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PubMedDate not supplied

Total quality in tubing glass manufacturing.

Today's demand for higher quality products can be satisfied through a comprehensive quality assurance system (Total Quality System, "Worldwide Quality Standard") using the latest state of the art measuring technologies. Totally automated state of the art glass vial manufacturing begins once the glass tubes are loaded into the machine and ends with the finished product in the packaging machine, all without human contact. This standard is achieved by measuring dimensions with SPC (statistical process control) and 100% inspection of the products. These systems complement each other and give the machine operator instant data in an overview format. To achieve the visual requirements forma vitrum developed the FVC90 control line. This optical surface inspection device controls online and without contact 100% of the products for cosmetic defects as small as 50 microns. It can detect and eject defects such as dirt, scratches, chips, air-lines, loose glass particles, cracks, etc. The sensitivity of the system can be adjusted and is fixed based on client needs. An important quality assurance technique is the checking of dimensions at the production machine with a Vision System. With this system deviations are instantly recognized and corrections can be made immediately, thus assuring that glass products can be run on the high-speed filling machines for which they are designed. These computer assisted inspection systems are key in producing the highest quality pharmaceutical glassware in the 90's.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1993

The Habitability Mini-Laboratory: testing the tools of space habitat architecture.

Living in the closed, confined environment of a space station for a long period and under microgravity conditions, crew members can encounter problems of a physiological and also a psychological nature. The architecture of their living quarters can greatly influence their well-being and their efficiency. Simulation of a proposed architecture and of human movement within that architecture is the most effective way to evaluate the design. Two simulation tools, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software tools and a mock-up on a smaller scale, were used to 'construct' several proposed architectures. Those models were then evaluated to determine the investigation methods that should be used in future architectural development projects.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1991

NMINT--introductory courseware for nuclear medicine: database design.

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) provides a dynamic and self-paced learning experience to the medical trainee. Microcomputer based hypermedia systems integrate text, graphics, and image information. We present the design of an introductory CAI course for nuclear medicine called NMINT and elaborate on the underlying relational database that contains clinically relevant information and links to local or remote image storage over high speed networks. The IBM PS/2 Windows system uses Toolbook software augmented by C language modules for image and image-overlay database access. The current implementation stores text, graphical lesson material, and image index information on microcomputer magnetic disk; image data are stored on the attached optical disk. The storage architecture is described in detail. We emphasize its multi-access methods and its expandability into department-wide image networks.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1991

Computer-aided dosage form design. III. Feasibility assessment for an oral prolonged-release phenytoin product.

Previous publications described computer-aided methodology for assessing the feasibility of designing prolonged release oral dosage forms containing linear-disposition drugs. Those methods determined all useful release rates and examined those rates to decide whether product development was warranted. The present study developed software to obtain similar information for phenytoin, which exhibits Michaelis-Menten disposition. The values for Vmax, Km, and Vd in 27 patients were employed to assess the ability of prolonged absorption to maintain steady-state plasma concentrations between 10 and 20 mg/liter following oral administration at 8-, 12-, and 24-hr intervals. Phenytoin steady-state plasma concentrations in this range were controlled by elimination and were not extended by prolonged absorption. Furthermore, single i.v. bolus doses resulting in an initial plasma level of 20 mg/liter provided concentrations above 10 mg/liter for approximately 1 to 3 days. When an oral multiple-dose regimen was found to maintain steady-state concentrations between 10 and 20 mg/liter, that dose and interval produced concentrations within that range regardless of the absorption rate. While absorption rate was not important, each patient's dose ranges were extremely narrow, emphasizing that dose size was the dominant factor in the control of phenytoin levels.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

Effects of keyswitch design and finger posture on finger joint kinematics and dynamics during tapping on computer keyswitches.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of postural and keyswitch characteristics on musculoskeletal tissue loading during tapping on computer keyswitches. DESIGN: We hypothesized that joint torques, stiffness and work parameters differ across keyswitch designs and finger postures typical of those observed during computer keyboard typing. We experimentally measured joint kinematics and calculated joint torques while tapping on different keyswitches in different postures, and analyzed the data using mechanical impedance models. METHODS: Sixteen human subjects tapped with the index finger on computer keyswitches mounted on a sensor which measured vertical and horizontal forces. Miniature electro-optical goniometers mounted dorsally across each finger joint measured joint kinematics. Joint torques were calculated from endpoint forces and joint kinematics using an inverse dynamics algorithm. A linear spring-damper impedance model was fitted to joint torque, position, and velocity during the contact period of each tap. Subjects tapped in three postures approximating those employed during tapping on three rows of a computer keyboard, on four different keyswitches, resulting in 12 conditions. RESULTS: More extended finger posture was associated with greater joint torques, energies, and stiffnesses, despite minimal differences in endpoint forces across posture. Greater keyswitch make forces were associated with increased forces, joint torques and joint stiffnesses, however this relationship was not monotonic. CONCLUSIONS: Joint torques and stiffness parameters differed across keyswitch designs and finger postures. Estimates of joint impedance and work provided a unique perspective into finger dynamics. RELEVANCE: Determining the causes of work-related musculoskeletal disorders is facilitated by characterizing workplace task biomechanics, which can be linked to specific injury mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The application of three-dimensional skull model in the treatment of craniofacial malformation].

OBJECTIVE: This study was to construct a geometric skull model with 3-dimension scanning and rapid-prototyping (RP) technology and also to evaluate the significance and further application of surgery simulation in the treatment of complex craniomaxillofacial malformation. METHODS: Twelve patients with complex craniomaxillofacial malformation were involved. The data obtained with CT scanning were transferred to a personal computer for surface rendering 3-dimension reconstruction. A geometric model was manufactured by selective laser sintering using rapid-prototyping device. Surgery simulation was performed both on the model and in the computer. Accordingly, a custom implant and an implant template, when needed, were constructed with the computer-aided design (CAD) and prefabricated with computer-aided manufacture (CAM) process. RESULTS: Surgery simulation made the operation shorter, the complications lower and the outcome better. CONCLUSIONS: Skull model provides great convenience in the treatment of cranio-maxillofacial malformation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A PC-based ultrasonic data acquisition system for computer-aided prosthetic socket design.

A PC-based ultrasound data acquisition system has been developed which uses compound scanning techniques to image a residual limb in a water tank. From the received ultrasonic eco data, the system produces cross-sectional images and reconstructs a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the limb. A commercial software for computer-aided prosthetic socket design was modified so that it can display both the external shape and cross-sectional image of the limb and allow the prosthetist to perform socket design with the help of a visualization of the limb's internal structure. The image resolution and measurement accuracy of the system were tested using a wire phantom and a contrast tissue mimicking phantom, respectively. Preliminary results from amputee patients are presented and the sources of measurement error are discussed.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1983

Computer aids for floodlighting design.

The lighting engineer is faced with many problems when specifying floodlighting schemes, not least the large amount of computation required to evaluate each potential solution in terms of illuminance grids and isolux contours across the area of interest. Traditionally these kinds of evaluations have been carried out on (programmable) calculators with a design time days for anything other than trivial schemes. Mainframe computers are used in batch mode to ease this problem, but there is a need for an interactive system directly available in the design office. Interactive desk-top microcomputers with graphics facilities make this kind of system both technically and economically viable for the small design office. This paper describes the recently implemented system at Abacus Municipal Ltd, a company involved in the design, supply, and installation of a wide range of floodlighting systems. The primary objective is to provide the lighting engineer with a simple interactive computer system for specifying the details of a floodlighting scheme, leaving the computer to perform the relatively simple but tedious calculations to determine the illumination over the area of interest. User interaction in terms familiar to the lighting engineer is considered to be important so that the engineer's skills, knowledge and experience are enhanced rather than replaced. The design time using the system is typically reduced to a matter of hours rather than days, and improved and more precise results can be presented to the potential client.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Alternative bone replacement substances for preoperative design of individual CAD/CAM skull implants].

BACKGROUND: The preoperative manufacturing of individual skull implants using computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) is based on the use of titanium, although the use of other materials is also potentially possible. THE USE OF OTHER MATERIALS: The use of poly-(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) as an implant material was investigated using an adult, formalin fixed sheep's head with a complex frontolateral defect. A standard individual titanium implant as well as a resection template made of aluminium were milled in order to allow bone resection and reconstruction within one operation. A mould was made of Teflon for the fabrication of the PDLLA implant using carbon dioxide at high pressure. This procedure allowed a critical comparison to be made of both implant materials and showed that the production of a biodegradable PDLLA implant is possible. At present the titanium implant is superior to the PDLLA implant, as PDLLA settled with slightly larger dimensions than the mould, although the structure itself was exact. DISCUSSION: The goal of the present research is the fabrication of a functionally graded material made of polylactide, polyglycolide, calcium phosphate and osteoinductive proteins using existing technology, which will meet all of the requirements for stability, resorption kinetics, biocompatibility, radiotranslucence and osteogenic potency of an ideal implant material.

Bone Substitutes↗
PubMed1993

A computer program to calculate and design oligonucleotide primers from amino acid sequences.

A computer program to generate oligonucleotide sequences from peptide data is presented. The program, PrimerGen, reverse-translates a peptide string into its corresponding degenerate deoxyribonucleotide counterpart, and generates sequences of oligonucleotide molecules which can be synthesized and either used as probes for hybridizations or as primers in polymerase chain reactions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

The use of graphic design in an interactive computer teaching program.

The widespread diffusion of affordable computers into the scientific and educational community has provided the opportunity to design medical and scientific teaching programs illustrated either by hand or by utilizing commercially available software and manipulating existing computer generated images. The medical illustrator can provide the ideal aesthetic link between text format information and the visual representation of such knowledge in a concise presentation format. The availability of interactive multimedia programs has given the medical illustrator an environment to create and enhance Hypermedia designed specifically for the purpose of medical education. This paper will focus on the incorporation of illustration and screen design into "CT The Game," an experimental medical teaching program currently being developed in the Johns Hopkins Body CT Imaging Laboratory. The program is designed to provide an enjoyable approach to learning Computed Tomography (CT), and is directed toward an audience of medical students, residents, and fellows.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1995

Design standards for computer-generated teaching slides.

This article looks at the increasing use of the computer-generated teaching slide in a large teaching hospital, where the medical illustration department provides a bureau service for output. Lack of understanding by clients of basic design principles can present a number of problems. A study was undertaken on the slide making habits of professional healthcare educators and, from the information gathered, common problems were identified and a multifaceted approach to improving the design capability of clients was adopted.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On a new method to assess the accuracy of a CAD program.

PURPOSE: This study was initiated with the purpose of developing and evaluating a system for measuring the magnitude of the variation between a computer-aided design (CAD) object created on the computer screen and a replicated object produced by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Controlled geometric forms, a square and a cone, were designed in a CAD program, and measuring distances were selected. The CAD data were transmitted to CAM data, and objects were produced. The CAD/CAM process was the Procera system, and the holder system permitted the objects to be ground into cross sections, similar to the visualization in the CAD program. Five objects of each shape were produced and measured by two operators two times. Three operators measured one of the objects 30 times. RESULTS: Observed values were greater than the true value. For all objects, the systematic error was at most 15.5 microns. Interoperator difference was small. The variation because of measurement error was greater for the square object compared to the cone. However, the variation because of object was higher for the cone object than for the square. The total standard deviation was 7.7 microns. Thus, the total random error caused by object variation and measurement error was in approximately 95% of all measurements less than 15 microns. CONCLUSION: There are no differences in the measurement data derived from this method and actual measurement data from an object created by the computer-aided dental design program. The method has high validity and reliability, i.e., high accuracy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

[Design and application of a computer program for comprehensive segregation analysis].

Based on the major locus genetic model, we designed a computer program used BASIC language for comprehensive segregation analysis in IBM microcomputer. The applicability of the program has been tested by analyzing 113 nuclear families with ichthyosis vulgaris selected by family method and family-history method, 98 nuclear families with ichthyosis vulgaris selected by family method as will as 101 nuclear families with sensorineural deafness of unknown causes. The program is useful for genetic analysis and genetic counselling.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2006

How to design a radiation safety computer system.

If an institution needed a radiation safety database, where would they begin? Would they buy or design a database? If they purchase a database, should it be a commercial off-the-shelf system? Or should they use a hosted database accessed from the Internet? What should the database do? What should be its purpose? Many aspects of system design are the same at any institution. Therefore, the design, development, and deployment of a radiation safety computer system is discussed that primarily is useful for a large biomedical research institution but could be adapted to smaller facilities. The discussion also includes the use of a hosted database system but not developed systems that could be purchased.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed2005

The impact of pharmacophore modeling in drug design.

With the reliable use of computer simulations in scientific research, it is possible to achieve significant increases in productivity as well as a reduction in research costs compared with experimental approaches. For example, computer-simulation can substantially enchance productivity by focusing the scientist to better, more informed choices, while also driving the 'fail-early' concept to result in a significant reduction in cost. Pharmacophore modeling is a reliable computer-aided design tool used in the discovery of new classes of compounds for a given therapeutic category. This commentary will briefly review the benefits and applications of this technology in drug discovery and design, and will also highlight its historical evolution. The two most commonly used approaches for pharmacophore model development will be discussed, and several examples of how this technology was successfully applied to identify new potent leads will be provided. The article concludes with a brief outline of the controversial issue of patentability of pharmacophore models.

Drug Design↗