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PubMed1987

[Evaluation of the dose equivalent absorbed by the population of Como and surrounding area following the nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl].

The effects produced as a consequence of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in the population of Como are assessed on the basis of the measurements taken in the environment and on the food. Exposure measurements produced by external radiation and the activities of the different radionuclides introduced into the body, by ingestion and inhalation, made it possible to obtain an estimate of the dose equivalent and its somatic and genetic effects on the population. The results show that such effects may produce 0.5-2 cases of malignant tumour in the next 25 years and 0.2-1 case of genetic damage in the next 60 years and are therefore statistically insignificant.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

[Chernobyl--practical experiences exemplified by the Salzburg crisis staff].

After Chernobyl the situation in Salzburg was characterized by several particular factors: Here the amount of radiation was higher than in all the other country capitals, there was an exceptionally intensive interest in news, from the very beginning the public was very critical, private initiative groups were organized. Moreover, several mass events took place in this period, as for instance the Pongau-rallye, the international football match with Sweden and the "Dult"-fun-fair. All this and the immediate access to current measurement data was reason for a partly deviating attitude towards the instructions issued by the ministry of health and pollution control. Thus the forbidden grass-feeding of cattle--already turned out to pasture--was not kept, the prohibition of whey fodder was issued very early and whey had to be thickened. For a short period the action "school-milk" was stopped. In order to avoid the unnecessary slaughtering of higher contaminated cattle a screening method was established. The order not to sell salad and vegetable was cancelled but a full week later than in the rest of Austria. An evaluation of the contaminated area could be obtained nation-wide with the project "map square". On the part of the city of Salzburg a register of the radiation amount of the streets was provided. Detailed instructions for the behaviour of the population were made public. The penal responsibility of responsible politicians and representatives of the authorities, according to the opinion of Prof. Dr. O. Triffterer was mentioned.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

[Actual measurements following the Chernobyl reactor accident].

The principles of radiation protection for the population in Austria as applied in context with the catastrophic releases of radioactivity from the Chernobyl nuclear power reactor are presented. The main results of the first air filter analyses, which allowed an identification of the problem are discussed. The following measurements show, that after radioactive decay of Iodine-131, the main route for intake of Cäsium-137 will be ingestion with the foodstuffs over a longer period. Dose estimations give 80 to 100 mrem/year (0.8 to 1.0 mSv/a) effective committed dose equivalent caused by the nuclear accident.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

[The Chernobyl accident. Evaluation of the doses absorbed by the thyroid gland in children of a mountain community from the measurement of I131 retained activity].

I131 thyroid uptake after the Chernobyl's accident was sampled in a Val Pellice school. Children were grouped according to sex, age and area of residence. The procedure used in collecting data and calculating the transformation coefficients from activity counts by computer simulation is analysed, as are the errors and sensitivity of the method. The activities were then converted into doses using an intake model. The dose levels identified are lower than the estimates based on the measurement of environmental matrices. Statistical analysis revealed certain subgroups with significantly different levels of absorption: particularly groups accustomed to a different diet or living in particular areas.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

[Chernobyl accident: dosimetric evaluation and estimation of risks].

The results of dosimetric evaluations carried out after Chernobyl accident in the Health Physics Department of Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital (Milan) on air, rain and ground contamination are presented. The results obtained show that the incidence of stochastic late effects, both somatic and genetic, will be so low that practically will not be distinguishable from "natural" incidence.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

[Obstetric aspects of radiation exposure following the Chernobyl accident].

Radioactivity was determined in the milk from 39 patients and in amniotic fluid, urine and placentas from 17 patients shortly after the Chernobyl disaster by means of a beta and gamma-scintillation counter. Elevated radioactivity (7.6 nCi/l beta activity and 7.4 nCi/l gamma activity) was found only in one sample of breast milk.

Accidents↗
PubMed1995

Clastogenic factors in the plasma of Chernobyl accident recovery workers: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract.

Clastogenic factors are found in the plasma of persons irradiated accidentally or therapeutically. They persisted in the plasma of A-bomb survivors over 30 years. Clastogenic factors were found in 33 of 47 Chernobyl accident recovery workers (often referred to as liquidators) in a previous study (I. Emerit et al., J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 120, 558-561, 1994). In the present study, we show that there is a positive correlation between clastogenic activity and dose and that these biomarkers of oxidative stress can be influenced successfully by appropriate antioxidant treatment. With the authorization of the Armenian Ministry of Health, 30 workers were treated with antioxidants from Ginkgo biloba leaves. The extract EGb 761 containing flavonoids and terpenoids was given at a daily dose of 3 x 40 mg (Tanakan, IPSEN, France) during 2 months. The clastogenic activity of the plasma was reduced to control levels on the first day after the end of the treatment. A 1-year follow-up showed that the benefit of the treatment persisted for at least 7 months. One-third of the workers again had clastogenic factors after 1 year, demonstrating that the process which produced clastogenic factors continued. However, the observation that antioxidants do not have to be given continuously is encouraging for intervention trials on a large-scale basis. These appear justified, since clastogenic factors are thought to be risk factors for the development of late effects of irradiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[A hygienic analysis of the irradiation doses of those cleaning up the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station (based on data from the All-Army Registry)].

In the result of the analysis of irradiation doses of 36,895 servicemen who have participated in liquidation of the Chernobyl APC disaster consequences it was found out that the average radiation dose was 12.1 cSv in 1986, 8.4 cSv in 1987, and in 1988-90 it didn't exceed 5 cSv. The irradiation received by these servicemen has depended on the time of their arrival to the zone of the disaster, the maximum permissible doses of radiation established at that period, the character of their activities and the place of their work, utilization of protection means. A conclusion was made that irradiation dose itself could be considered only as a general guide reference, because it didn't take into consideration internal irradiation and beta-irradiation of skin. That's why it is necessary to continue the further monitoring over the health status of liquidators independently of the doses of irradiation which were fixed in their histories.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

International program on the health effects of the Chernobyl accident.

The International Program on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident (IPHECA) was established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1991. Currently, the technical part of IPHECA consists of five projects addressing the following areas of priority health problems or needs: thyroid, hematology, brain damage in utero, epidemiological registry and oral health. Important findings are: 1) a significant increase of thyroid cancer in children in Belarus and Ukraine since 1989, and in Russia since 1992 though not so pronounced. A relationship between detected thyroid cancers and radiation exposure is yet to be established, 2) no increase yet in the incidence of hemoblastoses in the three States, 3) no relationship established between mental retardation and radiation exposure in utero in 4,500 children investigated. The importance of dosimetry and biological indicators of radiation damage has been recognized by IPHECA. Several methods of biological and physical dosimetry are being employed using instrumentation provided by IPHECA. Some preliminary results indicate: 1) unstable aberrations can indicate an integral exposure but it is heavily biased to recent exposures, 2) when comparing healthy persons and patients with hematological diseases in contaminated areas, there is a higher ratio of total aberrations compared to their background and that the level of stable is lower than unstable aberrations, and 3) by applying electron spin resonance (ESR) it has been shown that the individual distribution of doses approaches a log-normal one, especially for adults, and that a peak shift towards higher doses is noticeable for children.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Chernobyl experience: biological indicators of exposure to ionizing radiation.

Using the Chernobyl accident as an example, an attempt is made to consider the possibility of using the biological markers of exposure and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in relation to biology dosimetry, and to predict early and late nonstochastic and stochastic radiation consequences. The biological dosimetry was based on the three markers: chromosome aberrations of peripheral blood lymphocytes, dynamics of blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils) counts and electron spin resonance (ESR) of tooth enamel. The first two methods can be applied in a short period of time (days or weeks) after exposure and only after high doses (> 0.5-1 Gy) of acute total body irradiation (TBI). The ESR tooth enamel method possesses dosimetric value at all conditions of uniform gamma TBI (acute, prolonged, chronic and high as well as low level of doses) and at any time after exposure. The low limit of sensitivity of the ESR test is about 0.1 Gy. The use of biological markers of effects of radiation exposure as early diagnostic signs was limited to clinical significant disorders of hemopoietic, immune systems and skin in conditions of acute high-dose irradiation. In cases of acute or prolonged irradiation in low doses, many changes on the cellular as well as organism level were discovered. However, there were not enough data on radiation specificity or dose dependence of these changes. Hence they cannot be considered as the indicators of clinically significant early and late nonstochastic effects. The role of biological markers of stochastic effects in clinical practice is discussed herein.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stable chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in persons who suffered as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

The people suffered from Chernobyl accident exhibited the increased frequency of stable chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes as it was estimated by two-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation with whole chromosome specific DNA probes for chromosomes 1, 4 and 12. However, the age dependence of this parameter in control group has to be estimated before the connection of this effect with radiation factor will be possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The genetic consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The monitoring of congenital developmental defects in newborn infants in Kaluga Province].

The study concentrates on the genetic after-effects of the Chernobyl accident in some districts of Kaluga Province. The frequencies and range of congenital malformations, prematurely death-rate in the radionuclear polluted districts were compared with the control districts. Prematurely death-rate in compared regions is the same. The increase of the congenital malformation frequency is revealed in one the polluted districts (256/10,000) as compared with the control one (27/10,000). We assume that the observed effect is mainly connected with the professional activity of the population.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cytogenetic effects in persons who suffered as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Frequency of chromosome aberration was evaluated in 537 persons taken part in amelioration after the accident. The highest rate of aberration was found in covering builders and dosimetric: 3.24 +/- 0.25 and 3.11 +/- 0.43 per 100 cells, respectively. The mean rate of aberrations among the Chernobyl NPP staff was 2.37 +/- 0.20 per 100 cells, in the other examined groups the mean yield of aberration varied from 1.31 to 1.47 per 100 cells. The found aberration rates correspond to the equivalent whole body doses in the range from 131 to 515 mGy as evaluated by the established dose-response curve. In the group of covering builders the individual aberration rates varied more markedly, and corresponded to the equivalent whole body dose up to about 1 Gy. Slides of 27 individuals were checked by an automated dicentric scoring system. The results showed a satisfactory correlation between the frequencies of dicentrics per chromosome detected by routine and computer methods.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of the FISH method for reconstructing the absorbed doses received by participants in the clean-up of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

The frequency of stable translocations using two-color fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) were determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 20 persons who took part in liquidation of the Chernobyl accident and of 11 persons of control group. The individual doses for all patients were estimated from a calibration dose-response curve for stable translocation. The doses estimated by our cytogenetic data not always coincided with official dosimetric data. The possibility of using FISH for dose reconstruction of past radiation exposure was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The monitoring of natural populations of Dactylis glomerata L. in the area of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Results of five years monitoring (1986-1991) of seed quality (SQ) and chlorophyll mutation frequency (MF) of Dactylis glomerata L., growing within 30-km zone of Chernobyl NPP are presented. It was shown that during initial postaccident period (1986, 1987) the criteria depend of the gamma-phone on the sampling plots. It was not found the correlation between SQ, MF and duration of plant growing under condition chronic irradiation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cytogenetic effects in natural populations of Crepis tectorum exposed to chronic irradiation in the region of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station. An analysis of the frequency of chromosome aberrations and karyotype changes in the 3rd and 4th years after the accident].

In three natural Crepis tectorum populations from 30-km zone of the Chernobyl NPP cytogenetic analysis of plant progenies was carried out. Germination capacity was not correlated with the dose rate of chronic irradiation. There was a correlation between frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations and frequency of seedlings with non-identical altered karyotype among which pericentric inversions and reciprocal translocations dominated. 9-chromosome altered karyotypes were found. Homozygous plants with altered karyotypes were not observed. Several heterozygous plants segregated homozygous seedlings with altered karyotype were found. In comparison with the second year after the accident in the third and fourth years there was stronger deviation from linear dependence between the cytogenetic effect and the dose rate of irradiation.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of participants in the clean-up of the aftereffects of Chernobyl accident].

The dependence of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis on UV exposure dose was studied in intact donors and persons dealt with liquidation of the Chernobyl accident consequences in 1986-1990. In the group of persons exposed to high doses the decrease in the level of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis and the increase in the level of spontaneous one was registered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modification of the genetic effect of radiation in mice exposed in the region of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

A study was made of the protective effect of beta-carotine and ephasol against genetic damages in germ cells of male mice, exposed within the zone of Chernobyl NPP or ingested by 137Cs. The analysis of reproductive function, frequencies of dominant lethal mutations, abnormal sperm heads, reciprocal translocations and testis mass decrease show that both agents are more effective in protection against reproductive function damages than against genetic effects.

Animals↗