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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of halothane and pentobarbital anesthesia on the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation of the dog.

To investigate the effect of different anesthetics on the flow properties of the central circulation, curves were obtained by the multiple indocyanine-green indicator-dilution technic from 7 dogs anesthetized with halothane or pentobarbital. The width of the curve provided a measure of the dispersion of indicator particles during passage through the central circulation. The vascular resistance of the animals was altered by the administration of methoxamine and sodium nitroprusside. The authors found that dispersion in the central circulation is linearly related to the total peripheral resistance (TPR). For any value of TPR, the amount of dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation was greater with halothane plus pentobarbital anesthesia than with pentobarbital only. The study indicates that the type of anesthesia influences the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation. A better under standing of this process will be helpful in interpreting the results of indicator-dilution cardiac-output determinations performed in persons under general anesthesia.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1996

Prolongation of liposome circulation time by various derivatives of polyethyleneglycols.

New lipid derivatives of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) have been synthesized and tested for the ability to allow liposomes to evade uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and to prolong the circulation time of liposomes in mice. Liposomes were prepared from distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and cholesterol (CH) (1:1, m/m) containing 6 mol% of various PEG-derivatives. The activity of the CH derivative of PEG (CH-PEG) in prolonging the circulation time of liposomes was proportional to the average molecular weight of PEG, i.e., 4800 > 2600 > 1700 > 800. alpha-Methoxy-omega-(1,2-dioctadecenoyloxy glyceryl)polyoxyethylene (DO-PEG) 1000 and alpha-methoxy-omega-(1,2-ditetradecenoyloxy glyceryl) polyoxyethylene (DT-PEG) 1000, in which PEG is directly linked to glycerol, prolonged the circulation time as effectively as distearoylphosphatidyl-N-(methoxy polyoxyethylene succinyl)-ethanolamine (DSPE-PEG). PEG-derivatives with a functional group at the PEG terminal, such as distearoyl-phosphatidyl-N-(3-carboxypropionyl polyoxyethylene succinyl)ethanolamine (DSPE-PEG-COOH) and alpha-(dipalmitoylphosphatidyl)-omega-hydroxypolyoxyethylene (DPP-PEG-OH), effectively prolonged the circulation time of liposomes. Incorporation of PEG-derivatives did not change membrane fluidity even after treatment with serum. Furthermore, incorporation of PEG-derivatives into liposomes decreased uptake by J774 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line, in vitro. The newly synthesized PEG-derivatives seem to prevent or reduce the interactions of liposomes with serum protein and macrophages, resulting in enhanced stability and a prolonged circulation time.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Liver-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) recruits progenitor cells from bone marrow into the blood circulation.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in invasive cell behavior, embryonic development and organ remodeling. In this report, we investigated the role of liver-derived MMP-9 in the in vivo system at liver injury. Liver injury induced MMP-9 expression in the liver 3 to 12 h after intravenous administration of anti-Fas antibody, followed by the expression of the activity and the protein detected by zymography and Western blotting, respectively, in the blood circulation. Interestingly, the MMP-9 expression was accompanied by the recruitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow into the circulation. The recruitment was blocked by a specific MMP-9 inhibitor, R94138, which did not affect the Fas-mediated liver injury or induced expression of MMP-9. Compulsive expression of mutant active MMP-9 in the liver also recruited the progenitor cells into the circulation. In contrast, partial hepatectomy, which treatment does not directly injure hepatocytes, did not recruit progenitor cells despite the increased expression of MMP-9 in the circulation. These results suggest that liver-derived MMP-9 induced by liver injury plays an essential role in the recruitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow into the blood circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fetal and neonatal cerebral circulation: a pulsed Doppler study.

We studied the relation between the fetal cerebral circulation and changes in the cerebral circulation directly after birth. With a combined real time ultrasound/pulsed Doppler technique flow velocity waveforms from the fetal umbilical- and carotid-circulation were monitored. Pulsatility Index (PI) was computed and the ratio between Umbilical PI and Carotid PI was calculated. Flow velocity waveforms of the cerebral circulation before birth were related to anterior cerebral artery flow velocity waveforms recorded immediately after birth. The study shows that changes in flow velocity waveforms associated with the intra uterine brain-sparing effect are related to poor obstetrical outcome. Furthermore is shown that the brain-sparing effect in the fetal period is associated with higher PI values in the cerebrovascular circulation in the neonatal period. It is suggested that changes in these PI values, representing changes in cerebrovascular resistance, might be indicative of cerebral ischemia in the neonate.

Carotid Arteries↗
PubMed1999

[Laws of typological interactions of clino- and antiorthostatic systemic and cerebral circulation in children].

Based on P. K. Anokhin's systems approach, the authors analyze the typological features of the mechanisms of clinostatic and anti-orthostatic systemic and cerebral circulation in children aged 7-9 years. Children with eukinetic systemic circulation have stable total peripheral vascular resistance in antiorthostasis, the mechanisms of cerebral hemodynamic regulation ensure constriction of local arterioles, those with hypokinetic systemic circulation have decreased total peripheral vascular resistance and lower constriction of cerebral arteries and arterioles. In hyperkinetic circulation, total peripheral resistance increases with slight constriction of cerebral arterioles and marked deterioration of venous blood outflow from the cerebral pool. The typological features of systemic and cerebral circulation should be borne in mind in pediatric clinical practice. The findings allow one to mathematically predict the changes occurring in anti-orthostatic hemodynamics in the context of its typological features.

Cerebrovascular Circulation↗
PubMed1999

Detection of circulating melanoma cells by immunomagnetic cell sorting.

We developed a cellular approach to the identification of circulating melanoma cells in peripheral blood using immunomagnetic cell sorting. One hundred seventy-eight blood samples from 129 melanoma patients and 30 samples from healthy persons and nonmelanoma patients were examined. After density gradient centrifugation the interphase was incubated with the mAb 9.2.27. Positive cells were labeled with magnetic microbeads and enriched by immunomagnetic cell sorting. Cells were stained using an alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase assay and examined by light microscopy. In spiking experiments, melanoma cells seeded at a concentration of one melanoma cell per ml whole blood could be detected reliably with the assay. Circulating melanoma cells were not found in 30 controls examined, nor were 9.2.27-positive cells found in 41 patients with primary malignant melanoma. In patients with regional lymph node metastases and in patients with disseminated disease, circulating 9.2.27-positive cells could be detected in 3 out of 22 patients (13.6%) and 10 out of 66 patients (15.2%) examined. We present a sensitive and specific immunocytological approach to detect circulating melanoma cells in peripheral blood. The method is not suitable for early detection of metastases but is a valuable tool for further investigating biological characteristics of circulating melanoma cells.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1975

Collateral circulation before and after coronary artery reconstruction.

The changes in collateral circulation after coronary artery reconstruction were analyzed in 75 patients with 177 bypass grafts and 18 complementary gas endarterectomies. The quantity of collateral circulation was directly proportional to the degree of coronary obstruction. The changes in collateral circulation depended on the success of coronary surgery or on the progression of the disease in coronary vessels. So, when the grafts remained patent, the collaterals disappeared and when the grafts became occluded, the collateral circulation returned to the preoperative level. Progressive obstruction of the coronaries caused increased collateral circulation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Significance of endothelial prostacyclin and nitric oxide in peripheral and pulmonary circulation.

BACKGROUND: Vasoprotective function of endothelial cells is associated, among others, with biosynthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), carbon monoxide (CO) and plasminogen activator (t-PA). These endothelial mediators calm down activated platelets and leukocytes, prevent the occurrence of parietal thrombotic events, promote thrombolysis, maintain tissue perfusion and protect vascular wall against acute damage and against chronic remodeling. Endothelial dysfunction in patients suffering from atherosclerosis or diabetes type 2 is associated not only with suppression in release of the above mediators but also with deleterious discharge of prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGH2, PGG2), superoxide anion (O2-, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). We looked for mechanisms of protective endothelial function, with a special respect to the differences between peripheral and pulmonary circulation. METHODS: Cultured endothelial cells of bovine aorta (BAEC) were used to study physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of increasing free cytoplasmic calcium [Ca2+]i. A porphyrinic sensor quantified the release of NO from BAEC. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) we looked for induction by bradykinin (Bk) of mRNAs for a number of enzymes. In blood perfused rat lungs we studied protective role of NO against injury inferred by lipopolysaccharide on pulmonary microcirculation that was accomplished by thromboxane A2 (TXA2), platelet activating factor (PAF), cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cyst-LTs) and the complement system. In vivo we analyzed the influence of Bk, perindopril and quinapril ('tissue type' angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE-Is) on endothelial function in entire circulation of anaesthetized rats using a thrombolytic bioassay and EIA for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and t-PA antigen. RESULTS: In BAEC Bk via kinin B2 receptors raised in a concentration-dependent manner (1 pM-10 nM) free cytoplasmic calcium ions [Ca2+]i, that triggered the release of NO from BAEC. Calcium ionophore (A23187, 1-100 nM) as well as receptor agonists such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10 nM-1 microM), adrenaline (Adr, 1-10 microM) or acetylcholine (Ach, 10-100 microM) produced a similar rise in endothelial [Ca2+]i as did Bk at a nanomolar concentration. 'Tissue type' ACE-Is, e.g. quinapril or perindopril acted through accumulation of endogenous Bk. However, the potency of ACE-I to change endothelial function is by several orders of magnitude lower than that for exogenous Bk. In vivo the major difference between thrombolytic actions by quinapril or perindopril on one hand, and by exogenous Bk on the other was longevity of thrombolysis by ACE I and a distinct hypotensive action of exogenous Bk. Still, the long-lasting isolated thrombolytic effect of ACE I was mediated entirely by endogenous BK as evidenced by the preventive action of icatibant, a kinin B2 receptor antagonist. Moreover, in vivo the immediate thrombolysis by ACE-I was mediated by PGI2 rather than by NO or t-PA, as shown by pharmacological analysis, and by direct blood assays of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and t-PA antigen. Bradykinin as a mediator of pleiotropic endothelial action of several cardiovascular drugs (e.g. ACE-I) may complete its mission not only through B2 receptor and [Ca2+]i--mediated release of PGI2 or NO. Here, we describe a new route of the Bk action. Bk mediated induction of the [Ca2+]i-independent, so called 'inducible', endothelial isoenzymes required for generation of CO, PGI2 and PGE2. After 4 hours of incubation of HUVEC with Bk (10 nM) it induced mRNAs for haemooxygenase 1 (HO-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E synthase (PGE-S) whereas mRNA for nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2) was weakly affected. We proved also that unlike in peripheral circulation, in pulmonary circulation only NO but not PGI2 would play a protective role. In the blood-perfused lung, endotoxaemia liberates lipids, such as TXA2, PAF and cyst-LTs. These toxic lipids along with the activated complement mediate pulmonary damage. Pulmonary endothelial nitric oxide is the only local protector against lung injury evoked by the phagocytised bacterial lipopolysaccharide. SUMMARY: Summing up, in peripheral circulation endogenous Bk is the most efficient activator of protective endothelial function. For instance, thrombolytic action of 'tissue type' ACE-I depends on the Bk-released PGI2. Acting as an agonist of endothelial B2 kinin receptors Bk rises [Ca2+]i with a subsequent activation of constitutive COX 1 and NOS-3. This is followed by an immediate release of PGI2 and NO. Moreover, acting as 'microcytokine' Bk induces mRNAs for HO-1, COX-2 and PGE S, the isoenzymes responsible for a delayed endothelial biosynthesis of CO, PGI2 and PGE2. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2001

[Fetal circulation--from passive knowledge to current hemodynamics].

BACKGROUND: Modern technology, especially ultrasound, has made foetal medicine a rapidly expanding field. The aim of the present review is to focus at the traditional knowledge of foetal circulation, which has recently been reassessed and expanded to serve our new patient, the human foetus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on literature published mainly over the last 10 years, specific mechanisms of the foetal circulation are discussed, particularly the three foetal shunts and the placental circuit. RESULTS: The foetal circulation has capacity to compensate for considerable cardiovascular abnormalities and to redistribute circulation to meet shortage in resources. The circulatory mechanisms described in animal foetuses also operate in the human foetus, but with notable differences. The ductus venosus shunts 20-30% of the umbilical blood in the human foetus compared to 50% in the foetal lamb. The foramen ovale receives less (18-34% of the combined cardiac output) and the lungs more blood (13-25%) in the human foetus than in the foetal lamb. The isthmus aortae represents a watershed area reflecting the redistribution of blood during increased peripheral impedance and hypoxemia. INTERPRETATION: The expanded knowledge in human foetal circulation promises a more differentiated evaluation than the Doppler examination of the umbilical and middle cerebral artery offers at the moment.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical significance of detecting circulating cancer cells in patients with solid malignancies].

There have been several studies attempting to detect the existence of cancer cells in the peripheral blood of patients with solid malignancies. The use of RT-PCR assays for cytokeratin (CK), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoproteins (AFP), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PMSA) is likely to be practicable in the detection of circulating tumor cells from epithelial-derived malignancies. The positive rates varied widely among the studies attempting to detect circulating cancer cells in peripheral blood, even when the same targets were used, which may be explained by the sensitivity of the RT-PCR assays and the target genes used. Both false negative results and false positive results can be obtained with the RT-PCR assay system. Furthermore, cancer cells may be released from the primary cancer into the circulation intermittently rather than constantly, and the results may vary among the samples obtained at different time points. In this report, we review our recent studies and related studies by other researchers to show the advances and the problems in detecting circulating cancer cells in patients with solid malignancies. The clinical significance of detecting circulating cancer cells in peripheral blood remains to be determined.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of pneumoperitoneum on circulating tumor DNA.

BACKGROUND: Release and circulation of tumor DNA could be favored by surgery. No data is available for the effect of laparoscopy on this phenomenon. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of CO2 laparoscopy on circulating tumor DNA. Two xenografts of ovarian cancer were obtained by intraperitoneal inoculation (IP) of IGR-OV1 or NIH:OVCAR-3 cells in nude rats. CO2 laparoscopy (L), gasless laparoscopy (GL), midline laparotomy (ML) or general anesthesia as a control (C) were randomly carried out when the tumor graft was present in the peritoneal cavity. A sterile blood sample was taken in each case as soon as the experiment was completed. DNA was subsequently extracted and amplified (PCR, primers HLA GH 26 and HLA GH 27 specific for human DNA). In each model, we compared the influence of each surgical approach on circulating tumor DNA. Statistics were performed with the Wilcoxon test and Fisher exact test. 1: RESULTS: Eighteen rats were included in each group. Our protocol could detect an amount of tumor DNA equivalent to 10 cells/ml of blood. This technique was specific. Circulating tumor DNA was frequently observed in the IGR-OV1 model (45 to 50%), without significant difference between groups (p=0.6). In the NIH: OVCAR-3 model, the detection rate ranged from 22% (control group) to 64% (gasless group); but the overall comparison between the four groups was not significant (p = 0.2). CONCLUSION: In this experimental trial, CO2 laparoscopy had no deleterious effect on circulating tumor DNA. Biologic characteristics of tumors could also play a role.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

K-ras mutational analysis of polyclonal colorectal cancers identifies uniclonal circulating tumor cells.

The clonal development of colorectal carcinoma resulting from specific mutations in certain oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes is a well-accepted model. It is increasingly recognized that a majority of colorectal cancers are polyclonal on the basis of molecular analysis that demonstrates cells with different mutations within a given oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in the same tumor. This polyclonal pattern may occur as a result of either clonal convergence or divergence during the many steps of oncogenesis. Further complicating this picture is the fact that metastatic lesions may arise from only one of the clonal populations within a tumor and thereby present only a partial molecular make-up of the whole tumor. There are few data available that define clonal selection or specificity of circulating tumor cells in patients undergoing curative resection of colorectal carcinoma. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clonal distribution of circulating tumor cells in four patients with multiple K-ras mutations present in the primary lesion. Patients were selected who were known to have polyclonal primary colorectal cancers resected for cure. All patients had multiple mutations present in exon one, codon 12 and/or 13, of the K-ras gene. Blood samples were drawn immediately before surgery and at 2-week to 6-month intervals postoperatively. Epithelial cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Dynal Immunobeads coated with antiepithelial antibodies. DNA was extracted from these cells and analyzed for all K-ras mutations present in codons 12 and 13 of the patient's primary tumor using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction followed by Microwell Array Diagonal Gel Electrophoresis. Circulating tumor cells were identified in all four patients. However, in each case of positive circulating cells the only mutation identified was an aspartic acid mutation at codon 13. Once positive the circulating tumor cells persisted in subsequent multiple blood samples. These results provide further strength for the theory of polyclonal progression in primary colorectal cancers, although there may be specific mutational patterns that confer the ability to metastasize. The significance of this persistence of the glycine-to-aspartic acid mutation at codon 13 remains to be defined given that none of these patients has clinical evidence of recurrent cancer at the time of this report.

Aspartic Acid↗
PubMed1975

The hemostatic mechanism after open-heart surgery. II. Frequency of abnormal platelet functions during and after extracorporeal circulation.

In a prospective study of 13 patients undergoing open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation, marked qualitative platelet function defects were observed in addition to the usually occurring drop of the thrombocyte count. At the end of bypass, the following test results were significantly abnormal: concentration of fibrinogen and of circulating fibrin degradation products, platelet count, platelet adhesiveness to glass beads, and platelet aggregation induced by low and high doses of ADP. One to 2 hours after neutralization of heparin with protamine sulfate all abnormal test results improved, but the template bleeding time was markedly prolonged in 10 patients. There was no correlation between length of bypass and platelet fall and between concentration of circulating fibrin degradation products and extent of platelet dysfunction. An apparent correlation was found between the length of the postoperative bleeding time and the number of units of blood transfued during surgery. The results of this study suggest that dilution of the patient's own platelets by nonviable platelets contained in 3-day-old transfused ACD blood and the production of a refractory state of the patient's circulating platelets to ADP induced aggregation played a significant role in the development of platelet function abnormalities during extracorporeal circulation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2001

[Monitoring of cerebral oxygenation status with near-infrared spectroscopy during inferior vena caval reconstruction under extracorporeal circulation].

We report two cases of anesthetic management with monitoring by near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with renal cell carcinoma and with adrenal cortical carcinoma, who had tumor thrombus invading into the inferior vena cava. In inferior vena caval reconstruction, extracorporeal circulation such as veno-veno bypass or cardiopulmonary bypass is frequently required. The hemodynamic unstability under extracorporeal circulation may lead to severe cerebral damage, especially in elderly patients. We monitored cerebral oxygenation state during reconstruction of the vena cava by near-infrared spectroscopy. One patient underwent surgery with veno-veno bypass and another patient with partial cardiopulmonary bypass. Oxygenated hemoglobin decreased during extracorporeal circulation, especially during the use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass compared with veno-veno bypass. However, these decreased oxygenated hemoglobin was restored rapidly at the end of extracorporeal circulation. Both patients showed no post-operative neurological complication. We concluded that near-infrared spectroscopy, which is continuous and non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation status, is one of the useful monitors during extracorporeal circulation.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Development of early uteroplacental circulation.

A crucial event in human development is trophoblast invasion, a process that will enable chorionic and maternal circulations to develop in a synchronized fashion. Early embryo and trophoblast are very sensitive to the conditions in which they grow, and progressive development of placental circulations is essential for normal pregnancy development. It has been demonstrated that inadequate trophoblast invasion is a major finding in many clinical deleterious conditions facing the obstetrician. Pathologic studies of placentas of pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction or preeclampsia demonstrate shallow trophoblast invasion of the spiral arteries. This has also been seen in early spontaneous miscarriages. In our study, we used color Doppler sonography to assess the uteroplacental circulation and predict outcome of first-trimester gestations. One hundred women with viable pregnancies of 7 to 12 weeks gestational age were prospectively evaluated. Color Doppler imaging was used to identify the location of blood flow within the uteroplacental circulation, and spectral Doppler imaging was used to analyze waveforms obtained from the decidual spiral arteries. Abnormal color Doppler findings were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of complicated pregnancies. Among women with abnormal Doppler findings, 12 (43%) of 28 pregnancies ended in miscarriage, whereas among women with normal findings only one (1.4%) of 72 women miscarried (p<.055). This study indicates that abnormal flow patterns of the early uteroplacental circulation due most likely to abnormal trophoblast invasion are associated with an increased prevalence of pregnancy complications. What causes inadequate invasion remains a mystery. Abnormal nitric oxide synthesis, due to possible endothelial cell dysfunction, has been demonstrated in some of these complicated pregnancies but, whether this is cause of effect, is not known. Every step of embryonal-maternal interaction from fertilization and onward has major implications on subsequent development of embryo, fetus, neonate and adult human being. Trophoblast invasions and transformation of the spiral arteries are possibly the most significant interactions and will have the most profound effect on pregnancy development.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Changes in the presence of multiple markers of circulating melanoma cells correlate with clinical outcome in patients with melanoma.

PURPOSE: Melanoma cells can be found in the circulation of patients with melanoma. The following study was conducted to examine whether changes in their presence could provide an early marker of response to therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We measured the presence of several markers of melanoma cells in the peripheral blood of 118 patients with resected stage IIb, III, or IV melanoma before and after immunotherapy with a polyvalent, shed antigen, melanoma vaccine using reverse transcription-PCR assays for tyrosinase, gp100, MART-1, and MAGE-3. Assays were conducted at baseline and after 3, 5, and 11 months of therapy. RESULTS: Overall, 47% of patients were positive for at least one marker during the study. Before vaccine treatment, circulating melanoma cell markers were present in 23% of patients. After 5 and 7 months of vaccine therapy, the proportion of patients with circulating markers decreased by 27% and 55%, respectively (P for trend = 0.02). The recurrence-free survival of patients whose melanoma cell markers disappeared during vaccine treatment was significantly longer than that of patients in whom they increased, i.e., the percentage of patients who were recurrence free at 1 year was 80% versus 58% (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with a polyvalent melanoma vaccine was associated with clearance of melanoma cell markers from the circulation, and the clearance was associated with an improved prognosis. These findings suggest that the sequential assay of tumor cells in the circulation by reverse transcription-PCR may provide an early indication of the effectiveness of cancer therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Influence of hypothermia and extracorporeal circulation on transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) in children operated on for various heart defects (I)].

The aim of this study was to determine influence of extracorporeal circulation and body temperature on transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) in children operated on for various heart defects. The investigated group consisted of 44 children (average age 9.3 +/- 5.9 years). TEOAEs were measured one day before and 7-8 days following surgery. Statistical analysis revealed the influence of duration of extracorporeal circulation and depth of hypothermia on TEOAEs assessed following surgery. TEOAEs showed tendency to decrease in patients who were operated in long lasting extracorporeal circulation in normothermia. Such a tendency was not observed in patients operated in temperatures between 30-35 degrees C and extracorporeal circulation time between 1-2 hours. This observation confirms that hypothermia has a protective role for the cochlea and could prevent its damage during long lasting operations performed in extracorporeal circulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Reinforcing qi and promoting blood circulation to prevent hepatic fibrosis due to bovine serum albumin immunologic injury].

44 Wistar female rats were divided randomly into 4 groups--normal control(I), case control (II), reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation(III) and nourishing Yin and promoting blood circulation(IV). After 4 times of bovine serum albumin (BSA) shock injection, the group III and the group IV were medicated through gastric intubation for 40 days respectively with 300% mixture of reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation and 300% mixture of nourishing Yin and promoting blood circulation. The results suggest the mixture of reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation has the function of alleviating pathological changes of liver, reducing the content of liver collagen, improving erythrocytic function of clearing away immune complexes and regulating humoral immune response.

Animals↗