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PubMed1996

The most select and the most democratic: a century of science in the Royal Society of Canada.

This paper is a history of the Science Academy of the Royal Society of Canada, from its foundation in 1882 until the early 1990s. The RSC has always had an honorific role, but it has sought a more substantive one in scientific publication (a role that it has largely lost to the National Research Council and to other scientific societies and journals), in educating the public, in reperesenting Canada internationally, and in undertaking scientific inquiries of public import, for example in assessing the risks associated with nuclear winter, or in the Canadian Global Change Program. Often, Fellows of the RSC have individually achieved more in science than the Society has achieved institutionally but as this narrative shows, the dynamic between science, government, the RSC, and the Canadian public, has been important in Canadian science and in Canadian history.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2002

Recent writing on health care history in Canada.

These are halcyon days for health care history in Canada. One routinely sees articles pertaining to health in leading Canadian and international history journals. The Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is a vibrant and important vehicle and there are a growing number of monographs. This essay reviews several of the maturing content areas that now characterize the writing of health history in Canada, including hospital history, nursing history, the history of mental health, and health and medicine in aboriginal settings. This essay seeks to highlight the accomplishments of the field, while reviewing some of the gaps.

Canada↗
PubMed1982

Toxic shock syndrome in Canada.

Fifty-three cases of toxic shock syndrome were reported in Canada from 1976 to 31 October 1981. Three of the 50 women with this syndrome died. Thirty-seven cases were associated with menstruation and all but one of these cases were in tampon users. Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from eight patients, and enterotoxin was found in seven. The Canadian government has asked tampon manufacturers to print a warning statement on tampon boxes and to include a package insert informing users about toxic shock syndrome. Generally, the incidence of communicable disease in Canada is one tenth that of the United States, reflecting the population differential of 1:10 between the two countries. This ratio has not been found with respect to toxic shock syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Further studies on horn aberrations in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from Yukon Territory, Canada.

The prevalence of horn aberrations in Dall's sheep from the Kluane Lake area of Yukon Territory observed during July 1982 represented 1% of the total population and 7% of rams 6 yr or older. Ewes were not considered in these percentages because they were too difficult to inspect by aerial survey. When these data were combined with other data collected from 1977 through 1981, the prevalence equalled 2.4% of the total population and slightly exceeded 16% in mature rams (greater than or equal to 6 yr). The anomaly followed necrosis of the terminal region of the horn core and the sequestering of portions of the core within the sheath as the sheath continued to grow. Sheath that was produced after the core was anatomically altered resulted in abnormal growth patterns of the horn. Rams with aberrant horns could not maintain homeostatic temperatures within horn cores when horns were experimentally exposed to -80 C for 30 min. Histologic examination of superficial and cornual vascular systems did not reveal any structural alterations that would restrict blood flow within cores of affected horns. Examination of museum specimens consisting of 130 skulls from rams and 81 from ewes collected from Alaska, USA, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Northwest Territories, Canada, established only one ewe and no rams with the horn aberration. The skull was from a ewe and had both horns affected and was collected from the Joe River Drainage, Yukon Territory in 1912.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Brucella suis biotype 4: a case of granulomatous nephritis in a barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus L.) with a review of the distribution of rangiferine brucellosis in Canada.

Severe granulomatous nephritis caused by Brucella suis biotype 4 was found in a barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) from Northwest Territories, Canada. A review of the distribution of human and animal cases of brucellosis in northern Canada indicated that B. suis biotype 4 is distributed widely and is probably enzootic in most Canadian caribou herds.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Unusual finding of encapsulated nematode larvae (Spiruroidea) in Bartramia longicauda and Numenius americanus (Charadriiformes) in western Canada.

Third-stage spiruroid larvae were found encapsulated on the serosa of the small and large intestines and in the mesentery of one of 15 adult upland sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) from Manitoba, Canada, and three of 18 adult long-billed curlews (Numenius americanus) from Alberta, Canada. The larvae resemble third-stage larvae of Physocephalus sexalatus and birds may serve as a paratenic host of this unidentified spiruroid species.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Giardiasis in pinnipeds from eastern Canada.

Cysts of Giardia sp. were detected in feces from the rectum of 20 of 74 pinnipeds examined from the eastern coast of Canada in 1997 and 1998 using a monoclonal antibody technique. Infected pinnipeds included 15 adult harp seals (Phoca groenlandica), four adult grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), and one juvenile harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Cysts were not detected in 15 seal pups <1-yr-old. The highest prevalence (50%) occurred in adult harp seals collected near the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The overall prevalence of Giardia sp. in grey and harbor seals, excluding pups, from the Gulf and St. Lawrence estuary was 23%. Feces from 11 beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and one northern bottle-nosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) stranded in the St. Lawrence estuary were negative for Giardia sp. cysts. The significance of Giardia sp. in marine mammals, shown here for the first time in eastern coastal Canada, is unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ethnocultural parent education in Canada: current status and directions.

The delivery of parent education services to families from ethnocultural communities in Canada is considered. Despite the increased recognition of the importance of matching programs to the needs of participants, an extensive review of the literature revealed only five published studies evaluating parent education programs within ethnocultural communities. Because it was hypothesized that ethnocultural parent education programs exist in Canada despite the paucity of published data, community and tertiary care organizations were surveyed regarding their efforts in this area. The majority of service providers that responded to the survey indicated they do employ special provisions for parents from ethnocultural communities. The most frequently endorsed provisions included: addressing cultural issues within the program curriculum, utilizing ethnocultural facilitators, and offering the program in the first language of the participants. Future directions that follow from the findings are discussed. In particular, the need for empirical evaluation regarding the utility and acceptability of these cultural provisions is stressed.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Residents' exposure to aboriginal health issues. Survey of family medicine programs in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Canadian family medicine residency programs currently have objectives, staff, and clinical experiences for adequately exposing residents to aboriginal health issues. DESIGN: A one-page questionnaire was developed to survey the details of teaching about and exposure to aboriginal health issues. SETTING: Family medicine programs in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: All Canadian family medicine program directors in the 18 programs (16 at universities and two satellite programs) were surveyed between October 1997 and March 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether programs had teaching objectives for exposing residents to aboriginal health issues, whether they had resource people available, what elective and core experiences in aboriginal health were offered, and what types of experiences were available. RESULTS: Response rate was 100%. No programs had formal, written curriculum objectives for residency training in aboriginal health issues, although some were considering them. Some programs, however, had objectives for specific weekend or day sessions. No programs had a strategy for encouraging enrollment of residents of aboriginal origin. Eleven programs had at least one resource person with experience in aboriginal health issues, and 12 had access to community-based aboriginal groups. Core experiences were all weekend seminars or retreats. Elective experiences in aboriginal health were available in 16 programs, and 11 programs were active on reserves. CONCLUSIONS: Many Canadian family medicine programs give residents some exposure to aboriginal health issues, but most need more expertise and direction on these issues. Some programs have unique approaches to teaching aboriginal health care that could be shared. Formalized objectives derived in collaboration with other family medicine programs and aboriginal groups could substantially improve the quality of education in aboriginal health care in Canada.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of florfenicol and tilmicosin for the treatment of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada.

A field trial was performed under commercial feedlot conditions in western Canada to compare the efficacy of florfenicol and tilmicosin for the treatment of undifferentiated fever (UF) in calves that received metaphylactic tilmicosin upon arrival at the feedlot. One thousand and eighty recently weaned, auction market derived, crossbred beef calves suffering from UF were allocated to one of 2 experimental groups as follows: florfenicol, which was intramuscular (i.m.) florfenicol administered at the rate of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) at the time of allocation (Day 0) and again 48 h later, or tilmicosin, which was subcutaneous (s.c.) tilmicosin administered once at the rate of 10 mg/kg BW on day 0. Five hundred and forty-four animals were allocated to the florfenicol group and 536 animals were allocated to the tilmicosin group. The chronicity, wastage, overall mortality, and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the florfenicol group than in the tilmicosin group. There were no significant (P > or = 0.05) differences in first UF relapse, second UF relapse, hemophilosis mortality, or miscellaneous mortality rates between the florfenicol and tilmicosin groups. Average daily gain (ADG) from arrival at the feedlot to the time of implanting and ADG from allocation to the time of implanting were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the florfenicol group as compared with the tilmicosin group. There were no significant (P > or = 0.05) differences in arrival weight, allocation weight, implanting weight, or ADG from arrival to allocation between the experimental groups. In the economic analysis, there was an advantage of $18.83 CDN per animal in the florfenicol group. The results of this study indicate that florfenicol is superior to tilmicosin for the treatment of UF because of lower chronicity, wastage, overall mortality, and BRD mortality rates. However, interpretation of these observations must take into consideration the fact that these calves received meta-phylactic tilmicosin upon arrival at the feedlot, which is a standard, cost-effective, management procedure utilized by feedlots in western Canada.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A database for environmental contaminants in traditional food in northern Canada.

The potential health effects of environmental contaminants in traditional food on indigenous peoples in Northern Canada have been a growing concern. We have conducted an extensive literature review on contaminant levels in Northern Canada through searches of commercial, private, and government databases for the years 1986-1995, including MEDLine, Agricola, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents, Applied Science and Technology, Biosis, CABCD, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, CRIS/ICAR, and the Northern Aquatic Food Chain Contaminant Database. More than 20,000 data items were identified in over 50 published articles, unpublished data, government reports, and review articles. Ranges of levels of 13 contaminants in major traditional food groups collected from four geographical regions (Yukon, MacKenzie, Keewatin, Baffin and Northern Quebec) were calculated. Exposure levels, particularly according to different dietary patterns, were estimated and discussed in relation to guideline levels.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lessons from abroad on healthcare reform. Universal access and cost constraint work in Canada and in Germany.

Neither the single-payer Canadian healthcare system nor the multipayer German healthcare system is a totally appropriate model for the United States. But we can learn something by studying both. Nations such as Canada and Germany use global budgetary target approaches, which have been shown to be more effective in controlling healthcare costs than the United States' micromanagement methodology of allocating resources. As Congress decides on a basic comprehensive benefit package, it must keep in mind that a universal, comprehensive plan results in a significant additional demand for healthcare services, as seen in Canada and in Germany. The Canadian and German healthcare systems encourage consumers to select their physicians and hospitals. Germany has a distinct separation of community-based, fee-for-service physicians and hospital-based salaried doctors. This arrangement causes difficulty in providing continuity of patient care.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physician payment in Canada, Germany, and the United States.

As the debate about reforming the U.S. health care system intensifies, interest has focused on three alternative delivery systems: the predominantly private-sector model in the United States, the provincial-government health insurance model of Canada, and the social insurance model of Germany. The organization of physician payment is an important part of all these health care systems. To maintain an affordable system that delivers high-quality care, payment to physicians must be sufficient to attract and maintain an able group of doctors, while not exceeding an amount that the country can afford. In this article, these three systems will be examined, and an attempt will be made to apply the lessons learned from Germany and Canada to the direction of physician payment reform in the United States.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

International models. Home care in Canada.

Canada's exemplary health care system provides a great deal of medical coverage for its citizens, yet there are still some inconsistencies in delivery that need to be ironed out. This article takes a look at how home care is evolving in Canada and what the future holds for this growing industry.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sustainable health care for Canada.

Sustainable Health Care For Canada is a synthesis of the research findings of the Cost-Effectiveness of the Canadian Health Care System Project initiated by the Economic Council of Canada. Upon the council's closing, the team moved to become part of the Queen's-University of Ottawa Economic Projects to complete the research. During the project, 18 working papers were produced, in addition to the research report and the synthesis report. In this article, the authors provide an overview of this large-scale research program and highlight some of its key findings.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolving patterns of resistance to respiratory pathogens in Canada.

Active surveillance of changing resistance patterns is difficult but important for rational therapeutic choices. In Canada, penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has evolved more slowly than in other countries (in Europe and Israel rates exceed 50%). Currently, penicillin resistance is found in roughly 21% of Canadian isolates, and cross-resistance is becoming common. Beta-lactamase production is now found in approximately 28% of Haemophilus influenzae isolates, although more recently, rates over 30% have been found in some areas of Canada. In Moraxella catarrhalis, beta-lactamases are produced by 80% to 90% of bacteria, with resistance to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole also found. To date, there have been only a few reports of resistance to the fluoroquinolones. The apparent increase in the rate of development of resistance and cross-resistance will lead to new therapeutic challenges.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

The development of radiology guidelines in Canada, Part 1.

Canadian clinical practice guidelines are being developed for radiological services. In the first part of a two-part article outlining the history and process of this guidelines development, the author discusses several national and provincial initiatives in this area. A National Partnership for Quality in Health, involving many major physician organizations, was formed in 1990 to promote clinical practice guidelines in Canada. The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) participated in its workshops. CAR decided in 1994 to ask its Task Force on Standards to assume the task of development of appropriateness guidelines in diagnostic imaging. After review of British and US guidelines in radiology, the Task Force decided to develop guidelines tailored to the practice in Canada through interdisciplinary consensus. The CAR subsequently entered into an agreement with the Health Services Research in Radiology Initiative of McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., to investigate guidelines development, and decided to avoid taking "ownership" of guidelines. Guidelines development is based on the Guidelines Development Cycle of Browman and associates and is condition-based, rather than being all-encompassing or equipment-based. Guidelines developed to date or in progress include those for chest radiography in asymptomatic populations (such as routine health examinations or screening of smokers), for radiographs of foot and ankle injuries, for diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis and for ultrasonography in normal pregnancies.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A perspective on "Physiotherapy Canada": results of 1981 readership survey.

A readership survey was undertaken in 1981 by the editorial board of PHYSIOTHERAPY CANADA in order to identify the readers, ascertain their preferences and obtain their evaluation of the present content of the Journal. A questionnaire and a pre-addressed, prepaid response-card were included in the regular mailing of the January/February 1981 issue of the Journal. Analysis of the resulting data produced both descriptive and inferential statistics. Of the 6478 targeted population (readers on the mailing list), 440 (6.8%) replied. The response rate of physiotherapists was 7.3%. Although the low response rate makes it difficult to generalize the results to the readership at large, some helpful information was obtained. The majority of the respondents (84.3%) were physiotherapists, involved in clinical work (75.5%). Eighty-two per cent had never published an article. Although PHYSIOTHERAPY CANADA was the sole journal consulted by 29.7% of respondents, another 50.4% did consult from one to three additional journals. A clear preference for clinical articles was expressed. The low rate of publication claimed by respondents, however, and their predilection for using the Journal as a source of information rather than as a vehicle for disseminating reports of their own work, makes it difficult for the Journal to comply with their request.

Canada↗