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PubMed1997

Pleural effusion as a presenting symptom of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

Pharmacological ovarian stimulation is an accepted technique for amplifying the normal process of follicular development and maturation. It has been in use for the past decade, especially in cases of infertility. Pleural effusion associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a complication of this therapy, may be more prevalent than is commonly accepted. Four young women presented to our department with dyspnoea caused by pleural effusion as a result of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The diagnosis of OHSS was based on a history of pharmacological ovarian stimulation, clinical and laboratory evidence of ovarian enlargement and exclusion of other potential causes of pleural effusion in young women, such as infections, malignancy, pulmonary embolism and collagen vascular diseases. The fluid characteristics in all cases were exudative, with low to normal LDH. All of these patients required fluid evacuation for symptomatic relief. Resolution was achieved with supportive measures and rest. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome may be common enough to warrant routine consideration in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion in young women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

New enzyme-based process direction to prevent wool shrinking without substantial tensile strength loss.

In this paper a new enzymatic process direction is described for obtaining machine washable wool with acceptable quality. In general, application of protease enzyme technology in wool processing results in considerable loss of tensile strength by diffusion of the enzyme into the interior of wool fibers. To overcome this disadvantage enzymatic activity has been more targeted to the outer surface of the scales by improving the susceptibility of the outer surface scale protein for proteolytic degradation. This has been realized by a pretreatment of wool with hydrogen peroxide at alkaline pH in the presence of high concentrations of salt.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Short-term group therapy for people in crisis.

The author describes a short-term group therapy program that he believes is more effective than the traditional one-to-one approach for people in crisis. The group focuses on the problems of one member at a time and helps him examine his role, identity, and value system, the significant people in his community, and his ability to appreciate the positive things that exist within himself. Short-term goal-setting, self-evaluation, and written homework assignments are used to teach the client a new process that can help him look at his life positively and accept defeats and failures as a part of the growth process.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1999

The origin and evolution of segmentation.

Arthropods, annelids and chordates all possess segments. It remains unclear, however, whether the segments of these animals evolved independently or instead were derived from a common ancestor. Considering this question involves examining not only the similarities and differences in the process of segmentation between these phyla, but also how this process varies within phyla, where the homology of segments is generally accepted. This article reviews what is known about the segmentation process and considers various proposals to explain its evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Coeruleotrigeminal inhibition of nociceptive processing in the rat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis.

It has been accepted that the descending system from the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC)/nucleus subcoeruleus (SC) plays a significant role in spinal nociceptive processing. The present study was designed to examine modulation of nociceptive processing in the caudal part of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex, the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis which is generally considered to be involved in the relay of oral-facial nociceptive information. Experiments were performed on anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The site of LC/SC stimulation was confirmed by histology using potassium ferrocyanide to produce a Prussian blue reaction product marking the iron deposited from the stimulating electrode tip. Only data from rats which had electrode placements in the LC/SC were used. Electrical stimulation was delivered at a stimulus intensity below 100 microA in the present study. Stimulation at sites inside the LC/SC produced a reduction of both spontaneous activity and responses of subnucleus caudalis neurons to somatic input, especially nociceptive input. Increasing stimulation frequency in the LC/SC resulted in an increase in inhibitory effects on nociceptive responses of subnucleus caudalis neurons. At three of nine sites outside the LC/SC, electrical stimulation was effective on descending inhibition. A significant difference in the inhibitory effects was observed when the inhibitory effects were compared between sites of stimulation inside the LC/SC and three effective sites of stimulation outside the LC/SC. These findings suggest that nociceptive processing in the subnucleus caudalis is under the control of the descending modulation system from the LC/SC. To understand the effects of repetitive stimulation with high frequency on fine unmyelinated LC/SC fibers, the existence of recurrent collateral excitation in the LC/SC may be considered.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informatics in Radiology (infoRAD): personal computer security: part 2. Software Configuration and file protection.

Proper configuration of software security settings and proper file management are necessary and important elements of safe computer use. Unfortunately, the configuration of software security options is often not user friendly. Safe file management requires the use of several utilities, most of which are already installed on the computer or available as freeware. Among these file operations are setting passwords, defragmentation, deletion, wiping, removal of personal information, and encryption. For example, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine medical images need to be anonymized, or "scrubbed," to remove patient identifying information in the header section prior to their use in a public educational or research environment. The choices made with respect to computer security may affect the convenience of the computing process. Ultimately, the degree of inconvenience accepted will depend on the sensitivity of the files and communications to be protected and the tolerance of the user.

Computer Security↗
PubMed1980

Electron tunneling process and the segment mobility of macromolecules.

New experimental data [Berg, A. I., Noks, P. P., Kononenko, A. A., Frolov, E. N., Khrymova, I. N., Rubin A. B., Likhtenstein, G. I., Goldanskii, V. I., Parak, F., Bukl, M. & Mössbauer, R. (1979) Mol. Biol. (USSR) 13, 81-89; Berg, A. I., Noks, P. P., Kononenko, A. A., Frolov, E. N., Uspenskaya, N. Y., Khrymova, I. N., Rubin, A. B., Likhtenstein, G. I. & Hideg, K. (1979) Mol. Biol (USSR) 13, 469-477] provide evidence that the electron tunneling process is connected to a special type of conformational transition (segmental transition) protein macromolecules in photosynthetic membranes. This problem is investigated with a simple mechanical model. It is shown that the segmental degree of freedom can play the role of the strongly interacting accepting mode for the electron tunneling process. The temperature dependences of the electron tunneling rate and the recoilless gamma-ray absorption of membrane-bound 57Fe, as an indicator of the intramolecular mobility, are calculated. The problem of energy storage in proteins is also discussed.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

The adolescent health review: test of a computerized screening tool in school-based clinics.

This study tested the viability of a stand-alone screening process in school-based health centers, and gauged its acceptance by patients and providers. The study also examined the prevalence of a variety of health risks disclosed in response to a new screening instrument and the relationship between these health risks and the stated purpose for the clinic visit. Seven school-based clinics located in six high schools and one alternative school in an urban school district participated in the study; 692 patients (83% female, 67% minority) completed the Adolescent Health Review (AHR), a multidimensional screening instrument that addressed 14 risk domains. The AHR was computerized for administration, scoring, and report generation. Females reported risk in significantly more domains than males (4.2 vs. 3.2; t = 4.5, p < .0001), including higher risk in family interaction problems, a history of physical or sexual abuse, emotional distress, suicidal behavior, marijuana use, and sexual activity. Significantly more males than females reported violent behavior. Risk rates were high regardless of stated purpose for the clinic visit. According to clinic staff, use of the AHR increased routine screening and the process was well accepted by patients and providers. Providers benefited from the opportunity to discuss risks with patients by using the printed reports to facilitate conversation and develop health care plans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions onto a low cost biopolymeric sorbent from aqueous solutions.

In this study, the adsorption conditions of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) metal ions onto sporopollenin have been studied. The different variables effecting the sorption capacity such as pH of the solution, adsorption time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature have been investigated. Adsorption isotherms correlated well with the Freundlich type adsorption isotherm and adsorption capacities were found to be 0.0195, 0.0411 and 0.0146 mmol g(-1) for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) metal ions, respectively. Experimental data were also evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics of the adsorption process. Adsorption processes for three target heavy metal ions were found to follow pseudo-second order type adsorption kinetics. Intraparticle diffusion was found to take part in adsorption processes but it could not be accepted as the primary rate-determining step. The mean free energies of adsorption (E) were found to be between 8 and 16 kJ mol(-1) for the metal ions studied and therefore adsorption mechanism for the adsorbent was explained as an ion-exchange process. But it was observed that chelating effect is also playing an important role in the adsorption of metal ions onto sporopollenin. Thermodynamic parameters, DeltaH degrees , DeltaS degrees and DeltaG degrees were also calculated from graphical interpretation of the experimental data. Standard heats of adsorption (DeltaH degrees ) were found to be endothermic and DeltaS degrees values were calculated to be positive for the adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions onto the adsorbent. Negative DeltaG degrees values indicated that adsorption process for these three metal ions onto sporopollenin is spontaneous.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Triage nurse perceptions of the use, reliability and acceptability of the Toowoomba Adult Triage Trauma Tool (TATTT).

OBJECTIVE: The 'Toowoomba Adult Triage Trauma Tool' (TATTT) is a computerised clinical decision support tool developed to provide an evidence-based, valid and consistent method of triage assessment and categorisation. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate training and testing strategy for implementing the TATTT and to evaluate its acceptability for assisting in the triage prioritization process. METHODS: Triage nurses (15) from two hospitals underwent training in the TATTT and were tested on its application. Semi-structured interviews gathered their perceptions of the training, the methods for testing and the acceptability of the TATTT for assisting in triage. RESULTS: The TATTT was viewed positively by all but one of the nurses. Participants believed that it provided clear direction in the triage assessment process, increased their confidence in reaching a decision and would be comfortable in adopting the TATTT in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: The study has shown that the TATTT is acceptable to users and is viewed as a viable alternative to current triage practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Audit of admission to medical school: I--Acceptances and rejects.

A prospective study of the process of application, selection, and admission to medical school was performed. St Mary's Hospital Medical School received 1478 UCCA applications for admission in October 1981: 94 (6.4%) applicants entered St Mary's in October 1981, 436 (29.5%) entered other medical schools, 176 (11.9%) read a subject other than medicine, and 772 (52.2%) did not enter university. The study included 12.6% of all applicants and 12.9% of all entrants to British medical schools in October 1981. Educational qualifications, demographic variables, type of schooling, family background, and the manner of application were examined in relation to overall selection. A level achievement was the major determinant of acceptance. O level achievement, early application, and medical parents had significant but smaller independent effects on the chance of acceptance. Social class, age, sex, and school type did not predict acceptance when corrected for academic and other factors. Few differences in personality, career preference, cultural interests or attitudes were found between those accepted and those rejected.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed2006

Caenorhabditis elegans as a screening tool for the endothelial cell-derived putative aging-related proteins detected by proteomic analysis.

Endothelial cells go through progressive pathophysiologic modification as cellular senescence progresses. In vitro, endothelial cell senescence is accompanied by failure of proliferation and by perturbations in gene and protein expressions. Moreover, this cellular senescence in culture has been proposed to reflect processes that occur in the organism in vivo and free radical theory is accepted to be the most plausible explanation for this process. We have screened proteins involved in both cellular senescence and reactive oxygen species induced condition using 2-D gel analysis and found that ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase L1, peroxyredoxin 2, peroxyredoxin 4, fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta-1 subunit were candidate aging-related proteins. To evaluate in vivo function of these proteins, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) knock-down system using RNA interference was applied. Aging-specific expression of lipofucsin and the lifespan of knocked-down C. elegans were observed to assess the outcome. Interestingly, the inhibition of the genes led to short lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofucsin with increasing age when compared with the wild type. These results suggest that the above genes may be related to cellular senescence process in determining the longevity in C. elegans and that gene inactivation renders animals susceptible to oxidative stress.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Becoming a cancer patient: a study of families of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

This grounded theory study was designed to explore the process by which families of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) "become" cancer patients. Data were obtained through interviews with four families and three professional caregivers and were analyzed for processes by which families experience the illness of ALL. The central process of "becoming" was defined as trying to live as "normally" as possible; accepting that life is not the same; understanding what you have to do; and accepting what you can't change/living with dissatisfactions. This process was mediated by families' external contexts, including marital relationships and support networks, experiential contexts, including positive and negative experiences during treatment and previous illness experiences, and internal contexts, including personal survival strategies and personal outlooks and attitudes. The process illustrates the pattern of experience that occurs in families faced with the diagnosis of their child's ALL. Understanding this process may be useful to care providers when treating children with cancer.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

[Predictive microbiology and risk assessment].

Predictive microbiology (predictive modelling PM), in spite of its limits and short-comings, may often contribute to a reduction of the problems arising when HACCP systems are established or microbiological risk assessment is done. Having identified the agents which constitute a risk and the contamination rate and density in the raw material, the influences of production steps and storage on these microorganisms have to be examined. Finally, there should be an exposure assessment, i.e. an estimate of the contamination density in the final product at the time of consumption. Should the exposure assessment together with data from dose response assessments reveal a potential for intake of inacceptable numbers of organisms, the risk identified has to be characterized. As a consequence, risk management should result in a modification of the composition of the product and/or of the production process so that the risk does not surpass an acceptable limit. For this approach it is indispensable to have product- and process-specific information on the multiplication of pathogens prior to heat treatment, on reduction of their density by thermal treatment and on growth or dying of organisms having survived heat treatment or penetrated into the product after heat treatment as post-process contaminant. Commonly, challenge tests are conducted to provide such information. But they are time consuming and, as their results are only valid for the specific product tested and the conditions prevailing during the experiment, the have to be repeated if there is any modification of intrinsic or extrinsic factors. At least partially, the PM may replace the challenge tests. The efficiency of the models is rated particularly high if they are used already at the stage of product development when the question has to be answered whether a planned recipe or process of production are already save or have to be modified to become save.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Consistency and stability of recombinant fermentations.

Production of proteins of consistent quality in heterologous, genetically-engineered expression systems is dependent upon identifying the manufacturing process parameters which have an impact on product structure, function, or purity, validating acceptable ranges for these variables, and performing the manufacturing process as specified. One of the factors which may affect product consistency is genetic instability of the primary product sequence, as well as instability of genes which code for proteins responsible for post-translational modification of the product. Approaches have been developed for mammalian expression systems to assure that product quality is not changing through mechanisms of genetic instability. Sensitive protein analytical methods, particularly peptide mapping, are used to evaluate product structure directly, and are more sensitive in detecting genetic instability than is direct genetic analysis by nucleotide sequencing of the recombinant gene or mRNA. These methods are being employed to demonstrate that the manufacturing process consistently yields a product of defined structure from cells cultured through the range of cell ages used in the manufacturing process and well beyond the maximum cell age defined for the process. The combination of well designed validation studies which demonstrate consistent product quality as a function of cell age, and rigorous quality control of every product lot by sensitive protein analytical methods provide the necessary assurance that product structure is not being altered through mechanisms of mutation and selection.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1989

Critical assessment of carcinogenic risk policy.

Fact. Cancer is a relatively common yet greatly feared disease. Belief. The concept that cancer is largely preventable is widely held by advocate groups, the press, and Congress. Belief. The concept that carcinogens at any level of exposure pose a significant cancer risk to human is widely believed by the public. Fact. In contrast to this belief, carcinogens are now known to be widespread in the environment and that virtually all substances are contaminated with carcinogens at some albiet low level. Fact. The solution to the ubiguitous presence of carcinogens cannot be solved by regulatory fiat. Fact. Often the only viable solution to regulating carcinogens is setting maximum levels of acceptable exposure (tolerances). Belief. In U.S. society, the process of establishing tolerances must be conducted in the open, providing adequate opportunity for public comment. Fact. The courts will sustain regulatory agency decisions about risks only if the administrative procedures used comply with the Administrative Procedures Act and if the technical methodology used is in good standing. Fact. For the method to be in good standing it cannot be a recent invention created after the fact to solve the issue at hand but must instead be a procedure that is claimed to be generally applicable to determining or estimating cancer risk. Belief. QRA should be an orderly procedure or process by which cancer risk estimations are conducted in an unbiased manner. As such it is fundamentally acceptable to the courts for resolving disputes. Fact. However, because QRA is dependent upon a large number of assumptions and because regulatory agencies feel compelled to act in a conservative, risk-adverse manner, risk estimates are often criticized for being over stated. Belief. To make risk estimates more realistic, data or facts must substitute for worst case assumptions. Fact. This process of substituting scientific facts for assumptions is occurring but it is expensive, time consuming, and not always possible. Nevertheless, it constitutes a major opportunity for improving the process by which risk estimates are made.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Voluntary muscle involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A study of eleven patients.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is generally considered to be a primary disease of cardiac muscle, although several clinical observations suggest that the pathologic process might be more diffuse. To further examine this possibility, electromyography and voluntary muscle biopsies were done on 11 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In 10 of 10 patients electromyography showed reductions in mean potential amplitude and duration, with an increased incidence of short-duration polyphasic deflections (findings traditionally accepted as indicative of a myopathic process). Light and electron microscopic studies of the biopsy material showed abnormalities in eight of 11 patients: four had central core or target fibers, or both, and two of these, plus four others, had subsarcolemmal mitochondrial proliferation with or without abnormal ultrastructure. These findings indicate that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is only one aspect of a larger disease spectrum, with abnormalities in both voluntary and cardiac muscle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Protein folding: a perspective for biology, medicine and biotechnology.

At the present time, protein folding is an extremely active field of research including aspects of biology, chemistry, biochemistry, computer science and physics. The fundamental principles have practical applications in the exploitation of the advances in genome research, in the understanding of different pathologies and in the design of novel proteins with special functions. Although the detailed mechanisms of folding are not completely known, significant advances have been made in the understanding of this complex process through both experimental and theoretical approaches. In this review, the evolution of concepts from Anfinsen's postulate to the "new view" emphasizing the concept of the energy landscape of folding is presented. The main rules of protein folding have been established from in vitro experiments. It has been long accepted that the in vitro refolding process is a good model for understanding the mechanisms by which a nascent polypeptide chain reaches its native conformation in the cellular environment. Indeed, many denatured proteins, even those whose disulfide bridges have been disrupted, are able to refold spontaneously. Although this assumption was challenged by the discovery of molecular chaperones, from the amount of both structural and functional information now available, it has been clearly established that the main rules of protein folding deduced from in vitro experiments are also valid in the cellular environment. This modern view of protein folding permits a better understanding of the aggregation processes that play a role in several pathologies, including those induced by prions and Alzheimer's disease. Drug design and de novo protein design with the aim of creating proteins with novel functions by application of protein folding rules are making significant progress and offer perspectives for practical applications in the development of pharmaceuticals and medical diagnostics.

Animals↗