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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Complex systems model of dietary choice with implications for improving diets and promoting vegetarianism.

An important step toward improving nutrition and promoting vegetarianism in the general population is to understand how consumers make dietary choices. Researchers from many clinical and social sciences are interested in dietary choice but have not combined their research into a comprehensive model to explain consumer actions. No one model has offered a good explanation for the fact that, although many people successfully change their diet significantly (often toward health-improving, plant-based diets) and are happy with the change, the public and health professionals often perceive dietary change as being difficult and unlikely to succeed. I have termed these observations "the paradox of dietary change." The present computer model uses the emerging science of complex systems analysis, which offers an intuitive method for studying evidence about dietary choice from many fields, including public health, clinical science, economics, sociology, marketing, and genetics, and for combining individual choice with social interaction. The results suggest an explanation for the paradox and methods for helping society shift toward healthier and more plant-based diets. In particular, they suggest how and why major changes might be easier to make than incremental ones, and why this makes dietary change seem more difficult to consumers than it actually is.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Multimegapixel images in histopathology.

OBJECTIVE: To describe methods and procedures for the assembly of very large scale microscopic image arrays. STUDY DESIGN: Microscopic imagery was recorded on different video microphotometers, equipped either with a three-chip CCD Sony MD 760 (Park-ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.), a COHU vidicon (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) or a PROGRES camera (JenOptik, Jena, Germany), yielding image tiles of 512 x 470, 512 x 470 or 1,496 x 1,120 pixels, respectively. The slide was moved while mounted on a Maerzheuser scanning stage with 0.1-micron precision, under computer control. The MERGE software. (Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.) was written in C and currently implemented on a Sun. Ultra Sparc 2 computer (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.). RESULTS: The MERGE program allows the assembly of very large scale digitized image arrays preserving exact tile alignment such that even within a single nucleus, highly precise registration is maintained. Images up to 150 megapixels have been assembled, although most practical applications required assembly of only 60-300 tiles. CONCLUSION: The single limiting effect of assembling very large image arrays is the problem of angular misalignment between CCD scan line orientation and scanning stage travel direction. For misalignment of even less than 1 degree, very large arrays need substantial tile overlap. For object areas extending over only 5-10 mm, the effects can be controlled.

Computers↗
PubMed1997

PROforma: a general technology for clinical decision support systems.

The need for flexible and well understood knowledge representations which are capable of capturing clinical guidelines and protocols for decision support systems is widely recognised. The PROforma method for specifying clinical guidelines and protocols comprises a graphical notation for their design, and a formal knowledge representation language to enable them to be executed by a computer to support the management of medical procedures and clinical decision making. PROforma technology consists of a graphical knowledge editor for the creation of guidelines, and an enactment engine for testing and executing them. This paper provides an overview of the motivation and structure of PROforma, and illustrates its use in the development of clinical applications.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The rational coding of stomatological data].

The introduction of the computer technique in the stomatological science and practice actualized the problems of coding of stomatological information. The material presented discusses the problems of devising of optimal code system, intended for the stomatological symptomatics. An original mode for semipontional coding is proposed. Basic characteristics of the code system are described, stressing up its main advantages.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1994

Applications of medical informatics in antibiotic therapy.

The Infectious Disease Society of America is concerned about the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in U.S. hospitals. Applications of Medical Informatics can help improve the use of antibiotics and help improve patient care by monitoring and managing enormous amounts of patient information. Monitoring the duration of every antibiotic ordered in the hospital or keeping tract of the antibiotic susceptibilities for five years are examples of tasks better performed by computers. The impact of computers in medicine is seen by some as disappointing. The computer revolution has not had the impact in medicine experienced by other areas. The acceptance and use of computers by medicine will be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. In 1979, the MYCIN project demonstrated that the computer could aid physicians in the selection of antibiotics. However, MYCIN was never clinically used because physicians were require to enter all patient information into the computer. The development of computerized medical records is an essential step to further the development and implementation of computer-aided decision support. The science of Medical Informatics is still relatively new but is emerging as a distinct academic field. A few hospitals are now installing information systems and have determined that these systems will play an essential role in their ability to survive into the next century. The telephone and the automobile have been recognized as two of the most important tools for improving medical care during the past 100 years. People could more readily get medical care and the time to transmit medical information was greatly reduced through physician use of the telephone and automobile. The computer is a tool that can be used to help physicians manage the great amount of medical information being generated every day. The computer can also alert the physician of patient conditions that need attention. However, it is the physician who must use and apply the computer provided information. Thus, the computer will assist but not replace physicians in providing medical care.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

RealityGrid: an integrated approach to middleware through ICENI.

The advancement of modelling and simulation within complex scientific applications is currently constrained by the rate at which knowledge can be extracted from the data produced. As Grid computing evolves, new means of increasing the efficiency of data analysis are being explored. RealityGrid aims to enable more efficient use of scientific computing resources within the condensed matter, materials and biological science communities. The Imperial College e-Science Networked Infrastructure (ICENI) Grid middleware provides an end-to-end pipeline that simplifies the stages of computation, simulation and collaboration. The intention of this work is to allow all scientists to have access to these features without the need for heroic efforts that have been associated with this sort of work in the past. Scientists can utilise advanced scheduling mechanisms to ensure efficient planning of computations, visualize and interactively steer simulations and securely collaborate with colleagues via the Access Grid through a single integrated middleware application.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

SOMA--workflow for small molecule property calculations on a multiplatform computing grid.

We present the concept of the SOMA workflow developed at the Finnish IT Center for Science CSC. The SOMA workflow unites multiplatform UNIX/LINUX computing resources and third-party software for calculating molecular structure and properties. The presented workflow components consist of the computing program XML descriptions, the core workflow program Grape, the toolkit for parsing program input and output, and the extranet interface. The program Grape and the developed XML descriptions of scientific programs allow researchers to link molecular modeling software into highly sophisticated computational workflows. SOMA collects the calculated data produced by the workflow and stores the computed information in the Chemical Markup Language (CML) format. The extranet interface is used for user authentication, building of the program interfaces and the workflows, and for sorting, filtering, and visualizing the results.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Anti-collusion forensics of multimedia fingerprinting using orthogonal modulation.

Digital fingerprinting is a method for protecting digital data in which fingerprints that are embedded in multimedia are capable of identifying unauthorized use of digital content. A powerful attack that can be employed to reduce this tracing capability is collusion, where several users combine their copies of the same content to attenuate/remove the original fingerprints. In this paper, we study the collusion resistance of a fingerprinting system employing Gaussian distributed fingerprints and orthogonal modulation. We introduce the maximum detector and the thresholding detector for colluder identification. We then analyze the collusion resistance of a system to the averaging collusion attack for the performance criteria represented by the probability of a false negative and the probability of a false positive. Lower and upper bounds for the maximum number of colluders K(max) are derived. We then show that the detectors are robust to different collusion attacks. We further study different sets of performance criteria, and our results indicate that attacks based on a few dozen independent copies can confound such a fingerprinting system. We also propose a likelihood-based approach to estimate the number of colluders. Finally, we demonstrate the performance for detecting colluders through experiments using real images.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Applying the interaction design approach to medical devices.

The medical industry is undergoing a radical transformation as increasingly powerful personal computers become the predominant user interface for both clinical and laboratory equipment. Accompanying this change is the introduction of a design discipline known as interaction design, which has given rise to a new breed of specialists whose role is to champion the end user--that is, the physician, scientist, or medical technician--at every stage of the product-development cycle.

Computers↗
PubMed1999

Public health professionals in the Midwest: a profile of connectivity and information technology skills.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess Internet connections and information technology skills of public health workers in the Midwest. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 713 local health departments (LHDs) in the ten states of the Greater Midwest Region. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-four LHDs (48%) responded. Overall, 85% own a computer that would allow Internet access. Half provide Internet access to some or all staff. Of these, two-thirds use e-mail and half search the Web. One-half are linked to the State Health Department, and 30% are linked to other local health departments. Over half use CDC-Wonder; less than 20% search MEDLINE. Two-thirds of the respondents expressed an interest in MEDLINE training, and three-fourths are interested in learning more about the Internet. Sixty-nine percent of respondents planned to enhance electronic communication capacity within the next year. CONCLUSIONS: Public health practitioners need timely, convenient access to information to aid them in improving the health of the American public. A majority of public health departments in the Midwest are technically capable of connecting to the Internet. This technological capability, combined with an expressed desire by public health agencies to have workers become computer literate, suggests an important role for health sciences librarians.

Computer Literacy↗