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PubMed1999

Water drinking in rats resulting from intravenous relaxin and its modification by other dipsogenic factors.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether iv infusion of relaxin would acutely stimulate water drinking in rats and, if it did, whether such drinking is affected by other dipsogenic stimuli or is blocked by centrally administered losartan. iv infusions of human gene 2 relaxin at doses of 25, 40, 55, or 80 microg/kg x h for 1 h induced dose-dependent water drinking in both male and female rats within 15-30 min of commencement of infusions. iv infusion of a nondipsogenic dose of angiotensin II (0.5 microg/h), combined with relaxin (40 microg/kg x h), almost tripled the relaxin-induced water intake. iv infusion of hypertonic (1 M) NaCl did not potentiate relaxin-induced drinking. Intracerebroventricular injection of the angiotensin AT1 antagonist losartan (10 microg) reduced water drinking induced by iv infusion of relaxin. The water drinking induced by iv infusion of relaxin in the rat suggests that blood-borne relaxin may be a dipsogenic hormone. Potentiation of this relaxin-induced drinking by moderate levels of circulating angiotensin II is additional evidence in support of this view. The results also indicate that a central angiotensinergic neural pathway, utilizing AT1 receptors, subserves relaxin-induced drinking.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1984

Permissible starting age for drinking in four Scandinavian countries.

Data on the age at which it is considered permissible to start drinking alcoholic beverages in Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden with peers and with family are analyzed and compared with similar data from California, Mexico, the Netherlands, Ontario, Scotland and Zambia. Of the Swedish population, 63% felt that drinking should be permitted for a 16-year-old girl whereas only 5% of the Zambian population felt similarly. The egalitarian sex norms in industrial countries contrast with the normative expectations in Zambia and Mexico, where the sex of the drinker has a considerable impact on the responses. By international comparison, the current norms about drinking by youth in Scandinavia are quite permissive. This permissiveness is of recent origin, and older age groups are still much less permissive. The normative distance between drinking with peers and with the family is used as an indicator of the integration of drinking with family life. Compared with older respondents, younger respondents accept drinking with the family at a clearly lower age than drinking with peers. Drinking per se is no longer associated with independence, and alcoholic beverages may be becoming culturally integrated with family life in Scandinavia.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Trends in collegiate drinking in California, 1979-1984.

Trends in collegiate drinking are examined from data collected on two campuses of the University of California in 1979, 1981 and 1984. A set of standard consumption indicators (including quantity and frequency, drinking problems and experiences and use in the last 7 days) and a set of indicators regarding beliefs relating to alcohol use are used to explore: patterns of student drinking over a 6-year period, the degree to which these patterns have changed over this period and whether the reasons for drinking and beliefs about drinking have shifted over time among these college students. The results suggest that the intensity of alcohol use--how often students drink, how much they drink and problems associated with their use of alcohol--has decreased. The results also indicate that commonly held beliefs regarding a contemporary rise in levels of both student drinking and alcohol-related problems among collegians are unwarranted.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Gender roles and female drinking-driving.

Using roadside survey data on 2044 drivers in a southern metropolitan community, the potential of gender roles for explaining the role behavior of female drinking drivers was examined. Although female drinking drivers are like female nondrinking drivers in previous driving and drinking-driving experiences, overall they are more like male drinking drivers. Both female and male drinking drivers tend to drive in similar places and to be on the roads at similar times and days. They also carry similar numbers and types of passengers. The greater similarity of female drinking drivers to male drinking drivers than to nondrinking female drivers suggests caution in leaning too heavily on gender roles as explanations of female drinking-driving behavior.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1987

Social drinking and cognitive functioning in college students: a replication and reversibility study.

The purposes of this study were to replicate a previous study of the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in college students and to investigate the reversibility of negative effects of social drinking on cognitive functioning when randomly assigned subjects abstained from drinking for 2 weeks. The previous study was replicated by administering the same battery of neuropsychological tests to 170 subjects (103 women) during the first testing session. Like the original study, the present study demonstrated several significant predicted inverse relationships between drinking and cognitive performance, but specific relationships between various drinking and cognitive variables were not replicated. As in the original study, some significant nonpredicted relationships also occurred. At the end of the first testing session, subjects were randomly assigned either to abstain from drinking or to maintain their usual drinking patterns for 2 weeks. They were then administered a different neuropsychological battery designed to assess functions similar to the original battery. Consumption the previous 2 weeks was significantly lower in the abstain group than in the maintain group, but there were no significant differences in the predicted direction between groups on the cognitive variables. Several significant predicted inverse correlations between drinking variables and cognitive performance occurred, but some nonpredicted relationships occurred also. Problems and implications for research in social drinking are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Cross-cultural comparisons of Irish and American adolescent drinking practices and beliefs.

The drinking behavior and alcohol expectancies of 168 Irish adolescents aged 15-18 were compared with those of a group of American adolescents matched on age and sex. The Irish adolescents reported less frequent social drinking and less problematic drinking. However, unlike American adolescents, those Irish youth who did drink in a social, frequent manner also reported drinking-related problems Irish adolescents expect less social benefit, less improvement of cognitive and motor functioning and less sexual enhancement, but greater increase in aggression as a consequence of drinking. These findings are discussed as possible etiological clues to established differences between Irish adult drinking and drinking by adults in other countries.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1990

Subgroup differences in drinking patterns among black and white men: results from a national survey.

Despite major increases in alcohol-related health problems and indications of shifts in the cultural role of alcoholic beverages among U.S. blacks, few studies have examined drinking patterns in this population. To address gaps in the literature, data from a 1984 national survey were used to compare drinking patterns and their sociocultural correlates among male, black (n = 723) and male, white (n = 743) Americans. Findings from the survey indicate that, at the aggregate level, black and white men exhibit very similar drinking patterns. The proportion of abstainers, infrequent, frequent and heavier drinkers is very similar for the two groups of men. However, major black-white differences occur when the relationship between drinking rates and major social characteristics is considered. Bivariate tables suggest that frequent heavier drinking among whites is associated with youthfulness, high-income status and residing in "wetter" areas, whereas among blacks these patterns are reversed or absent. Log-linear analysis confirmed some of these findings. When drinking behavior was modeled with respect to race, age, income and region, race emerged as an independent predictor and the effects of age and income varied by race. When the two groups of men were analyzed separately, age and region were the only significant determinants of heavier drinking among whites. Among blacks, income and age emerged as significant variables and the influence of age differed from the findings for whites. The results suggest that there may be important differences in the cultural environments of drinking in black and white men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Measuring alcohol consumption: a comparison of the retrospective diary and the quantity-frequency methods in a college drinking survey.

As part of a larger study of college drinking, the quantity-frequency (Q-F) measure of alcohol consumption was compared to the retrospective diary (RD) method with 494 drinkers out of 606 respondents (75.8%) of 800 randomly selected undergraduates. Respondents were representative by sex and year in school of virtually all full-time undergraduates at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. The study tested the hypothesis that the RD would yield higher estimates of average alcohol consumption and of "heavy drinking" as defined by NIAAA typology (average two or more drinks per day) and of "peak drinking," a Q-F standard consisting of five or more drinks at least once per week. The study also compared the two methods as correlates of self-reported problems related to drinking. Results supported the major hypotheses that the RD would detect more overall consumption, heavy drinking and peak drinking than the Q-F. Results also demonstrated good consistency between the Q-F and RD as well as comparable correlations with the alcohol problem score.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Biases in the perception of drinking norms among college students.

Individual drinking patterns and the perceived typical drinking patterns of close friends and reference groups were assessed in two different studies with college students. In both studies virtually all students reported that their friends drank more than they did. These effects were found across different levels of individual drinking, within different types of samples, across gender of subjects and with different types of questionnaire assessment. In addition, students' estimates of typical or average drinking within their own social living groups were significantly higher than average drinking within the group estimated from self-reports. Because of the consistent, asymmetrical pattern of reports of self and other drinking, it was interpreted that reports of others' drinking were exaggerated. These biases were particularly evident within organized social groups (i.e., fraternities and sororities) but were minimal in reference to "students in general" or "people in general." Results are discussed in terms of cognitive and motivational factors that potentially could promote or excuse excessive drinking practices among college students.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Dimensions of adolescent problem drinking.

Issues involved in defining and measuring adolescent problem drinking have occupied the attention of alcohol researchers since the mid-1970s. However, appropriate definitions and measures of problem drinking remain important and unanswered conceptual and research questions. The research reported in this study was designed to address these issues by identifying multiple dimensions of adolescent problem drinking and examining correlates of these dimensions using multivariate regression models. A longitudinal sample of 2,771 students who had tried alcohol was used in these analyses. The sample was followed over three waves of data collection, between 1985 and 1990, in middle and high schools located in a southeastern U.S. county. Data from the third wave were used to characterize problem-drinking behavior. Results of exploratory factor analyses supported the conclusion made by others that adolescent problem drinking is a multidimensional phenomenon. Three dimensions measuring (1) level or frequency of alcohol use, (2) problems related to drinking and (3) symptoms of dependency were identified and were only moderately intercorrelated. The independent measures used to model the three problem-drinking measures were the same for each model, and the significant predictors and proportions of variance explained by the predictors differed widely across models. Results of the regression models confirmed the uniqueness of the three measures and suggested that the potency of specific risk factors varies for different types of problem drinking. Prevention implications and recommendations for this area of research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Predicting drinking problems among black and white men: results from a national survey.

This study describes the prevalence of alcohol-related problems and develops predictive models to explain racial differences in subsamples of 494 black and 568 white men from a national probability survey of drinking patterns and problems. The results showed that although black men exhibited higher mean scores on many types of alcohol-related problems, they did not report significantly higher rates of heavier drinking and drunkenness, nor did they score higher on a scale of permissiveness of drinking norms. A hierarchical regression analysis indicated that race independently predicts problem scores even when controlling for other social and demographic factors. Moreover, an interactive model showed that race interacts significantly with the frequency of heavier drinking and some sociodemographic characteristics. As the frequency of heavier drinking increases, rates of drinking problems rise faster among black men than white men. Religion and unemployment also had different effects on rates of alcohol-related problems in each group of men. These findings suggest that racial differences in the prevalence of drinking problems might be related to differences in the sociocultural context of drinking and in the material conditions under which black and white men live.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1996

Drinking environment and sociodemographic factors among DWI offenders.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to identify issues for public health/traffic safety in prevention of DWI and alcohol-related traffic injuries/deaths by investigating the relationships among drinking locations, sociodemographic characteristics and drinking-environment-related factors of convicted DWI offenders. METHOD: Subjects were clients (N = 5,154, 79% male) referred to the Lovelace Comprehensive Screening Program for alcohol-related assessment and were interviewed by counselors using a structured, computer-based questionnaire. Differences among ethnic/racial and gender categories were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: (1) Some groups showed a higher rate of DWI convictions, compared to the adult county population: young, single male: Hispanic and Mexican National; divorced/ separated/widowed (increasing with age): (2) older, educated or employed offenders reported drinking more in bars/lounges, while younger offenders were more likely drinking in private parties; (3) Hispanic and Mexican National men showed equal likelihood of drinking with friends and relatives in bars/lounges, whereas non-Hispanic white males reported drinking more with friends; and (4) Native Americans were associated with higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Young offenders' drinking and social behavior in private parties has implications for traffic safety; (2) divorced/separated offenders suggest a need for attention to underlying emotional problems; (3) strong family ties among Hispancies and Mexican Nationals may be a factor in remedial treatment; (4) Native American BAC statistics showed a need for further study; (5) multiple offenders' association with away-from-home drinking locations increased their risk of being involved in fatal crashes; and (6) server intervention programs should be emphasized to minimize intoxication of customers in commercial establishments.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1997

Drinking motives predict alcohol-related problems in college students.

OBJECTIVE: Drinking motives have frequently been linked to both the quantity of alcohol consumption and the likelihood of negative consequences. For motivational models of drinking to be useful, however, drinking motives must have predictive power independent of other variables typically associated with alcohol-related problems. Thus, this study evaluated the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol-related problems, after first accounting for high-risk alcohol consumption and gender, METHOD: Subjects were 139 male and female (61%) college undergraduates, who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires as part of a course requirement. RESULTS: Using hierarchical regression techniques, we found that the combination of maximum daily quantity and negative reinforcement reasons for drinking accounted for 61% of the variance on a measure of lifetime alcohol-related problems. Contrary to earlier research, neither gender nor positive reinforcement motives were significant predictors in the complete model. Follow-up analyses, conducted separately for negative and positive reinforcement motives, indicated that maximum daily quantity partially mediated the relationships between both types of motives and drinking problems; however, both positive and negative reinforcement motives retained unique predictive power. CONCLUSIONS: Motives operate both indirectly through heavy drinking and directly to account for drinking problems. Results support the utility of motivational models of alcohol use in understanding alcohol-related problems in college students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Acceptability of the controlled-drinking goal among alcohol treatment agencies in New South Wales, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: A survey was conducted to estimate the acceptability of the controlled drinking goal among treatment services in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and to compare results with similar surveys carried out elsewhere. METHOD: Of all identified alcohol treatment services (N = 295) in NSW, 179 (61%) responded to a mailed questionnaire with useable returns. RESULTS: Nearly three-quarters of respondents endorsed controlled drinking but half of these reported allocating less than 25% of their clients to this goal. Community-based services and alcohol treatment units were significantly more likely to endorse controlled drinking than were residential or private facilities. Community-based services and alcohol treatment units were also more likely to base the appropriateness of controlled drinking on professional experience and research evidence, whereas residential and private facilities relied more on the disease model or agency policy in making this determination. Respondents with tertiary qualifications were more likely to endorse controlled drinking than those without such qualifications, and these respondents were more likely to be found in community-based services and alcohol treatment units. CONCLUSIONS: The results show widespread support for the controlled drinking goal among NSW alcohol treatment services. This is similar to the reported status of controlled drinking in Britain and Norway and stands in marked contrast to the comparative reluctance of treatment services in North America to endorse the controlled drinking goal.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1998

Adolescents, bush parties and drinking-driving.

OBJECTIVE: We describe the prevalence of bush party (an outdoor gathering of youth) attendance and examine predictors of attendance and of driving after drinking at bush parties. METHOD: The 1995 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUS) data on students (n = 1,853) in schools across the province in grades 7, 9, 11 and 13 are employed to estimate prevalence of bush party attendance within the previous 12 months. The 1994 Graduated Licensing Study (GLS), a multi-community survey of drivers (n = 1,157, 53.6% male) in grades 11 and 12 in Ontario, data are employed to study predictors of attendance and of drinking-driving. RESULTS: Based on the OSDUS, the prevalence of bush party attendance is 37.6%. Based on the GLS, 38.4% attended bush parties, and among attenders 71.5% drank at bush parties, 63.5% observed drinking-driving, 16.1% rode with a drinking-driver and 16.6% drove after drinking at bush parties. Logistic regression reveals that attendance at bush parties is positively associated with number of other places alcohol was consumed, tobacco use, number of alcohol-related problems, number of kilometers ever driven, sensation seeking and northern residents. Among attenders who drank at bush parties, males were three and a half times more likely to drive after drinking at a bush party, and the probability of drinking and driving increased with the number of other drugs used. CONCLUSIONS: Despite important differences in the design and purpose of the two surveys, both indicate that bush party attendance is prevalent among adolescents. Driving after drinking at these events is common and warrants community action.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Transition into adolescent problem drinking: the role of psychosocial risk and protective factors.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the role of psychosocial risk and protective factors in cross-sectional variation in adolescent problem drinking, and in the transition into problem drinking over time. METHOD: The data were from a four-wave (1989-1992) longitudinal study of 1,591 adolescents in a large, urban school district. School district officials selected schools for the study with an aim toward maximizing representation of minority students from inner-city areas. At Wave 1, all students in Grades 7, 8, and 9 were asked to participate. RESULTS: Both psychosocial risk factors (such as low expectations for success, peer models for substance use, and poor school performance) and psychosocial protective factors (such as intolerance of deviance, peer models for conventional behavior, and involvement in prosocial activities) account for significant cross-sectional variation in adolescents' involvement in problem drinking, as indicated by more frequent drunkenness and more numerous instances of alcohol-related problems. They also account for significant variation in the timing of transition into problem drinking during adolescence. Higher risk and lower protection are each associated with greater problem use of alcohol. Among adolescents who are not problem drinkers, higher risk and lower protection accelerate the likelihood of becoming a problem drinker in subsequent years. Protection also moderates the impact of risk in the cross-sectional account of involvement in problem drinking, but protective factors appear not to play a moderating role in the longitudinal account of the transition into problem drinking. Findings were similar for males and females and among white, black and Hispanic adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Protective factors play an independent role in accounting for adolescent involvement in problem drinking and in the transition into problem drinking in adolescence. Intervention efforts to enhance protection, especially for adolescents who are exposed to risk, should supplement efforts to reduce risk.

Achievement↗

PubMed1999

Problem drinking from young adulthood to adulthood: patterns, predictors and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Many young adults engage in heavy or problem drinking, but it is unclear who will continue problem drinking into adulthood. This study followed a general population sample in order to study patterns of problem drinking over time, to identify differences among drinking groups, to test a model differentiating youth-limited from developmentally-persistent problem drinkers, and to examine adult outcomes. METHOD: Data were from the Health and Human Development Project; subjects (N = 1,073) were in three age cohorts (age 18-25; age 21-28; age 24-31). Based on use and consequences data from two assessment intervals, cluster analyses were performed. RESULTS: Cluster analyses yielded four drinking groups: youth-limited problem drinkers, stable moderate drinkers, stable low drinkers and developmentally-persistent problem drinkers. Rates of youth-limited problem drinking peaked in the middle cohort and rates of developmentally-persistent problem drinking decreased in the oldest cohort. Discriminant analysis revealed that developmentally-persistent problem drinkers in each age cohort are more likely to be male, to show high disinhibition, and to experience a high level of problem behaviors. Youth-limited problem drinkers were similar to developmentally-persistent problem drinkers on many young adult characteristics and adult outcomes. Developmentally-persistent problem drinkers in each age cohort continued to show higher levels of problem behaviors in adulthood than youth-limited problem drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Most young adults show continuity of drinking patterns. Although developmentally-persistent problem drinkers did not differ from youth-limited problem drinkers in adopting adult roles, their continued experience of many problem behaviors suggests that they fail to adopt the role of greater conventionality in adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Gender differences in drinking restraint.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the factor structure and the predictive power of drinking restraint for men and women as measured by the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI). The TRI assesses two factors: Cognitive-Emotional Preoccupation (CEP) and Cognitive-Behavioral Control (CBC). METHOD: A group of 418 drinkers was drawn from a university sample and divided by gender into two groups. Men (n = 122) were of a mean age (+/-SD) of 23 +/- 7 years; women (n = 296) were of a mean age of 22.5 +/- 8 years. Subjects completed the TRI and the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) and validated quantity and frequency of drinking indices. RESULTS: Drinking restraint for the men was found to better predict alcohol dependence, quantity of drinking and frequency of drinking. Moreover, two factors confirming the TRI's CEP and CBC model were extracted for the men, but only one factor was extracted for the women. CONCLUSIONS: It was proposed that, as men tend to drink greater amounts of alcohol more often, they have learned to distinguish more clearly the conflicts in their personal control over drinking. If the TRI is to be used as a diagnostic and treatment tool, it is recommended that clinicians be cognizant of possible gender differences in restrained drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗