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PubMedDate not supplied

Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite Polistes sulcifer (Hymenoptera, Vespidae).

In multiple-foundress nests of the wasp Polistes dominulus, dominance hierarchies are established among foundresses, and only the dominant (=alpha) individual lays eggs. The alpha female can be distinguished from subordinate females and workers on the basis of the proportions of some hydrocarbons present on the cuticle, suggesting that chemical signaling of her reproductive status could occur. P. dominulus is also the host species of the obligate social parasite Polistes sulcifer. After aggressively usurping host colonies and behaviorally replacing the host alpha female, parasites are characterized by a change in the proportions of their cuticular hydrocarbons to match that of the host cuticular profile at both species and colony levels. In the current study, we demonstrate that P. sulcifer queens also modify their cuticular hydrocarbon proportions after usurpation to match that of the host alpha female. Parasite females, therefore, acquire the dominant rank in host colonies both reproductively and chemically by mimicking the typical alpha profile of the host. Parasite females were not able to fully inhibit ovary development in host foundresses, and 10 days after usurpation, parasites, alpha and beta foundresses show similar chemical profiles and ovarian development.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of rat hippocampus after repeated psychosocial stress.

Since stress plays a role in the onset and physiopathology of psychiatric diseases, animal models of chronic stress may offer insights into pathways operating in mood disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular changes induced in rat hippocampus by repeated exposure to psychosocial stress with a proteomic technique. In the social defeat model, the experimental animal was defeated by a dominant male eight times. Additional groups of rats were submitted to a single defeat or placed in an empty cage (controls). The open field test was carried out on parallel animal groups. The day after the last exposure, levels of hippocampal proteins were compared between groups after separation by 2-D gel electrophoresis and image analysis. Spots showing significantly altered levels were submitted to peptide fingerprinting mass spectrometry for protein identification. The intensity of 69 spots was significantly modified by repeated stress and 21 proteins were unambiguously identified, belonging to different cellular functions, including protein folding, signal transduction, synaptic plasticity, cytoskeleton regulation and energy metabolism. This work identified molecular changes in protein levels caused by exposure to repeated psychosocial stress. The pattern of changes induced by repeated stress was quantitatively and qualitatively different from that observed after a single exposure. Several changed proteins have already been associated with stress-related responses; some of them are here described for the first time in relation to stress.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Exploitation of patients: themes in the psychopathology of their therapists.

This clinical paper develops an interpersonal theory of the therapist-patient relationship when boundaries are violated. It describes a clinically useful way to define boundary transgressions. A variety of mutually created dialectical paradigms interact with the therapist's psychopathology when, for various reasons, the therapist who is fully ethically responsible cannot see what is happening. The role of burgeoning aggression, dominance/ submission interplay, envy, and erotized countertransference is explored as forces leading to sexual and nonsexual exploitation of patients. Numerous clinical vignettes are used to illustrate the theoretical issues. Two fundamental axioms of treatment are also described, which, if followed, can help avoid transgressions.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1975

Narcissistic transformations in adolescence.

This paper traces the transformation of narcissism, paralleling the transformations of object love, occurring between early and late adolescence. Narcissism is examined in terms of three lines of development: erotic self-love, omnipotence, and the regulations of self-esteem. The transition occurs relatively rapidly in most normal and psychoneurotic individuals and involves a massive reorganization of the psyche. The acquisition of a body image of an adult sort probably acts an organizer. A normal consequence is the first romantic love relationship. An understanding of these issues is of importance in psychoanalytic psychotherapy of both adolescents and adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Guild structure of larval trematodes in the snail Helisoma anceps: patterns and processes at the individual host level.

Factors that influenced the infracommunity structure of trematodes parasitizing the pulmonate snail Helisoma anceps were studied over a 15-mo period; the guild included 8 species of parasites. Infracommunities were depauperate, with double patent infections observed in only 7 of 1,485 infected snails; a total of 4,899 was examined. Halipegus occidualis-Haematoloechus longiplexus was the most common dual infection. Both species share the same definitive host and, in both cases, eggs are the infective stage for the snail. Switches and losses of infections in individual snails were observed, suggesting the occurrence of dynamic interactions within the guild. A dominance hierarchy was constructed based on field observations and experimental infections. Echinostomatids were dominant; species without rediae in their life cycles were subordinates. Halipegus occidualis (which has rediae) was intermediate in dominance. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the distribution and abundance of trematode infective stages indicate that not all the snails have the same probability of becoming infected. Habitat structure, behavior of the definitive host, the nature of the infective stages, and snail population dynamics (mortality, recruitment, and size structure) generated spatial and temporal heterogeneity in this system. As a consequence, predictions of the probabilities of interspecific interactions based on an analysis of observed and expected frequencies of multiple infections could be inappropriate unless the potential sources of heterogeneity are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sociophysiology of relationships in squirrel monkeys. I. Formation of female dyads.

Physiological and behavioral consequences of formation of female-female relationships were investigated in adult squirrel monkeys. Plasma cortisol, heart rate, and behavior were evaluated during confinement in a test cage while animals were housed alone, during the first hour of isosexual pair formation, and while animals were housed as isosexual dyads. In addition, basal cortisol levels were assessed both before and after pair formation, as were behavioral and cardiovascular responses to social and nonsocial stimulus presentations. Basal cortisol levels underwent a marked and sustained reduction following formation of pairs, independent of both dominance status and the quality of social interactions between pairmates. In contrast, adrenocortical responsiveness was not altered by social conditions, apart from a modest and transitory difference between dominant and subordinate females in their initial response to pair formation. Heart rate declined sharply during each test session, but did not reliably differentiate social conditions, stimulus conditions, or dominance status. These findings contrast with results of a parallel study of male squirrel monkeys and suggest that isosexual relationships in males and females are associated with different sociophysiological processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

NF-kappaB p50-deficient mice show reduced anxiety-like behaviors in tests of exploratory drive and anxiety.

The ubiquitous transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB plays a prominent role in regulation of inflammatory immune responses and in cell survival. Recently, it has been found to be active in neurons, and mice lacking NF-kappaB subunits p50 or p65 show deficits in specific cognitive tasks. Here we demonstrate a strikingly low level of anxiety-like behavior in the p50(-/-) mouse. In an open field, the mutant mice showed significantly less defecation, more rearing, and more time spent in the center compartment relative to wild type control mice. The p50(-/-) mice also spent more time investigating a novel object placed in the open field. On the elevated plus maze, p50(-/-) mice spent more time on the open arms and had increased numbers of open arm entries relative to wild type. In group housing conditions, they did not establish dominant-subordinate hierarchies, whereas wild type control animals did so, in part, by whisker barbering and conspecific allogrooming. In tests of general health, sensorimotor function, and daily activity on a circadian rhythm, p50(-/-) mice were normal. Thus, absence of the p50 subunit of the NF-kappaB transcription factor, which results in altered NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in cells throughout the body and brain, alters neuronal circuitry underlying manifestation of emotional behavior. The p50 subunit appears to play a role in normal expression of certain forms of anxiety.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Long-term effects of social stress on antiviral immunity in pigs.

Mixing of unfamiliar pigs is common practice in intensive pig husbandry. Since pigs maintain a dominance hierarchy, mixing often leads to vigorous fighting. Apart from the negative impact that fighting has on welfare, there is evidence that the social stress associated with fighting suppresses immune function. In the present experiment, we investigated the impact of mixing on specific long-term immune responses and protection against challenge infection after vaccination with pseudorabies virus (PRV). Specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were mixed pairwise with an unfamiliar same-gender conspecific or left undisturbed with a same-gender littermate at 3 days after vaccination with PRV. Half of the pigs were females (gilts) and half were castrated males (barrows). Mixing increased agonistic behavior to the same degree in gilts and barrows. Cortisol concentrations in saliva and catecholamine excretion in urine were increased in mixed pigs, and these effects were independent of dominance status and gender. Subsequently, the effects of mixing, gender, dominance status and interactions between these factors on immune response parameters were studied. The main result was that mixed barrows showed suppressed immune responses after vaccination and increased clinical symptoms after challenge infection compared to control barrows. Mixed gilts however did not differ from control gilts. It also appeared that mixed dominants were more seriously affected than mixed subordinates were. We conclude that, in some pigs, social stress after mixing suppresses the immune response to a viral vaccine and consequently impairs protection against challenge infection.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Dominance and reproductive rates in captive female olive baboons, Papio anubis.

The reproductive cycles of 23 captive olive baboons were studied over two successive parturitions. Interbirth intervals of 450 days were reduced by 60% in comparison to wild baboons, and consisted of 145 days of postpartum amenorrhea, 3.5 cycles, and a gestation of 185 days. Dominance rank was found to be one significant factor affecting female fertility. Low-ranking females had longer total intervals between successive births and, in particular, they experienced a longer delay to conception once they had resumed sexual cycles. Mothers of infants who were heavy for age resumed cycling more quickly and had fewer cycles before a subsequent conception. Mothers best able to sustain rapid early infant growth were those of high dominance rank and of high body mass; these females had more rapid reproductive rates. As female energy intake was unrelated to dominance, we suggest that social stresses are important suppressors of the hormonal and lactational competence of subordinate females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Social defeat alters the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats: role of individual differences in cocaine-taking behavior.

RATIONALE: It is known that social defeat can modulate cocaine self-administration. However, it is unclear whether this psychosocial stressor affects drug-taking behavior to the same extent across all individual animals, particularly those with differing propensities to self-administer psychostimulants. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of social defeat on cocaine self-administration in animals that differ in novelty-seeking behavior that predicts differences in drug self-administration. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were first classified into high-responder (HR) and low-responder (LR) groups. HR and LR rats were categorized based on their locomotor activity in a novel environment, with HR rats exhibiting higher locomotor activity than LR rats. Then, male rats were exposed on four occasions to an aggressive Long Evans male rat over the course of 4 days. Control rats were not exposed to the social defeat. All rats were subsequently implanted with jugular catheters and 3 days later placed into the self-administration box to study the acquisition of cocaine self-administration (0.25 mg per infusion). RESULTS: HR non-defeated animals self-administered more cocaine than the LR non-defeated animals. Following social defeat, the acquisition of cocaine self-administration is significantly delayed in HR rats and enhanced in LR rats. CONCLUSION The unique patterns of responsiveness in the HR and LR animals suggest that social defeat plays a role of equalizer of individual differences in drug-taking behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Social modulation of stress responses.

Social interactions can profoundly affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Although most research on social modulation of glucocorticoid concentrations has focused on the consequences of exposure to stressful social stimuli, there is a growing body of literature which suggests that social support in humans and affiliative behaviors in some animals can provide a buffer against stress and have a positive impact on measures of health and well-being. This review will compare HPA axis activity among individuals for whom social relationships are maintained through aggressive displays, such as dominance hierarchies, vs. individuals engaging in high levels of prosocial behavior. We also will examine oxytocin, a neuropeptide that is well known for promoting social behavior, as the physiological link between positive social interactions and suppression of the HPA axis. Despite many examples of social interaction modulating the HPA axis and improving health outcomes, there is relatively little known regarding the underlying mechanisms through which social behavior can provide a buffer against stress-related disease.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

What makes a girl (or a boy) popular (or unpopular)? African American children's perceptions and developmental differences.

Open-ended questions were used to obtain narrative accounts of what makes a girl (or a boy) popular (or unpopular) at school. The participants were 489 African American students in Grades 1, 4, and 7 recruited from high-risk inner-city neighborhoods. Appearance and self-presentation were mentioned the most in Grades 4 and 7. Prosocial characteristics were especially relevant for popularity in Grade 1, as were studentship in Grade 4 and peer affiliations in Grade 7. Deviant behaviors were nominated for popularity more frequently in Grade 7 than in the younger grades and more for boys' popularity than for girls'. The mean deviance scores were negative in all grade levels, suggesting a normative peer culture. Male groups in Grade 7 showed significant homophily in reports of deviant behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cash income, intrahousehold cooperative conflict, and child health in central Mozambique.

This study presents qualitative data on individual cash income generation and intrahousehold bargaining in a sample of 100 households in central Mozambique. It is now recognized that intrahousehold resource allocation patterns can be critical determinants of children's health in the developing world. Recently developed "bargaining-power" models suggest that individual incomes are often not pooled in households and that decisions are the result of a bargaining process that involves cooperation and conflict between men and women. Women's income, many believe, is more often spent on child welfare. Development projects should target benefits to women for greater impact on child health. Some argue that households consist of separate, gendered spheres of economic responsibility that intersect through a "conjugal contract" that defines the terms of cooperation. The findings here support the "separate-spheres" depiction of the household and reveal women's subordinated position in the external cash economy, which undermines their intrahousehold bargaining power.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Social rank in house mice: differentiation revealed by ultraviolet visualization of urinary marking patterns.

Ultraviolet light has been used to examine urine marks deposited by adult male house mice on filter paper on the floors of their cages during overnight tests. Both the urination frequency and the pattern in which urine was deposited on the filter paper depended upon social rank. Dominant males vigorously marked their entire cage floor, whereas subordinate males typically voided urine in only two to four pools in the corners of their cages.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A reliability assessment of the Psychotherapy Supervisory Inventory.

The authors investigated the reliability of the Psychotherapy Supervisory Inventory scales, which rate behaviors of supervisors on the basis of observation of supervision sessions. The scales assess focus on the therapist and the patient, intellectual and experimental orientation, number of clarifying and interpretive comments, intensity of confrontation, depth of exploration, verbal activity level of the supervisor, dominance of the supervisor and the therapist, comfort and tension levels, and empathy of the supervisor. Intraclass correlation coefficients were significant for all scales, indicating that trained observers can agree in distinguishing supervisory behaviors. These scales can be used in further research and for feedback to supervisors.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed2005

Semantic competition between hierarchically related words during speech planning.

There is overwhelming evidence that during speech planning semantically related words become lexically activated and compete for selection with the to-be-produced target word. The vast majority of this evidence stems from studies using the picture-word task, in which a distractor word (e.g., bird) drawn from the same semantic category as the target (e.g., fish) was shown to inhibit the picture-naming response more strongly than did an unrelated distractor word. By contrast, corresponding evidence from distractor words (e.g., carp) bearing a hierarchical relation to the target (e.g., fish) is sparse and inconclusive. In the present study, we investigated effects of subordinate-level distractors during basic-level naming and effects of basic-level distractors during subordinate-level naming. Hierarchically related distractors were found to inhibit the naming response in both situations. This pattern of results did not depend on whether the pictures were preferably named at the basic level or at the subordinate level. The results suggest that hierarchically related name alternatives compete for selection.

Humans↗