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PubMed1990

[Clinico-pathopsychological study of personality traits and emotions in patients with affective psychoses].

During an experimental psychological examination of 75 patients with endogenous affective psychosis differentiated according to the affect polarity in the disease course, a study was made of the stable personality traits responsible for predisposition to the disease and characterizing the patients' emotional sphere. The comparison of the pathopsychological data to the clinical characteristics supported the rightfulness of differentiating the premanifest condition in accordance with the qualitative traits of the personality structure into pseudopsychopathic, psychopathic and accentuated states as most corresponding to the division of affective psychosis into the mono- and bipolar forms. The implication of the personality factors in the pathogenesis of the distinguished varieties of affective psychosis and the rightfulness of their differentiation by the polarity of the major affect in the disease picture are under discussion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The role of dyadic affect in play and infant sex in predicting infant response to the still-face situation.

This study was designed to examine mothers' and 3-month-old infants' affect in play and infant sex as predictors of infants' response to the still-face situation. Infants who evidenced negative affect in play were likely to respond with negative displays during a subsequent still-face situation. Maternal positivity in play was positively correlated with infants' social gaze in the still-face situation. In addition, maternal positivity and infant sex significantly interacted in predicting infant affective response in the still-face situation. For girls, maternal positivity was associated with decreased expressivity. For boys, maternal positivity was associated with early positive bids, which were followed by negative bids and moderately negative affect. Finally, maternal positivity and its interaction with infant sex provide unique information beyond the carry-over effect from infant affect in play to infant response to the still-face. Results are discussed in terms of patterns of individual and joint regulation.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive and affective consequences of formative evaluation in graduate nursing students.

To test the effect of formative evaluations on cognitive learning and affective behaviors, 57 graduate nursing students were placed in experimental (E) and control (C) groups. Two hypotheses were stated: that E students learn and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than C group students. The 25 E group subjects were taught by means of formative evaluations. The 32 C group subjects were taught by lecture-discussion. The content taught dealt with conditions of learning and instruction in nursing. Pre- and posttests measured cognitive learning. Demographic data and affective measures were obtained only at the posttest. Results showed: The E group learned and demonstrated affective behaviors significantly more than the C group. Both groups learned significantly. Subjects preferred the formative evaluation technique significantly more than the LD. Significant positive correlation was found between amount of learning and affective behaviors. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and stall.

Affect↗
PubMed1987

The relationship of borderline personality disorder to the affective disorders.

The proposition that Borderline Personality Disorders (BPDs) are atypical forms of affective disorder is reviewed in the light of pharmacological, outcome and clinical studies. The case can be summarized briefly as follows: that the basic underlying cause of borderline symptomatology is an effective disorder; that mood disturbance, which is viewed as primarily biological, is more important than developmental experience and life events in maintaining borderline personality features; that therapies aimed at treating the mood disorder should therefore be expected to relieve the personality disorder. However, the pharmacological studies suggest that antidepressant medications have been largely ineffective in treating well defined BPD, except in the presence of coexisting depressive disorder. Indeed low dose antipsychotics have a demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of BPD, which does not strengthen the case for an affective etiology. Follow-up studies of BPDs suggest that dramatic characterological features seen at the time of index hospitalization tend to recede by the time patients are in their 30s, that major affective disorders fail to emerge over time, and that long-term marginal functioning derives from long-term maladaptive patterns across a variety of areas. Clinical studies suggest that 20-60 per cent of patients with BPD have a concomitant depressive disorder. Conversely the prevalence of personality disorders in depressions varies with depressive category, with considerably higher incidence of personality disturbance found in non-endogenous depression. The high rate of coexistence of these two disorders does not imply causality or primacy, in the sense that it is the affective disorder which brings out and causes the personality disorder. The review concludes that the assertion that BPD represents atypical affective disorder begs the possibility that it is precisely in having borderline features that they are atypical, and hence distinct.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1988

The clinical use of carbamazepine in affective disorders.

Carbamazepine, although not widely used in the treatment of affective disorders until the mid-1970s, is now considered an integral part of the pharmacological treatment of affective disorders. The author reviews much of the currently available data on the clinical effects of carbamazepine for both the acute and prophylactic treatment of affectively ill patients. Because of theoretical implications for the use of carbamazepine in affectively ill patients and reports of early success in uncontrolled trials, the first double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of carbamazepine in affective illness was undertaken at the National Institute of Mental Health in 1976. The results of this trial and other controlled and uncontrolled trials form the basis of this review.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1987

The Turner syndrome: cognitive deficits, affective discrimination, and behavior problems.

Individuals with sex chromosomal anomalies are known to be at increased risk for learning problems and in some cases social or behavioral problems. Girls with an absent or structurally abnormal second sex chromosome (the Turner syndrome) have been found to have cognitive problem solving deficits and immature, inadequate social relationships. The present study attempted to link cognitive and social problems by assessing the girls' ability to process affective cues. 17 girls with karyotypes consistent with a diagnosis of Turner syndrome were compared to a group of 16 short-stature girls of comparable age, verbal intelligence scores, height, and family socioeconomic status on the Affective Discrimination Task, which required interpretation of affective intention from facial expression. The results revealed that the Turner syndrome girls were less accurate at inferring facial affect than the short-stature controls. Analyses revealed that the Turner syndrome girls performed more poorly on spatial, attentional, and short-term memory cognitive tasks and had more psychosocial problems than the short-stature controls. Ability to discriminate facial affect may be another area of cognitive weakness for girls with the Turner syndrome and may underlie the psychosocial problems found in this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Paired-associate learning of affective words in chronic schizophrenics.

This study investigated the acquisition of affective and neutral words in a paired-associate list by chronic schizophrenics and normals. Ten paired associates in which stimulus terms were nonsense syllables and response terms were words (five affective and five neutral) were learned by 30 chronic schizophrenics (15 male, 15 female) and 30 normals (15 male, 15 female) according to an anticipation procedure. The schizophrenics learned significantly fewer affective words than neutral words, while normals learned an equal number of affective and neutral words. This effect, however, progressively diminished throughout trials for the schizophrenics such that no differences were observed in the final trial for the two types of response words. These results are discussed in terms of habituation of an anxiety response evoked by the affective words.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Interpretation and affect: aliquis.

Freud's (1901) examination of the motives of the young man who forgot the word 'aliquis' is used to examine the respective roles of representation and affect in interpretation. The author bases his discussion on a controversy dating back to André Green's paper on affect (1970). Three different types of representation are identified in the 'aliquis' episode. The quality of the affect connected with these three representational series varies according to the vicissitudes of the affect after repression. Freud's interpretation is organised around derivatives of these three representational series; these derivatives form a new sequence, the 'internal spiral', which is the locus of the interpretation. In 'aliquis' Freud manages the affect, using it as a support rather than interpreting it. A paradoxical function of interpretation is postulated, suggesting that its revelatory effect may be based on the maintenance of repression in a different register.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

Concerns, affect, and cognitive disruption following completion of radiation treatment for localized breast or prostate cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe concerns, cognitive disruption, and affect following the completion of radiation treatment (RT) for localized breast or prostate cancer. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive. SETTING: Two RT centers associated with a university hospital. SAMPLE: Patients who completed RT for prostate (n = 9) or breast cancer (n = 11). The mean age of the sample is 64 years. Ninety percent are Caucasian, 80% are married, 50% are of Latter-day Saint faith, and 50% are retired. All had early stage disease, with a mean of 20 months post-RT. METHODS: One-time interview using qualitative methods and the Life Orientation Test, Revised Impact of Events Scale, state scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, satisfaction items of the Sarason Social Support Questionnaire, and Side Effect Severity Checklist. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Frequency of intrusive thoughts or avoidant behavior, positive and negative affect, dispositional optimism, satisfaction with social support, severity of side effects, and themes extracted from semistructured interviews. FINDINGS: Most subjects had unexpected intrusive thoughts about cancer; more than one-third avoided reminders of cancer. The level of positive affect was high, as was optimism. The level of negative affect was low. Subjects' satisfaction level with social support was high. Fatigue was the most frequently reported continuing side effect. Relative optimism, acceptance, vigilance, and trust of healthcare providers were major themes. Avoidance, comparison, maintaining normalcy, and information seeking were common coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects perceived themselves to be doing well. Fatigue was the most common long-term side effect. Subjects continued to seek information. Symptom vigilance and interpretation were important, as were having a positive outlook and maintaining normalcy. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses must acknowledge the potential for concerns about symptoms and continuing side effects and what they mean for the patient. Clinicians need to provide accurate information about common post-treatment experiences. Clinicians also must remember that subjects have vivid recollections of both positive and negative interactions with healthcare providers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Effects of cognitive ability and affect on school mathematics performance and feelings of difficulty.

Research on cognitive ability and affect has indicated that both of them may function at various levels of generality (LG). This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of LG on school mathematics performance and related feelings of difficulty. Two hundred forty-three students of seventh, eighth, and ninth grades of both genders participated in the study. They were tested with cognitive ability tasks, affective questionnaires, and two school mathematics batteries. The difficulty of each of the school mathematics task was also rated on a 4-point scale. The two school mathematics batteries and affective questionnaires were re-administered 1 year after the first testing. Rates of difficulty were also taken. Path analysis showed that performance was mainly influenced by cognitive ability factors, whereas feelings of difficulty were influenced by performance, cognitive ability, and affective factors. The long-term relations between cognitive and affective factors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Affective reactions of retarded and nonretarded children to success and failure.

After performing a simple motor task, 208 mildly retarded and nonretarded girls and boys pointed to photographs of modeled affective facial expressions to indicate how they felt, wished to feel, and thought their teachers would feel about their performance. Children in both IQ groups frequently attributed positive affect to themselves and their teachers after success, although younger retarded children were less positive than were nonretarded children in teacher affect attributions. Following failure, retarded subjects were generally less frequently negative than were nonretarded subjects in affect attributions to themselves and particularly to their teachers. Emphasis on success and minimization of failure in classrooms for retarded children was offered as one possible explanation for the IQ group affect differences following failure.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Multiple sclerosis and affective disorder. Family history, sex, and HLA-DR antigens.

To investigate a possible genetic cause underlying the clinical association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and affective disorder, we studied 56 patients with MS for psychiatric and genetic (family history, sex, and HLA-DR) characteristics. The 2:1 ratio of females to males expected for patients with MS was observed in this sample (40:16), but the excess of females occurred entirely among the 31 MS patients with major affective disorder (27 females and four males). Bipolar probands with MS had significantly more relatives with affective disorder or MS than did unipolar probands with MS. The HLA-DR antigen frequencies in patients with MS categorized by type and family history of affective disorder suggest that it may be possible to validate such clustering of patients. We concluded that sex and other genetic factors are related to the affective symptoms in MS and emphasize the importance of psychiatric evaluation of these patients.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1979

Long-term outcome of major psychoses. I. Schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions.

We conducted a 30- to 40-year field follow-up of 685 patients with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and nonpsychiatric conditions. Long-term outcome was analyzed in terms of the patients' marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status. On the whole, psychiatric patients showed a significantly poorer outcome than the surgical controls. On the basis of long-term outcome, schizophrenia, and affective disorders, selected according to the specified research criteria, were significantly different: schizophrenia definitely showed poorer outcome than affective disorders. However, no significant differences in all four outcome variables were found between mania and depression. We hope that the present data on long-term outcome of the typical cases can be used to compare outcome of other psychiatric disorders, such as undiagnosed psychoses, having mixtures of schizophrenic and affective features. In doing this, we hope to charify our understanding of undiagnosed psychoses and their relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Demography of paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder): a review and comparison with schizophrenia and affective illness.

This article reviews the demographic characteristics of paranoid psychosis or delusional disorder (DD) and compares them with those found for schizophrenia and affective illness. Delusional disorder constitutes between 1% and 4% of all psychiatric admissions, with an incidence of first admissions between 1 and 3/100,000 population per year. Like affective illness, but unlike schizophrenia, DD is predominantly an illness of middle to late adult life, usually occurring in persons who have been married. Like schizophrenia, but unlike affective illness, DD occurs more frequently in low socioeconomic classes and produces a poor chance for full recovery. Delusional disorder occurs more frequently than either schizophrenia or affective illness in immigrants. From a demographic perspective, DD closely resembles neither schizophrenia not affective illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

HLA and major affective disorder.

Fifteen unrelated multiplex families, each containing two or more offspring with a diagnosis of major affective disorder, were HLA typed to provide additional data bearing on the proposed linkage of affective disorder susceptibility genes with the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. Altogether 19 parents, 38 affected children, and 13 unaffected children were typed. The distribution of shared HLA haplotypes among pairs of affected siblings, pairs of affected-unaffected siblings, and various diagnostic subsets of these families fails to lend any support for the HLA linkage hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Pharmacotherapy of impaired affect in recovering schizophrenic patients.

BACKGROUND: Prominent and persistent anxiety, depression, and/or negative features characterize a substantial minority of recovered or residually psychotic schizophrenic outpatients and contribute to poor outcome. Because extrapyramidal side effects of typical neuroleptic medications often resemble such features, we first systematically studied the contribution of extrapyramidal side effects to these problems and their treatment. For patients who remained distressed, controlled trials of supplemental thymoleptics were undertaken. METHODS: In trial 1, 92 distressed (depressed and/or anxious) patients and 36 patients in a defect state (patients with negative symptoms) participated in a double-blind, intramuscular challenge that compared centrally acting benztropine mesylate with peripherally acting glycopyrrolate. In trial 2, 57 distressed patients and 22 patients in a defect state were randomly assigned to a double-blind, neuroleptic medication dose-reduction group. In trial 3, 57 chronically distressed patients who were maintained on a low dose of fluphenazine decanoate were randomly assigned to a supplemental desipramine hydrochloride, lithium carbonate, or placebo group under double-blind conditions for 12 weeks. RESULTS: For patients who were already maintained on antiparkinsonian medication, impaired affect was not resolved by additional benztropine. Only distressed patients with a family history of severe mental disorder (often affective) showed improvement with neuroleptic medication dose reduction. Patients in the defect-state group reported less dysphoria on a reduced neuroleptic medication dose, but negative symptoms persisted. Desipramine improved diverse aspects of mood and residual psychoticism, possibly as a prophylaxis against minor affective exacerbations. Depression improved in women only. Lithium positively affected multiple indexes of anxiety and anxious depression. CONCLUSION: Most often, persistent affective impairments are neither resistant extrapyramidal side effects nor characterological traits. Thymoleptics improve the nonphasic, chronic types of anxiety and depression in contrast to the acute, episodic forms, for which little support can be found in the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Developmental precursors of affective illness in a general population birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that neurodevelopmental impairment may be a risk factor for later affective disorder. METHODS: Associations between childhood developmental characteristics and affective disorder were examined in a prospectively studied national British birth cohort of 5362 individuals born between March 3 and March 9, 1946. Mental state examinations by trained interviewers performed at ages 36 and 43 years identified 270 case subjects with adult affective disorder (AD). Teachers' questionnaires completed at age 13 and 15 years identified 195 case subjects who had shown evidence of childhood affective disturbance (CAD). RESULTS: Female gender and low educational test scores at ages 8, 11, and 15 years were a risk factor for AD, CAD, and AD without CAD. In addition, attainment of motor milestones was later in the CAD group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.3), followed by, and independent of, greater risk for speech defects between the ages of 6 and 15 years (OR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0), decreased psychomotor alertness on medical examination between ages 4 and 11 years (OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 2.2-9.7), and an excess of twitching and grimacing motor behaviors in adolescence (OR = 3.9; 95% CI, 2.5-6.1). Persistent CAD was strongly associated with persistent AD (OR = 7.8; 95% CI, 2.6-23.2). CONCLUSION: The findings give credence to the suggestion that affective disorder, especially its early-onset form, is preceded by impaired neurodevelopment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand.

CONTEXT: On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake occurred off the northwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami that followed severely impacted all 6 southwestern provinces of Thailand, where approximately 20,000 children were directly affected. OBJECTIVE: To assess trauma experiences and the prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among children in tsunami-affected provinces in southern Thailand. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based mental health surveys were conducted among children aged 7 to 14 years in Phang Nga, Phuket, and Krabi provinces from February 15-22, 2005 (2 months posttsunami), and September 7-12, 2005 (9 months posttsunami). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trauma experiences and symptoms of PTSD and depression as measured by a tsunami-modified version of the PsySTART Rapid Triage System, the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index, and the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale. RESULTS: A total of 371 children (167 displaced and living in camps, 99 not displaced from villages affected by the tsunami, and 105 not displaced from unaffected villages) participated in the first survey. The prevalence rates of PTSD symptoms were 13% among children living in camps, 11% among children from affected villages, and 6% among children from unaffected villages (camps vs unaffected villages, P = .25); for depression symptoms, the prevalence rates were 11%, 5%, and 8%, respectively (P = .39). In multivariate analysis of the first assessment, having had a delayed evacuation, having felt one's own or a family member's life to have been in danger, and having felt extreme panic or fear were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms. Older age and having felt that their own or a family member's life had been in danger were significantly associated with depression symptoms. In the follow-up survey, 72% (151/210) of children from Phang Nga participated. Prevalence rates of symptoms of PTSD and depression among these children did not decrease significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS: This assessment documents the prevalence of mental health problems among children in tsunami-affected provinces in southern Thailand at 2 and 9 months posttsunami. Traumatic events experienced during the tsunami were significantly associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression. These data may be useful to target mental health services for children and may inform the design of these interventions.

Adolescent↗