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PubMed1984

Choking under pressure: self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance.

Choking under pressure is defined as performance decrements under circumstances that increase the importance of good or improved performance. A model for choking on coordination and skill tasks is proposed, holding that the pressure increases the conscious attention to the performer's own process of performance and that this increased conscious attention disrupts the automatic or overlearned nature of the execution. Six experiments provided data consistent with this model. Three studies showed that increased attention to one's own process of performance resulted in performance decrements. Three other studies showed similar decrements produced by situational manipulations of pressure (i.e., implicit competition, a cash incentive, and audience-induced pressure). Individuals low in dispositional self-consciousness were shown to be more susceptible to choking under pressure than those high in it.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships.

We extended the scope of recent studies in which self-awareness and perspective taking have been used as predictors of social competence or adjustment: We analyzed their influence on the satisfaction experienced in monogamous, heterosexual relationships. Members of 131 couples answered questions concerning themselves and their relationships. We predicted that individual differences in private self-consciousness would be positively related to relationship satisfaction because of the greater self-disclosure resulting from that heightened self-attention. Second, we predicted that individual differences in perspective taking would foster relationship satisfaction, independent of any influence of self-disclosure. Both expectations were confirmed. Scores on the private self-consciousness scale were predictive of reported self-disclosure, and self-disclosure was predictive of satisfaction in the relationship. Furthermore, once the influence of self-disclosure was removed, no effect of self-consciousness on satisfaction remained. In contrast, after disclosure was controlled, perspective-taking scores were significantly related to satisfaction and were in fact unrelated to disclosure at all. These findings indicate that two personality characteristics having to do with habitual attention to behavioral tendencies, to emotions, and to motivations significantly enhance the quality of close heterosexual relationships in different ways. Results are discussed in terms of current theory in the related fields.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Adolescent loneliness, self-disclosure, and private self-consciousness: a longitudinal investigation.

This study builds on an earlier investigation of the causal relations that exist among loneliness, self-disclosure, and private self-consciousness (Franzoi & Davis, 1985). Using structural equation techniques and a longitudinal (Year 1-Year 2) design, the present investigation tested a theoretical model that links these variables. Participants were 406 high school students. As in the previous study, results generally indicated a good fit between the theoretical model and the observed relations. In particular, however, this investigation provided new evidence concerning two alternative interpretations of the original Franzoi and Davis study. First, this study supports the original hypothesis that private self-consciousness leads to greater self-disclosure to peers, but it offers no support for the alternative view that such disclosure in turn increases private self-consciousness. Second, this investigation is somewhat equivocal with respect to the original hypothesis that greater self-disclosure reduces loneliness. Both this hypothesis and the alternative view that greater loneliness reduces self-disclosure, receive some support from the data in this study. Finally, the difficulty in obtaining significant longitudinal paths (from Year 1 to Year 2) suggests that the time lags in the variables' effects on one another are relatively short rather than long.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Paranoia and self-consciousness.

A new instrument designed to assess paranoid thought in college students, together with reliability and validity data, was presented in Study 1. A single general factor accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in the full scale. Public self-consciousness was consistently and significantly correlated with the present measure of paranoia. In Study 2, both pretested paranoia and public self-consciousness were related to feelings of being watched (a classical manifestation of paranoia), although public self-consciousness had an effect only when there was a 2-way mirror present. In Study 3, self-attention, experimentally induced using a story construction task, again resulted in a heightened sense of being observed. Discussion focuses on paranoid cognition as characteristic of everyday thought and the implications of self-attention for social perception processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Spontaneous trait inferences as self-generated primes: implications for conscious social judgment.

The priming literature has documented the influence of trait terms held outside of conscious awareness on later judgment relevant to the primed trait dimension. The present research demonstrated that spontaneous trait inferences can serve as self-generated primes. In Experiment 1, Ss instructed to memorize trait-implying sentences (thus spontaneously inferring traits outside of consciousness) showed assimilation effects in judgment. Ss instructed to form inferences from these sentences (thus consciously inferring traits) showed contrast effects. Experiment 2 demonstrated that these findings were due to semantic activation rather than to a general evaluative response. When evaluatively inconsistent trait constructs were primed, similar patterns of assimilation and contrast were found. Implications for the ubiquitous occurrence of priming through the process of social categorization are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Long-term sampling of cerebral venous blood in conscious rats.

The mechanisms of secondary brain damage following cerebral ischemia or CNS trauma are still unknown. A variety of mediators, released by the injured brain, are held to be responsible for delayed neuronal cell damage. No technique is available yet for repeated sampling of cerebral venous blood (CVB) on a long-term basis, which allows to assess the neurobiochemical responses to brain injury chronically in conscious laboratory animals. This is a report on the establishment of a method to sample CVB from the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) for at least 7 days in conscious freely moving rats. The torcular was exposed for implantation of a catheter into the caudal SSS. Patency was preserved by perfusion with a nonsystemic dose of heparin by an Alzet osmotic pump and verified daily by aspirating of 0.5 ml CVB for blood analysis. No neuropathology was seen in histological examination. The rats appeared comfortable and without distress, and the transient weight loss was rapidly regained. The present model provides the opportunity to evaluate acute or chronic neurobiochemical responses to stroke, CNS trauma, or any other typ of brain injury in the conscious rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Conscious sedation with propofol in dentistry.

Propofol by continuous intravenous infusion was used as an alternative to nitrous oxide/oxygen for conscious sedation in 19 patients undergoing out-patient dental treatment. Patients were either extremely anxious or mentally and/or physically handicapped. Propofol was administered by a syringe pump at an initial rate of 3 mg/kg/hour. During the procedure the infusion rate was adjusted to attain and maintain the desired level of conscious sedation. The mean time from starting the propofol infusion until reaching the required level of sedation was 11.5 (SD 3.5) minutes. The mean infusion rate was 3.6 (SD 0.65) mg/kg/hour. The average duration of the dental procedure was 55.9 (SD 18.8) minutes. Sedation was satisfactory in all but two patients. There were no side-effects. Recovery was rapid after stopping the infusion. It is concluded that propofol is an acceptable alternative to nitrous oxide/oxygen for conscious sedation in the dental surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An RCT pilot study to test the effects of intravenous midazolam as a conscious sedation technique for anxious children requiring dental treatment--an alternative to general anaesthesia.

AIM: To add to the evidence base for acceptable and effective paediatric conscious sedation techniques in dental primary care. OBJECTIVES: To compare three conscious sedation techniques for primary care as an alternative to dental general anaesthesia (DGA) in children. To assess the feasibility and practicality of running the trial in general dental practice. To form the basis for sample size calculations and assess scales of measurement. DESIGN: Single centre, randomised control trial (RCT). SETTING: Queensway Anxiety Management Clinic (QAMC). A primary care based general and referral dental practice for the management of anxious patients. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty five children too anxious for management with relative analgesia, requiring invasive dental procedure for which dental general anaesthesia (DGA) will be required if an alternative cannot be found. INTERVENTIONS: Group 1 (n = 20) - A combination of inhaled medical air and titrated intravenous midazolam. Group 2 (n = 22) - A combination of inhaled 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen and titrated intravenous midazolam. Group 3 (n = 23) - A combination of an inhaled mixture of 0.3% sevoflurane and 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen with titrated intravenous midazolam. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Successful completion of the intended dental treatment with a child who is co-operative and responsive to verbal commands. RESULTS: Fifty per cent (ten children) successfully completed treatment in Group 1, 73% (16 children) in Group 2 and 83% (19 children) in Group 3. This difference was not significant at a 5% level (chi(2) = 5.53, df = 2, P = 0.07) Of the total of 20 failures, eight children in Group 1 and one child in Group 2 were successfully treated with the addition of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Only two children required referral to a hospital setting for DGA and the remaining nine children were managed with an alternative conscious sedation technique. CONCLUSION: This pilot shows that intravenous midazolam especially in combination with the addition of inhaled nitrous oxide or sevoflurane and nitrous oxide were promising safe and effective techniques, sufficient to justify progression to a definitive RCT with appropriate methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Exogenous NPY modulation of cardiac autonomic reflexes and its pressor effect in the conscious rabbit.

1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may inhibit sympathetic and vagal transmission via presynaptic Y2 receptors and cause vasoconstriction via postsynaptic Y1 receptors. We examined the effects of NPY and related peptides on cardiovascular parameters and autonomic reflexes in the conscious rabbit. Further, the postjunctional effects of NPY and related peptides were assessed on acetylcholine (ACh) and isoprenaline agonist dose-chronotropic response curves. 2. In conscious rabbits the cardiac baroreceptor-heart rate reflex (baroreflex), Bezold-Jarisch like and nasopharyngeal reflexes were assessed in control, propranolol-treated or methscopolamine-treated (baroreflex only) groups, before and 30 min after i.v. administration of NPY (10 microg kg[-1] + 5 microg kg[-1] min[-1]) or vehicle (saline, 10 ml h[-1]). The effects of equivalent pressor doses of [Leu31, Pro34]NPY or methoxamine on the baroreflex were also examined. In separate animals, dose-heart rate (HR) response curves to isoprenaline or ACh were constructed before and 15 min after administration of NPY, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY (ACh only) or [Leu31,Pro34]NpY + sodium nitroprusside (ACh only). 3. Administration of NPY-receptor agonists caused sustained bradycardia (in the absence of methscopolamine) and rightward shifts of the barocurves in all 3 groups. The range of sympathetically-mediated tachycardia was significantly decreased by NPY or [Leu31,Pro34]NPY in the methscopolamine-treated group. However, these changes in the baroreflex were no different from those elicted by equipressor doses of methoxamine. There was no vagal inhibition by any NPY-receptor agonist in all three autonomic reflexes examined. ACh or isoprenaline dose-HR response curves were not affected by NPY peptide administration. 4. We conclude that in the conscious rabbit, at a single dose that elicits a significant pressor response, exogenous NPY has no direct effect on modulation of cardiac and autonomic reflexes. Non-specific effects of exogenous NPY on the baroreflex may be fully explained by its pressor action. There was no effect of NPY on postjunctional ACh or isoprenaline agonist dose-response curves. Therefore, it is unlikely that endogenous NPY has a functional role in directly modulating cardiac autonomic neurotransmission in the rabbit.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2001

A conscious-rabbit model to study vardenafil hydrochloride and other agents that influence penile erection.

Experimental models to study the effect of agents on penile erection usually include electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in anesthetized animals combined with systemic or intracavernous injection of drugs. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that conscious rabbits can be used as a simple and quantitative model for the assessment of compounds that show potential for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Erection was assessed by measuring the length of uncovered penile mucosa before and after the intravenous (i.v.) administration of agents. Animals did not require anesthesia during the course of the study. The phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors vardenafil x HCl (hereafter called vardenafil) and sildenafil were given intravenously, and measurements were taken for 0-5 h. The effects of phentolamine and milrinone were also evaluated. Vardenafil (0.1-3 mg/kg) induced dose-dependent penile erections in conscious rabbits following i.v. administration. The efficacy of vardenafil was potentiated, and the minimal effective dose was reduced significantly to 0.01 mg/kg by simultaneous administration of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Administration of the NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME abolished the effect. Sildenafil was effective in this model after i.v. administration. The alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg i.v.) induced erections with a slower t(max) compared with vardenafil and sildenafil. Intravenous administration of the PDE3 inhibitor milrinone (1 mg/kg i.v.) was less effective than the PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil. The conscious rabbit is a suitable and reliable model for the evaluation of compounds with potential for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. This was demonstrated using compounds that target different signaling pathways that induce smooth muscle relaxation in the penis.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1981

A sympathetic hypertensive reflex from the heart of conscious dogs.

1. The aim of the present experiment was to study in conscious animals the effect of chemical stimulation of cardiac sensory innervation by bradykinin, a physiological substance known to activate both vagal and sympathetic cardiac sensory nerve endings, at doses devoid of systemic haemodynamic effects. 2. In conscious dogs with implanted catheters bradykinin (100 ng/kg) injected into a cannulated branch of the left coronary artery induced significant (P less than 0.01, n = 5) reflex increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate as well as increases in left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dP/dt max. and coronary blood flow. 3. These changes were obtained in the absence of pain reactions. 4. The concept, derived from experiments on anaesthetized animals, that chemical stimulation of the intact sensory supply of the heart always elicits a cardiovascular depressor reflex mediated by cardiac vagal afferents has to be modified, as pressor sympathetic reflexes may occur after an appropriate stimulus to the fully innervated heart of conscious dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists CV-11974 and EXP 3174 cause selective renal vasodilatation in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.

1. Spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats underwent a two-stage operation for the implantation of Doppler flow probes and intravascular catheters to determine the regional haemodynamic profiles of the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists, CV-11974 and EXP 3174. 2. Angiotensin II was given before and up to 24 h after the intravenous administration of CV-11974 (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) and EXP 3174 (1.0 mg/kg) to separate groups of conscious rats. 3. The dose of angiotensin II causing an equieffective pressor response (20-25 mmHg) was smaller in spontaneously hypertensive rats (6 ng) than in Wistar-Kyoto rats (25 ng) and was associated with marked renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction in both groups. CV-11974 (0.1 mg/kg) markedly attenuated the cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats over the subsequent 6 h. In spontaneously hypertensive rats only, CV-11974 by itself caused a progressive fall in mean arterial pressure over 6 h together with a transient increase in renal flow (1 h) and a sustained increase in renal conductance over 6 h. Minimal changes occurred in the mesenteric and hindquarters circulations. All haemodynamic variables had returned to predrug levels by 24 h. A 10-fold higher dose of CV-11974 essentially evoked a similar haemodynamic profile. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, CV-11974 did not alter regional haemodynamics except for causing a small decrease in mean arterial pressure after 4-6 h. 4. In a separate group of spontaneously hypertensive rats, EXP 3174 caused haemodynamic changes similar to those obtained using CV-11974, i.e. there was a progressive reduction in mean arterial pressure together with a transient increase in renal flow only (90 min), whereas renal conductance was elevated over 6 h. 5. The angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists CV-11974 and EXP 3174 blocked the regional haemodynamic effects of angiotensin II and caused relatively selective renal vasodilatation in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats only. This action is likely to contribute to the hypotensive action of angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide mixture with nitrous oxide alone for inhalation conscious sedation in children having dental treatment: a randomised controlled trial.

We studied 411 children aged 3-10 years who were referred for dental treatment. They were randomly allocated to have inhalation conscious sedation with either sevoflurane/nitrous oxide mixture or nitrous oxide alone. Dental treatment was satisfactorily completed in 215/241 children who were given sevoflurane/nitrous oxide mixture (89%) compared with 89/170 who were given nitrous oxide alone (52%) (Chi square 70.3, p < 0.0001). All children remained conscious and responsive to verbal contact throughout the treatment and in the recovery room. No adverse side-effects were recorded in either group and there were no significant differences in oxygen saturation, heart rate, recovery profile, or time to discharge home between the groups. The study concluded that, for every 100 children treated with sevoflurane/nitrous oxide mixture, 37 children would be saved a general anaesthetic if given combined sevoflurane and nitrous oxide mixture rather than nitrous oxide alone. The use of sevoflurane in low concentrations 0.1-0.3% to supplement nitrous oxide and oxygen for inhalation conscious sedation is safe, practical, and significantly more effective than nitrous oxide alone in children having dental treatment.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2000

Diversity of responses of renal cortical and medullary blood flow to vasoconstrictors in conscious rabbits.

The medullary microcirculation receives only about 10% of total renal blood flow, but plays a critical role in long-term arterial pressure regulation, so we need to better understand its regulation. Although there is evidence that circulating and locally acting hormones can differentially affect cortical and medullary blood flow in anaesthetized animals, there is little information from studies in conscious animals. This study is aimed (i) to develop a method for chronic measurement of cortical and medullary blood flow in conscious rabbits, and (ii) to test whether renal cortical and medullary blood flow can be differentially affected by intravenous (i.v.) infusions of various vasoconstrictor hormones in conscious rabbits. At preliminary operations, rabbits were equipped with single-fibre laser-Doppler flowprobes in the (left) renal cortex and medulla, and Transonic flowprobes for measuring cardiac output and renal blood flow. Intravenous angiotensin II (300 ng kg(-1) min(-1)), [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]-vasopressin (30 ng kg(-1) min(-1)), noradrenaline (300 ng kg(-1) min(-1)), endothelin-1 (20 ng kg(-1) min(-1)) and N G-nitro-L-arginine (10 mg kg(-1)) increased mean arterial pressure (by 10-45% of baseline) and reduced heart rate (by 16-35%) and cardiac output (by 16-45%). Consistent with previous observations in anaesthetized rabbits, all treatments except [Phe2,Ile3, Orn8]-vasopressin reduced renal blood flow (13-63%) and cortical blood flow (16-47%), but medullary blood flow was significantly reduced only by [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]-vasopressin (41%) and N G-nitro-L-arginine (42%). The diversity of these responses of cortical and medullary blood flow to i.v. infusions of vasoconstrictors provides further evidence for physiological roles of circulating and local hormones in the differential regulation of regional kidney blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sevoflurane inhalation conscious sedation for children having dental treatment.

An audit at the Queensway Anxiety Management Clinic of 2014 children, referred for dental treatment, showed that relative analgesia by inhalation of nitrous oxide and oxygen failed in 40% of cases successfully to complete treatment. We therefore investigated the efficacy of a new inhalation conscious sedation technique, which reduced the need for general anaesthesia. Seventy-five children aged 3-15 years were given inhalation conscious sedation, with sevoflurane 0.1-0.3% and nitrous oxide 40% in oxygen. In 69 children (92%), the dental treatment was completed successfully. Most children (93%) had recovered fully within 10 min without side-effects. Treatment was fully accepted by 88% of children and 91% of their parents. The use of sevoflurane in low concentrations to supplement nitrous oxide and oxygen for conscious sedation in children appears to be safe and effective and further study is currently in progress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Haemodynamic response following a 10% topload infusion of HemolinkTM in conscious, anaesthetized and treated spontaneously hypertensive rats.

HemolinkTM (HLK), a haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC), is currently undergoing Phase II/III clinical trials in surgical patients. It causes some blood pressure rise in animal and human tests. This study was designed to investigate the systemic haemodynamic response to HemolinkTM in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR rats). Conscious or anaesthetized SHR rats and control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY rats) received either HemolinkTM or homologous plasma as a 10% topload infusion. Some awake animals were pretreated with nifedipine and followed by HLK infusion. In the conscious animal study, HLK induced a greater pressure rise and less bradycardia in SHR rats than in WKY rats. In the anaesthetized animal experiment, HLK-induced pressure rise and bradycardia were similar in both strains and less pronounced than in the conscious animals. In the nifedipine pretreated SHR rats, HLK-induced pressure rise was significantly smaller than that observed in nontreated SHR rats and was not different from that of nontreated WKY rats. The HLK-induced bradycardia was significantly smaller in nifedipine-treated animals than in the nontreated SHR or WKY rats. This study suggests that the pressor effect of HemolinkTM can be attenuated in hypertensive animals with general anaesthesia or treatment with antihypertensive agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The use of conscious sedation for outpatient dermatologic surgical procedures.

BACKGROUND: Dermatologic surgery has undergone increasing levels of sophistication over the past few decades. Commensurate with this demand, an established anesthesia technique called conscious sedation has been employed. OBJECTIVES: Methods for performing office-based conscious sedation are described. Recommendations are made regarding prerequisites for conscious sedation in an office setting, patient selection, complications management, and postoperative discharge requirements. CONCLUSION: The goals of anesthesia are to provide for patient safety and comfort, to increase patient acceptance of the procedure, and to enhance the surgeon's efficiency and satisfaction.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2002

Exaggerated cardiovascular effects of cocaine in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics and mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of cocaine in dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the cardiovascular responses to acute intravenous cocaine (1 mg/kg) in 8 conscious, chronically instrumented dogs before and after the development of dilated cardiomyopathy induced by rapid ventricular pacing. To help elucidate the role of altered baroreflex function in mediating the cardiovascular effects of cocaine, we also studied responses in 3 conscious, chronically instrumented dogs that had undergone surgical sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation. Cocaine produced greater increases in heart rate (+57 +/- 8% from 112 +/- 5 beats/min versus +28 +/- 3% from 100 +/- 4 beats/min; P <.01), first derivative of left ventricular pressure (+30 +/- 5% from 1,714 +/- 147 mm Hg/sec versus +15 +/- 3% from 3,032 +/- 199 mm Hg/sec; P <.01), coronary vascular resistance (+28 +/- 5% from 2.3 +/- 0.3 mm Hg/mL/min versus +11 +/- 5% from 2.2 +/- 0.3 mm Hg/mL/min; P <.05) and plasma norepinephrine concentration (+130 +/- 31% from 462 +/- 102 pg/mL versus +86 +/- 32% from 286 +/- 77 pg/mL; P <.05) in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy as compared to controls. In addition, responses were much more rapid in onset following the development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Chronotropic and inotropic responses to cocaine were similarly rapid and exaggerated in dogs after baroreceptor denervation. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine produces rapid and exaggerated chronotropic, inotropic, and coronary vasoconstrictor responses in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Alterations in arterial baroreflex function may play a role in these observations, which in turn may underlie the clinically observed association between cocaine and heart failure.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗