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PubMed2006

The structure of maladaptive personality traits in childhood: a step toward an integrative developmental perspective for DSM-V.

The present study describes the construction of a taxonomy of trait-related symptoms in childhood, the Dimensional Personality Symptom Item Pool (DIPSI), and examines the replicability of the taxonomy's higher order structure across maternal ratings of referred (N = 205) and nonreferred (N = 242) children and self-ratings of adolescents (N = 453). The DIPSI's 4 higher order factors--that is, Emotional Instability, Disagreeableness, Introversion, and Compulsivity--showed clear correspondence with the dimensions of personality pathology found in adulthood (Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire; W. J. Livesley, 1990; Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality; L. A. Clark, 1993). These 4 factors can be further organized into 2 superfactors, representing Internalizing and Externalizing Traits, demonstrating empirical and conceptual relationships with psychopathology models in childhood and adulthood. The implications for the assessment and conceptualization of early trait pathology are discussed in the context of an integrative developmental perspective on the construction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years.

OBJECTIVE: To study the predictors of new eating disorders in an adolescent cohort. DESIGN: Cohort study over 3 years with six waves. SUBJECTS: Students, initially aged 14-15 years, from 44 secondary schools in the state of Victoria, Australia. OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight (kg), height (cm), dieting (adolescent dieting scale), psychiatric morbidity (revised clinical interview schedule), and eating disorder (branched eating disorders test). Eating disorder (partial syndrome) was defined when a subject met two criteria for either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). RESULTS: At the start of the study, 3.3% (29/888) of female subjects and 0.3% (2/811) of male subjects had partial syndromes of eating disorders. The rate of development of new eating disorder per 1000 person years of observation was 21.8 in female subjects and 6.0 in male subjects. Female subjects who dieted at a severe level were 18 times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who did not diet, and female subjects who dieted at a moderate level were five times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who did not diet. Psychiatric morbidity predicted the onset of eating disorder independently of dieting status so that those subjects in the highest morbidity category had an almost sevenfold increased risk of developing an eating disorder. After adjustment for earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity, body mass index, extent of exercise, and sex were not predictive of new eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Dieting is the most important predictor of new eating disorders. Differences in the incidence of eating disorders between sexes were largely accounted for by the high rates of earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity in the female subjects. In adolescents, controlling weight by exercise rather than diet restriction seems to carry less risk of development of eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Continental viewpoints on the concept of reactive psychoses.

Although the Scandinavian concept of reactive psychoses relates to K. Jaspers and although Kretschmer described the prototype of a psychosis of psychogenic/reactive origin (Der sensitive Beziehungswahn), the concept is not so commonly used in German-speaking countries. Important reasons for this refusal may be (1) the sharp distinction between psychosis (which may be explained but not understood) and understandable reactions, which was stressed in rather influential German psychiatric schools in the middle of the century, and (2) the aim of stressing psychological understanding in a broad spectrum of psychiatric illnesses in the Swiss tradition, where the demarcation of particular reactive psychoses seemed to be superfluous. The development of modern concepts stressing the multidimensionality in the etiology of the main groups of psychiatric disorders was certainly influenced by the concept of reactive psychoses but passed it.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Affective disorders and violence in adolescents.

Many adolescent affective disorders are rooted in biological vulnerability to stress and a predisposition to mood variations that are latent in childhood. As these stress-sensitive children encounter the normative helplessness and struggle for autonomy of adolescence, they may use violence, explosive rage, self-starvation, grandiose self-idealization, drug abuse, and suicidal behavior to relieve psychological helplessness and tension. They may begin a lifelong cycle of failure, disruption, and rejection by family and schools. The author describes adolescent depression and its biological underpinnings, deprivation syndromes, and manic-depressive illness, as well as the concept of affective violence in organic affective syndromes and episodic dyscontrol syndromes. These disorders call for multimodal treatment in which appropriate medication facilitates psychosocial intervention.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2005

[Age dynamics of mental disorders in neglected minors].

Three hundred and sixty socially maladapted 7-18 year old children have been studied. Their mental state was evaluated in 3 age groups: 7-10 years (60 subjects); 11-14 years (202) and 15-18 years (98). The ICD-10 diagnosis of addictive behavior was established in 228 cases, mild cognitive disorders in 92; adaptation disorders in 61 and socialized and unsocialized disturbances of behavior--86 and 66 cases, respectively. As a rule, these disorders combined with neurotic ones. With age, social and school maladaptation advances, pathological drives and asocial behavior progress. Family history of mental diseases, social impacts such as lack of parent's or formal caregiver's control, and high frequency of mental disorders in children are risk factors for neglect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

[Asthenic disorders in sailors during long sea voyages].

The peculiarities of asthenic disorders formation in sailors under long-lasting sail were shown to depend on prevalent extremal factors. Clinico-psychopathological and psychological investigation allowed the author to single out 4 groups of asthenia (psychogenic, psychosomatic+, somatogenic and cerebrogenic). Nonpathological premorbid and morbid variants are described with the course of their psychological and autonomic indices. The data can be used for professional selection to detect groups at high risk of neurotic disorders and for designing the differentiated system of prevention and correction.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1987

Postural adjustments associated with rapid voluntary arm movements in patients with Parkinson's disease.

To determine the extent to which deficits in coordination between posture and movement are influenced by postural disorders, postural adjustments associated with rapid voluntary arm movement were studied in PD patients and controls. EMG activity in postural muscles of the lower limbs and the trunk and local anteroposterior accelerations of the upper part of the leg were recorded in subjects who rapidly raised their arms to a horizontal position in response to a visual signal. The arm movement was characterized electromyographically by EMG activity from the deltoid muscle (anterior portion) and kinetically by acceleration of the arm. Study of characteristics of voluntary movement showed a nonsignificant increase in RT (simple-reaction time task) and an important increase in MT. There were important differences between PD patients and control subjects with regard to postural adjustments. Timing between voluntary movement and postural movement was anticipatory in 5% of PD patients, whereas it was anticipatory in 100% of control subjects. In PD patients, organization of early postural adjustments was not specific to voluntary movement; in control subjects, organization of early postural adjustments was specific to the forthcoming movement. Last, a possible functional relation between the "quality" of postural adjustments and a reduction in motor performance of normal subjects is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Status within the family and early life experiences in patients with affective disorders and cycloid psychosis.

The family constellation and early childhood experiences have been investigated in 534 in- and outpatients (21 male and 323 female). The series comprised the following diagnostic subgroups: bipolar (n = 195) and unipolar (n = 175) affective psychotic disorders, non-psychotic depressive syndromes (n = 94) and cycloid psychosis (n = 70). A 34-item questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the present investigation relying upon information about meaningful variables in the relevant literature. Five main areas (status within the family, separation and loss, disturbing life experiences, acts of violence, and somatic factors) were covered in the study. Female patients have been found to be over-represented in regard to many variables. Few inter-group differences were found. This finding would suggest that negative, early childhood experiences are shared by most psychiatric patients and are not specific for any of the disorders which have been taken into account in the study.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Socio-economic differentials in mental disorders and suicide attempts in Australia.

BACKGROUND: Responses to mental disorders usually focus on treatment; socio-economic conditions are less likely to be considered. AIMS: To examine social determinants of mental disorders and attempted suicide in Australia. METHOD: Data from the 1997 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (n=10 641) were used to estimate associations between socio-economic status, mental disorders and attempted suicide. Logistic regression was used to adjust for age, urban/rural residence and country of birth. Socio-economic status differentials in suicide attempts were also adjusted for mental disorders. RESULTS: Significant increasing gradients from high to low levels of education and occupational status (employed) were evident for affective disorders and anxiety disorders in both men and women and for substance use disorders in men. Similar gradients were found for suicide attempts, which decreased after adjusting for mental disorders, but remained significant in the working-age employed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest social causation of mental disorders and suicide attempts, and the need for social and economic responses beyond provision of mental health services.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Coping with domestic violence: social support and psychological health among battered women.

This study suggests a conceptual framework for examining the impact of stress (i.e., level of violence), personal resources, social support, institutional responsiveness, and coping upon the psychological health (i.e., depression, mastery, and self-esteem) of battered women. Respondents were 60 women who had sought assistance from a shelter for battered women. Results indicated that increased levels of violence, minimal personal resources, lack of institutional and informal social support, and greater avoidant coping styles were related to lowered self-esteem and more severe depressive symptoms. Exploratory analyses suggested that stress (i.e., level of violence) and personal resources may have indirect effects upon functioning through their impact on coping responses and the availability of social support. In particular, women who had fewer social contacts unaccompanied by their partner were less likely to receive supportive responses from friends. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Test-retest and case-control study of psychological symptoms and social adjustment following parasuicide.

Numerous studies have been conducted in which cases of parasuicide have been followed for repeat parasuicide. By comparison, there have been relatively few studies of other morbidity endpoints. Over a 1-year period, 507 cases of parasuicide and 200 controls were recruited from emergency departments in Edmonton, Canada and interviewed using the Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, State Anger Scale, Trait Anger Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, and Social Adjustment Scale. Over the ensuing 1 to 2 years, 414 cases were reinterviewed using the same questionnaires. Mean symptom scores on all questionnaires improved over the course of follow-up, but did not reach control levels. The pattern of improvement varied according to questionnaire. Only half of cases received treatment for the parasuicide from a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other health care provider during the 3 months following the emergency department visit.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1978

Previous induced abortion and ante-natal depression in primiparae: preliminary report of a survey of mental health in pregnancy.

One hundred and nineteen primiparae, who were routinely attending ante-natal clinics, were interviewed repeatedly between the 12th and 36th weeks of their pregnancies. The incidence of depression was highest in the first trimester and, overall, about a fifth of the sample was found to be suffering from clinically significant neurotic disturbances. In a proportion of these expectant mothers there was an association between depression and anxiety early in pregnancy and a previous history of induced abortion; this phenomenon may reflect a reactivation of mourning which was previously suppressed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1976

Changes in environmental life events and their relationship to psychiatric hospital admissions.

This study was designed to determine if differences exist in the number of stressful life events experienced by individuals precipitating a first admission vs. readmission to an inpatient psychiatric facility based on diagnostic classification and sex. The subjects consisted of adult patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, depressive neurotic, or chemically addicted, who had not been hospitalized for psychiatric problems for at least 12 months prior to the current hospitalization. The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale was used to quantify the life stresses experienced. A 3 X 2 X 2 analysis of variance showed no significant differences between groups.

Adjustment Disorders↗