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Occasionally, advances in another specialty provide the opportunity for an advance in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. One example is the Cook airway exchange catheter. In very selected cases, the use of this exchange catheter will allow the performance of vertical partial laryngectomy without the need for tracheotomy.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) Cook-Medley Hostility scale (Ho) has been studied a great deal because of its relation to coronary disease and mortality. However, little research has been conducted with the Ho scale on the revised MMPI (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the MMPI-2 Ho scale. Only nine of the original 50 Ho items were slightly changed in the revision. Ho scores were highly correlated with MMPI-2 scales CYN, K, TPA, and ASP, supporting the interpretation of Ho as a measure of cynicism. High correlations with other MMPI-2 scales also suggested that Ho is related to general psychopathology and negative affectivity. Male Ho scorers were rated by their spouses as hotheaded, bossy, demanding, and argumentative. For women, Ho scale scores were less strongly associated with ratings of overt hostility. Principal components analysis of Ho revealed four underlying dimensions: Cynicism, Hypersensitivity, Aggressive Responding, and Social Avoidance.
In 1998-2000, a case-control study of breast cancer was conducted in Heidelberg, Germany. Three hundred ten consecutively recruited cases with primary breast cancer were matched according to 10-yr age groups to 353 controls with conditions unrelated to diet or endocrine disorders. Intake of raw vegetables, total vegetables, and whole-grain products was inversely associated with breast cancer risk (highest vs. lowest quartile adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.84; OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38-1.02; and OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.34-0.95, respectively). Also, high intake of some selected vitamins and minerals possessing putative DNA-stabilizing properties displayed significant inverse risk associations. Adjusted ORs were as follows: vitamin C (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.2-0.88), folate equivalents (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.88), b-carotene (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.27-0.80), zinc (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.15-0.78), and copper (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.31-1.03). In contrast, no significant association with risk was seen for an increased intake of fruits, cooked vegetables, fiber, calcium, manganese, or iron. In this population of German women, components of raw vegetables and some micronutrients appear to decrease breast cancer risk.
On his second voyage of discovery, Captain James Cook charted much of the South Pacific. The journey was long, from 1772 to 1775. During the exploration, the geographic, ethnographic, and scientific variety provided no shortage of work for the accompanying naturalists, astronomers, navigators, and painters. Culinary discoveries included new species of fish, many of which were sketched, dressed, and ultimately eaten. The examined journals and correspondence document clinical poisonings after ingestion of two different species of fish. The clinical findings are described and likely represent ciguatera and tetrodotoxin poisonings. Mechanisms of these toxin's actions are discussed in light of more recent studies.
Carcinogenicities of mutagenic heterocyclic amines in cooked foods have been tested in CDF1 mice and F344 rats of both sexes. Eight heterocyclic amines--Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, MeA alpha C, A alpha C, IQ, and MeIQ--were given to mice and/or rats at 0.02 to 0.08% in the diet continuously. In mice, all heterocyclic amines tested were demonstrated to be carcinogenic. Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in a high incidence in all groups treated with heterocyclic amines. Hemangioendothelial sarcomas were also induced by Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, MeA alpha C, and A alpha C. Most hemangioendothelial sarcomas were located in the interscapular brown adipose tissue. In mice given IQ, forestomach and lung tumors were also observed in a high incidence. Carcinogenicity tests on MeIQ are ongoing, and interim data by week 83 show that MeIQ also induces forestomach tumors in addition to liver tumors. In rats, hepatocellular carcinomas were induced by Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, and IQ. In rats given Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, and IQ, adenocarcinomas in the small and large intestines, squamous cell carcinomas in the Zymbal gland and clitoral gland were also observed in a high incidence.
Several definitions of "home," drawn from dozens provided by the Oxford Dictionary of the English Language, underscore how a large urban county jail becomes many forms of home for the women detainees there. Drawing on the women's poetry and the mechanics of creative writing workshops facilitated by the author for the last seven years at Cook County Jail, this essay describes some of the realities of the criminal (in)justice system and how the women's writing becomes a way of writing against the grain of official discourse, thus altering certain definitions of this "home."
The orange-beer culture of the Cook Islands is described. Island drinking customs were found to have cultlike forms, provide for social integration, and control drunken aggression.
I agree with Cook that ideology may influence the selection and presentation of facts in behavioral science. But this is not a primary issue involved in the so-called controlled drinking controversy. A primary issue is my allegation that the Sobells did not do what they said they did and they did not find what they said they found. I believe that the Sobells did not conduct their IBTA study in the manner in which they claimed. On the contrary, they have made mutually contradictory claims concerning the procedures employed. Evidence is also presented suggesting the nonrandom assignment of patients to experimental and control groups.
As part of a physical anthropological and linguistic research in the Cook Islands, blood pressure levels, the degree of obesity, and urine cation excretion were measured in the residents of Rarotonga (the most westernized) and Mangaia (a less westernized island) in 1986. The rise of blood pressure with age was observed in both sexes in each island, with the mean systolic pressures of the oldest male group (155.8 vs. 137.3 mmHg) significantly higher, and those of older female groups (137.4 vs. 127.1 and 154.7 vs. 145.9 mmHg) relatively higher in Rarotonga than in Mangaia. The mean body mass index was much the same between the two islands, but mean skinfolds at triceps and subscapular sites were thicker in Rarotonga than in Mangaia in each sex and age group. The mean sodium to potassium excretion ratio fell with age (2.97 to 0.94 in males, 2.24 to 1.09 in females) in Rarotonga, and was consistently low (1.09 to 0.73) in Mangaia. Body mass index correlated with both systolic and diastolic pressures in each sex and island group but indeces of sodium excretion did not. Obesity was considered a more important risk factor for hypertension than sodium-intake in the surveyed population, and skinfolds, related to daily physical activity, probably associated with the difference in blood pressure levels observed between the two islands.
Hedruris hanleyae n. sp. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from the stomach of Hemidactylus garnotii collected in 1989 on Atiu, Cook Islands is described and illustrated. Hedruris hanleyae n. sp. represents the 21st species to be assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other oriental species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae of the male: 10 pairs posterior subventral papillae; 2 pairs precloacal and 8 pairs postcloacal.
In July 1976, Cook County Hospital, a 1,363-bed general public hospital in Chicago, Illinois, established a hospital-funded Occupational Medicine Clinic. A review was made of the clinic records of the 486 new patients evaluated at the clinic from July 1979 to June 1981. Information is presented concerning age, ethnic origin, sex, union representation, referral sources, reason for the referral, number and type of toxic exposure, diagnosis, occupational relationship of the disease, and disposition.
The shortened scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 can affect the magnitude of Cooke's 1967 disturbance index. Methods are given to adjust scores on those scales before calculating the index.
Raw-score means of the Cook-Medley Hostility scale are smaller in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) normative group than in the MMPI normative group, and T scores are larger. The results contrast with those for the clinical scales but are consistent with results for some other scales. Reasons for the different patterns of MMPI and MMPI-2 scores are discussed.
The death rate from asthma has been increasing in the U.S. and in many other countries and is considered unacceptably high. There is little information as to circumstances surrounding these fatalities that would lead to effective interventions to prevent deaths. In this study, cases of asthma deaths from the Office of the Medical Examiner in Cook County, (Chicago), Illinois were identified in subjects 45 years of age or less who died from asthma. We reviewed clinical information surrounding the deaths, contacted surviving kin, friends, or informants, and reviewed autopsy findings and toxicologic results. Deaths were classified as (1) from asthma, (2) probably from asthma, (3) of indeterminate cause, and (4) coincidental to but not from asthma. From 39 cases from one pathologist's cases of asthma deaths during 1985-1992, deaths were from or probably from asthma in 22/39 (56.4%) of cases. Eight (20.5%) cases were classified as indeterminate because of a positive or unknown asthma prodrome but in which toxicologic results were positive. Nine (23.1%) cases were classified as death coincidental to but not from asthma because of the absence of a prodrome of increased symptoms associated with positive toxicologic results. Overall from 23 cases where some toxicologic testing was performed, 14 (60.8%) were positive, individually or in combination, for cocaine, benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite), codeine, phencyclidine (animal tranquilizer), morphine, methadone, and ethanol (> 0.8 g/L). Out-of-hospital asthma deaths in 39 subjects were complicated by a high incidence of illicit drug use, lack of identifiable managing physicians, lack of antiinflammatory medications, and in some cases not having been examined by a physician in the past year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Five ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated steers (376 +/- 8.1 kg of initial BW) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square to evaluate effects of cooked molasses block supplementation and inclusion of fermentation extract (Aspergillus oryzae) or brown seaweed meal (Ascophyllum nodosum) on intake, site of digestion, and microbial efficiency. Diets consisted of switchgrass hay (6.0% CP; DM basis) offered ad libitum, free access to water, and one of three molasses blocks (0.341 kg of DM/d; one-half at 0600 and one-half at 1800). Treatments were no block (control), block with no additive (40.5% CP; POS), block plus fermentation extract bolused directly into the rumen via gelatin capsules (2.0 g/d; FS), fermentation extract included in the block (2.0 g/d; FB), and seaweed meal included in the block (10 g/d; SB). Steers were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by a 7-d collection period. Overall treatment effect on hay OM intake tended (8.1 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 kg/d; P = 0.14) to increase with block supplementation. Total OM intake (8.4 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 kg/d; P = 0.01) increased in steers consuming block compared with control. Apparent and true ruminal OM digestibility increased (P = 0.05) with block consumption. Steers fed SB had greater (P = 0.10) true ruminal OM digestibility compared with steers fed POS (61.0 vs. 57.9 +/- 1.6%). True ruminal CP digestibility increased (P = 0.01) with block supplementation compared with control (37.5 vs. 23.6 +/- 3.7%). Addition of fermentation extract did not affect intake or digestion. Treatments did not alter ruminal pH, total VFA, or individual VFA proportions; however, ruminal ammonia increased (P = 0.01) with block supplementation. In situ disappearance rates of hay DM (3.14 +/- 0.44 %/h), NDF (3.18 +/- 0.47 %/h), and ADF (3.02 +/- 0.57 %/h) were not altered by treatment. Seaweed block increased (P = 0.01) slowly degraded CP fraction compared with POS (39.5 vs. 34.0 +/- 2.07%). Similarly, SB increased (P = 0.01) the extent of CP degradability (74.2 vs. 68.9 +/- 1.81%). No treatment effects (P = 0.24) were observed for microbial efficiency. Block supplementation increased intake, and use of brown seaweed meal seemed to have beneficial effects on forage digestibility in low-quality forage diets.
Human reproductive strategy differs from that of most other mammals, including Apes such as the closely related chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (Pan paniscus). For example, humans, although basically polygamic, exhibit a strong tendency to (serial) monogamy and--very rare for a mammal--provide biparental care. Moreover, humans are (almost) permanently willing to mate but, in contrast to other species, do so only in private. Unlike chimpanzees and bonobos, the human female exhibits no external signs of ovulation; rather a number of bodily features, e.g. permanently swollen milk glands and the quality of skin and hair, indicate fitness to breed. Human males also exhibit qualities that are rare among mammals: fertile males can be in the company of fertile females without sex being an imperative--although the awareness of sexuality is generally omnipresent. Moreover, unlike most other Apes, human males can cooperate in large groups, in spite of their polygynic inclination and their tendency to compete with each other for access to females. This capacity probably evolved in response to the necessity to acquire food, in particular meat, which was difficult to obtain by a single man. But life in large, complex, multi-male, multi-female groups places great demands on the members' social skills and, to be able to meet these demands, a large, sophisticated brain (neocortex) is needed. Food (and in its wake, cooking) probably forced man to live in ever-larger groups and to evolve the capacity to cooperate. This, in its turn, drove man's present-days psychosocial (emotional and intellectual) make-up. But for this to evolve, an adaptation of reproductive strategy was a conditio sine qua non.
Approximately 700 hemoglobin variants have been reported, causing a variety of clinical manifestations, with the majority being clinically silent. We report a new hemoglobin variant, Hb Cook, that was found in combination with Hb E in a child of Thai origin. DNA sequencing of the beta-globin gene showed that the mutation is AAA-->ACA in codon 132, corresponding to beta 132 (H10)Lys-->Thr.
A survey of 481 homeless persons in Cook County, Illinois, was conducted to assess the prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use in this population, and potential treatment needs. Respondents were sampled at random in emergency and transitional shelters, soup kitchens, drop-in centers, and single room occupancy (SRO) hotels. Approximately 30% were characterized as having alcohol-related treatment needs. A slightly smaller proportion (26.7%) were estimated to have treatment needs associated with drug use behavior, and 13.5% were found to have both alcohol and drug-related, or dual, treatment needs. Those with alcohol user treatment needs were mostly male, age 35 and older, White, and living in SRO hotels. In contrast, persons with drug user treatment needs found in shelter settings. Implications for the treatment of homeless persons with substance misuse problems are discussed.