was further tested with 150 urine specimens on an 8-hour shift for 2 days. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predicative value, and negative predicative value for for detection of chlamydia were 95.3%, 99.3%, 95.9%, and 99.2% for strand displacement amplification and 95.9%, 98.3%, 90.6%, and 99.3% for the Roche Amplicor system. For detection of gonorrhea, these values were 100%, 99.7%, 88.2%, and 100% and 96.7%, 98.9%, 69%, and 99.9%, respectively. The overall inhibition rates for both strand displacement amplification and Roche Amplicor were less than 3.5%. The BDProbTec ET system was able to produce 150 results each for chlamydia and gonorrhea and the internal control within the 8-hour shift. CONCLUSIONS: The performance characteristics of the BDProbeTec ET assay are similar to those of the Roche Amplicor polymerase chain reaction for detection of chlamydia and gonorrhea in male and female urine specimens. The system was able to produce 300 results in an 8-hour shift.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗

PubMed1999

[Atherosclerosis--a chronic infectious disease caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae].

Recent investigations allow a controversial but convincing interpretation of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis). Atherosclerosis can be apparently the result of ultrachronic persistent infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae and not the result of heterogenous risk factors. The main arguments for the chlamydial genesis are: Correlation of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic diseases and antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae. Chlamydia pneumoniae could be detected with different techniques (PCR, ICC, immunohistology, electromicroscopy, culture) in a high percentage in atheromas from different sites. Three successful international studies with macrolides in coronary heart disease. Target cells of atherosclerosis (endothelia, macrophages, muscle cells) can be infected by Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro. Provocation of an arteriitis in animal experiments. The reduction of incidence of atherosclerotic diseases since the 1960s, probably due to advanced antibiotic therapy. Elevated acute-phase proteins and other inflammatory signs (CRP, WBC count, fibrinogen) briefly before occurrence of myocardial infarction. There are good arguments for intervention studies in coronary heart disease and other manifestations of atherosclerosis. The relevant antibiotics are licensed for chlamydial infections, cheap and safe. Meticulous records and long-term observation of patients need to be developed, sometimes contrary to interests of the pharmaceutical industry.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Isolation of Chlamydia in acute salpingitis.

In 22 patients with acute salpingitis, verified by laparoscopy, samples for attempted isolation of bacteria, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia were drawn from aspirates and cervical smears. CF-antibodies to Chlamydia were measured to acute and convalescent phase sera. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from tubal secretions in two patients and Mycoplasmas in one patient. In two patients Chlamydia were recovered from the Fallopian tube. The serological investigation indicated Chlamydia infection in 6 patients.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1975

Antigenic analysis of Chlamydiae by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. I. Antigenic heterogeneity between C. trachomatis and C. psittaci.

Tw0-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used for the antigenic analysis of Chlamydia. Antigens of chlamydiae were found to be successfully solubilized with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. Nineteen and 16 distinct components were observed for Chlamydia trachomatis strain L2/434/Bu and C. psittaci strain Meningopneumonitis/Cal-10, respectively. The triton-solubilized antigens of chlamydiae differ strikingly between species since only one strong reciprocal cross-reacting antigen was observed between 434 and Cal-10. However, the antigens of Trachoma strain K/UW-31/Cx and LGV strain 434 were found to be very similar.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Acute coronary syndrome associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia in two cases].

Epidemiological and clinical studies attribute to Chlamydia pneumoniae infections a pathogenetic role in atherosclerotic vascular lesions. We report two patients in whom this infection was followed by acute coronary events. A 51 years old male presented with a right lower lobe pneumonia and a positive immunofluorescence serology for Chlamydia pneumoniae, with a IgM titer of 1/64. On the second day of evolution, he experienced an acute myocardial infarction. A coronary arteriography demonstrated a 80% obstruction of anterior coronary artery and an angioplasty was performed. A 84 years old male was admitted with a right lower lobe pneumonia and a positive serology for Chlamydia pneumoniae, with an IgM titer of 1/32. On the fourth day of evolution, he developed unstable angina with electrocardiographic changes. A coronary arteriography demonstrated a three vessel disease. In both cases, a tight chronological association was observed between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and acute coronary events.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Electron microscope investigation of the role of Chlamydia sp. in the process of rebuilding the arterial wall. Neoangiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques in human cervical artery walls.

BACKGROUND: The inflammatory process has an essential impact on the development of atherosclerosis. Three mechanisms are mentioned: 1) possibility of direct development of Chlamydia infection in the vicinity of the blood vessel wall; 2) impact of persistent or recurrrent Chlamydia infection on the increased blood concentration of risk factors for atherosclerosis; 3) an autoimmunological reaction. MATERIAL/METHODS: Electron microscope examinations were performed on specimens from atherosclerotic lesions of the interior cervical arteries, collected from patients who had undergone endarterectomy. The material came from 8 patients (age from 58 to 72). The specimens were fixed for electron microscopy, and after dehydration were immersed in Spurr resin. Ultrathin slices were examined under a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: In the successive tested layers nearest the lumen of the vessel we found erythrocytic elements, fibrin, and lipid membranes. In deeper layers there were lymphocytic cells, monocytes, and macrophages loaded with phagocyted lipid material. Under this layer we found in some specimens a coating which had undergone mineralization: calcium structures and cholesterol were overlaid on a proteoglycanate base. Smooth muscles cells had undergone the heaviest proliferation among the cells on artery wall. In the tested material we detected diversified morphological forms of Chlamydia sp. Particular attention should be drawn to the appearance of very young vessel forms, which suggests a process of angiogenesis in the atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS: We found that one of the pathogens that may lead to atherosclerotic lesions is Chlamydia sp. The process of atherogenesis in cervical arteries is accompanied by angiogenetic processes.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

[Chlamydia pneumoniae--chronic infection and atherosclerosis].

Recent evidence suggests that common chronic infections may contribute to the initiation and/or progression of atherosclerosis. Infection of the vascular wall with Chlamydia pneumoniae, a gramnegative bacterium, has been linked with coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and stroke in epidemiological studies and in pathological studies using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In addition striking evidence for an active role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherogenesis has been provided in animal models and from preliminary data of intervention trials. Although these observations strongly indicate an involvement of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a causal relationship has not been established yet. In the last years several interesting papers have dealt with the molecular mechanisms how an infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae affects the vascular wall to initiate or facilitate vascular dysfunction.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Hela cells secrete interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 response to Chlamydia trachomatis entry].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype K infection on productions of IL-8 and IL-10 in supernatant of cultured Hela cells. METHODS: The levels of IL-8 and IL-10 productions were detected by cell culture method and ELISA assay. RESULTS: The amount of IL-8 and IL-10 in the cell culture supernatant rose with the increasing doses of Chlamydia trachomatis. The concentrations of IL-8 and IL-10 began to increase obviously at 24 h, and reached their highest level at 72 h, and then decreased. Heat-inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis induced lower levels of IL-8 and IL-10 production than live bacteria in vitro. CONCLUSION: The Chlamydia trachomatis can induce the secretion of IL-8 and IL-10 of host cells in a dose and time dependent manner and the intracellar replication of the bacteria is required for enhancing IL-8 and IL-10 productions by the infected cells.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗

PubMed2005

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis with polymerase chain reaction in middle ear fluid in otitis media with effusion.

In this study, 78 middle ear aspiration samples from 59 children between the ages of 2 14 who have undergone myringotomy under general anesthesia were included. The presence of DNA genome of Chlamydia trachomatis was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction in the aspiration material. The relationship between the nature of the effusion fluid and the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis was investigated. Of the seventy eight middle ear effusions, 26 (33.3%) were serous, 31 were (39.7%) mucoid and 21 (26.9%) were sero mucoid in nature. Chlamydia trachomatis DNA genome was identified in seven (8.9%) effusion samples. Of these, three were mucoid (42.8%), three were serous (42.8%) and one was sero mucoid (14.2%) in character. We think that during the bacteriological analyses carried out for the cases of otitis media with effusion, Chlamydia trachomatis should be taken into consideration both at the time of diagnosis and the treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the Netherlands suggests selective screening approaches. Results from the PILOT CT Population Study.

Chlamydia trachomatis screening is being considered in the Netherlands, but policy recommendations are hampered by the lack of population-based data. We studied the prevalence of chlamydia infection in 15-29-year-old women and men in a national representative sample of 21,000 inhabitants of rural and urban areas in the Netherlands. Of this sample, 41% responded by sending in urine and an answered questionnaire, while 11% returned a refusal card. The overall prevalence of chlamydia infection was 2.0% (CI: 1.7-2.3); 2.5% (CI: 2.0-3.0) in women and 1.5% (1.1-1.8) in men. Chlamydia prevalence was significantly greater in very highly urbanized areas (3.2%, CI: 2.4-4.0) compared to rural areas (0.6%, CI: 0.1-1.1). In very highly urbanized areas the greatest prevalence was found among 15-19-year-old women (4.3%) and among 25-29-year-old men (4.2%). A risk profile could be determined and a prediction rule was developed. These data suggest that nationwide systematic screening is not indicated in the Netherlands and that targeted approaches are a better option. Roll-out of selective screening is recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Evaluation the enzyme immunosorbent assay IDEIA test detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in cervix.

A total of 87 cervical specimens of unselected female sex workers in massage parlors were tested by an enzyme amplified immunoassay IDEIA Chlamydia test and cell culture for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis. The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 28 (32%) cases and 34 (39%) cases by the cell culture and the IDEIA Chlamydia test respectively. The IDEIA Chlamydia test demonstrated the sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 83% respectively, positive and negative predictive values of 70.5% and 92.4% respectively.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗

PubMed1985

A prospective study of Chlamydia trachomatis in first trimester abortion.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 34 (17.9%) of 190 unselected women applying for first trimester abortion and from 27 (15.9%) of the 170 women who actually had the operation. C. trachomatis was more common among the younger women. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 3 (1.6%) of 190 women. Culture positive patients and partners were given antibiotic treatment for 10 days, usually postoperatively. Early postoperative genital infection developed in 2 (7.4%) of the 27 chlamydia-positive and in 3 (2.0%) of the 143 chlamydia-negative women. There were no late infections. The antibiotic treatment significantly reduced the rate of postoperative pelvic inflammatory disease. At examination after 4-7 weeks all cultures were negative. Significantly more women with chlamydia-positive cultures were sero-positive preoperatively: with a microimmunofluorescence method, IgG titres greater than or equal to 1:160 were found in 74.1% of culture positive and in 47.6% of culture negative patients (p = 0.01). However, serological IgG screening does not identify individual high risk patients and so is of little clinical use in this context. We recommend preoperative screening for C. trachomatis in all women requesting an abortion and 10 days antibiotic treatment for all carriers.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1984

[Effect of various antiseptics on Chlamydia trachomatis].

We compared the activity of different antiseptics (chlorhexidine, picloxidine dichlorhydrate, povidone-iodine, and noxythiolin) on Chlamydia trachomatis using two techniques. In the first, an antigenic preparation obtained from a Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cell culture was used. Different times of contact and different concentrations were studied. The antigen-antiseptic mixture was inoculated on healthy cell cultures and infected cells were counted 48 hours later. In the second technique, previously infected cells were incubated with antiseptics at different concentrations for 48 hours. Results are given as a percentage of infected cells. Chlorhexidine and picloxidine dichlorhydrate have a rapid action on Chlamydia trachomatis. Noxythiolin requires a longer period (2 hours) to be active. Povidone-iodine exhibits no activity on Chlamydia trachomatis.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1984

[Incidence of genital chlamydia and mycoplasma infections in women].

An investigation was carried out in 240 women to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mykoplasms in the genital tract. Three groups of women were compared: 80 prostitutes, 80 STD-patients and 80 dermatological patients without genital complaints. In the group of the prostitutes Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 25% and Mycoplasms in 60%. STD-patients harbored Chlamydia trachomatis in 21% and Mycoplasms in 45%. In the group of dermatological patients Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated only in 3% and Mycoplasms in 33%.

Chlamydia Infections↗

PubMed1982

[Genital Chlamydia infections in female patients at risk of having sexually transmitted diseases].

Investigations for Chlamydia infections of the genital tract were performed in 270 Viennese registered, as well as in 51 non-registered prostitutes. The results were compared with findings obtained in 56 female patients attending an out-patient STD clinic and 48 pregnant women seeking antenatal care in a department of obstetrics. Diagnosis of Chlamydia infection was the organisms on cultured McCoy cells after treatment with cycloheximide. The highest infection rate (31%) was found in non-licensed prostitutes. In registered prostitutes, 20.4% of the cervical smears proved to be positive for Chlamydia. The control groups showed lower infection rates of 9% and 4%, respectively. These results indicate that women who frequently change their sexual partners are considerably more at risk of contracting Chlamydia infections. Hence, this group of persons should be more regularly investigated and--if necessary--given appropriate treatment in order to prevent further spread of the disease.

Austria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Manifestations of Chlamydia induced arthritis in patients with silent versus symptomatic urogenital chlamydial infection.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether Chlamydia-infected patients with and without urogenital symptoms have similar rheumatological manifestations or whether they belong to distinct clinical groups. METHODS: In a university-based study, we examined patients with unexplained arthritis in whom other rheumatic diseases had been excluded for urogenital chlamydial infection, and we investigated the clinical and radiological manifestations of the Chlamydia-positive patients. RESULTS: Sixty of 283 patients (21%) with unexplained arthritis had urogenital chlamydial infection. The infection was asymptomatic in 30%. There was no difference in the pattern of arthritis or immunological and serological characteristics in the patients with and without symptoms of urogenital infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: The pattern of Chlamydia-induced arthritis is similar in patients with or without symptoms of urogenital chlamydial infection. To recognize CIA, it may be helpful to examine patients with unexplained arthritis for Chlamydia even though they do not have symptoms of urogenital infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Chlamydia pneumoniae].

Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria with a biphasic life cycle. In 1986 a new species of Chlamydiae, Chlamydia psittaci TWAR was discovered, later named Chlamydia pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae is probably an important pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in man, ranging from subclinical infection to life threatening pneumonia. Infections can occur in epidemics. Furthermore, associations between C. pneumoniae infection and coronary artery disease, lethal myocarditis and sarcoidosis have been suggested. The current diagnostic method is based on detection of specific antibodies against C. pneumoniae in blood. Macrolides or tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for treatment of C. pneumoniae infection.

Chlamydia Infections↗

PubMed1996

Structural requirements of heparin binding to Chlamydia trachomatis.

Heparin is a functional and structural analog of the Chlamydia trachomatis heparan sulfate-like attachment ligand that mediates infectivity by bridging chlamydiae to eukaryotic cells. The binding of heparin to the Chlamydia organism's surface was characterized by a direct binding assay. Although for two C. trachomatis biovars the binding by heparin was saturable, trachoma biovar organisms bound twice the amount of heparin than lymphogranuloma venereum biovar organisms. To prove the structural nature of the heparan sulfate-like ligand interactions, a range of heparin-derived oligosaccharides and sulfation-modified species of heparin were compared for their ability to compete with [3H]heparin for binding to chlamydial organisms and for inhibition of chlamydial attachment and infection of eukaryotic host cells. The assays revealed that a decasaccharide was the minimal chain length required to effectively bind C. trachomatis organisms, compete with the host cell receptor and rescue infectivity. In addition, a moderately sulfated adhesin analog, N-desulfated, N-acetylated heparin, was able to compete with chlamydial organisms for host cell receptors, whereas this derivative could not compete with [3H]heparin for binding to chlamydial organisms. These results indicate that the specificity of the eukaryotic cell receptor and the chlamydial surface acceptor differ in their fine-structure requirements of ligand binding, and that the size and sulfation density of the heparan sulfate-like ligand each contribute to its ability to bind and bridge chlamydiae to eukaryotic cells.

Animals↗