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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Opposites attract: the role of predicate dimensionality in preschool children's processing of negations.

Three experiments investigated the role of oppositional predicate dimensionality in four- and five-year-old children's processing of negation. In Experiment 1 children (37 four-year-olds, mean age 4;8, and 20 five-year-olds, mean age 5;9) were asked to produce opposites for common terms (e.g. 'big'). In Experiment 2 children (27 four-year-olds, mean age 4;8; 23 five-year-olds, mean age 5;9) were asked to make pictures corresponding to statements phrased as negations (e.g. The arrow is NOT pointing up). In Experiment 3, children were asked to evaluate a series of pictures made by 'another child' using materials and procedures similar to those used in Experiment 2. Preschool children made use of predicate dimensionality when producing negations but could accurately evaluate truth-values regardless of content. Children often recalled negated items as affirmations (usually corresponding to antipodal opposites), which suggests that children's use of predicate dimensionality contributes to non-classical processing.

Child Language↗
PubMed2003

Phonological neighbourhoods in the developing lexicon.

Structural analyses of developing lexicons have provided evidence for both children's holistic lexical representations and sensitivity to phonetic segments. In the present investigation, neighbourhood analyses of two children's (age 3;6) expressive lexicons, maternal input, and an adult lexicon were conducted. In addition to raw counts and frequency-weighted counts, neighbourhood size was calculated as the proportion of the lexicon to which each target word is similar, to normalize for vocabulary size differences. These analyses revealed that children's lexicons contain more similar sounding words than previous analyses indicated. Further, neighbourhoods appear denser earlier in development relative to vocabulary size, presumably because children first learn words with more frequent sounds and sound combinations. Neighbourhood density as a proportion of the size of the lexicon then decreases over development as children acquire words with less frequent sounds and sound combinations. These findings suggest that positing fundamentally different lexical representations for children may be premature.

Child↗
PubMed1992

[Computer-assisted speech training for aphasic patients--STACH and WEGE--in a self-help group].

Reported is our experience with two computer programmes for aphasic people (language loss after stroke). The STACH and WEGE programmes combine data banks of written language, pictures, and auditory speech output (delta modulation/Audicard 300 E by Speech Design, Munich) using MS-DOS. Special attention is given to the social environment, the patients' families and the context of self-help groups, who show great interest in this new facility for speech-training.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In the line of fire.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

The performance of South African English first language child speakers on a "low linguistically loaded" central auditory processing test protocol.

The lack of standardized tests for central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) in South Africa (SA) led to the formation of a SA CAPD Taskforce, and the interim development of a "Low Linguistically Loaded" CAPD test protocol using test recordings from the 'Tonal and Speech Materials for Auditory Perceptual Assessment Disc 2.0'. This study compared the performance of 50 SA English first language child speakers (aged 8 to 12 years of age) on this protocol, with the previously published American normative data of Bellis (1996, 2003). Results with respect to predicted pass criteria as calculated by mean-2SD cutoffs, suggested that the SA speakers performed of a lower level than the American speakers by an average of 5.3% per ear for the two pair dichotic digits test, 1.9 dB for the masking level difference test, 8.8% per ear for the frequency pattern test--humming report, 14.5% per ear for the frequency patterns test--verbal report, and 39.7% per ear for the low pass filtered speech test. Consequently, the Bellis (1996, 2003) data was not considered appropriate for immediate use as normative data in SA. Instead, the preliminary data provided in this study was recommended as interim normative data for SA English first language child speakers until larger scale SA normative data can be obtained.

Audiometry, Speech↗
PubMed2004

Violence, sex and profanity in films: correlation of movie ratings with content.

CONTEXT: Children's exposure to violence, sexual themes, profanity, and the depiction of substances in movies remains a source of parental and public health concern. However, limited research quantifies the correlations between movie content, ratings, and economics or addresses the issue of ratings "creep." OBJECTIVES: To characterize available information about violence, sex, and profanity content of movies as a function of rating; quantitatively explore the relationships between content, ratings, and economic information; compare the amount of violence in animated and non-animated G-rated films; and test for a trend of decreased stringency of rating criteria (ie, "ratings creep") as a function of time. DESIGN: We developed a complete database of movie ratings available from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) to characterize the content information (including any indicated reasons noted for ratings) for all movies released between January 1, 1992 and December 31, 2003. We then added to the database the three Kids-in-Mind content-based scores for: (1) violence and gore, (2) sex and nudity, and (3) profanity; and the 15 categories of information from Screen It!, which began providing information in mid-1996. Finally, we obtained information on gross revenues and movie budgets from the IMDbPro. We performed statistical analyses to correlate the content-based scores with the overall rating and rating reasons assigned by the MPAA; to test the hypothesis that age-based ratings became less stringent over time; to explore correlations between film content, ratings, and available economic information; to compare the amount of violence in animated and non-animated G-rated films; and to characterize the available information about the depiction of substances in films. MAIN OUTCOME OF MEASURES: Description of movie ratings, correlation of content with rating, and statistical results. RESULTS: Comparing the content-based scores for different movie ratings, we find large variability exists in the types of content that receive different MPAA ratings, and good correlation between the content-based scores assigned by Kids-in-Mind and Screen It! The MPAA rating reasons correlate with higher scores assigned to content-based ratings, and the number of reasons indicated increases with the age-based rating category. We found significantly higher rated content in movies as a function of time, suggesting that the MPAA applied less stringency in its age-based ratings over time for the period of 1992-2003. Animated films rated G by the MPAA received a significantly higher content-based score for violence on average than non-animated films rated G (P < .05). With respect to information about the depiction of substances, the MPAA mentioned alcohol or drugs in its rating reason for 226 films (18%), while Screen It! identified depiction or use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or drugs in 1211 films (95%), including 26 of the 51 G-rated films (51%). We found significantly higher gross revenues for PG-13- and R-rated films when comparing films that received an MPAA rating reason for violence compared with those films that did not (P < .001 based on 2-sided t-tests with unequal variances for both of the separate tests of PG-13- and R-rated films). CONCLUSIONS: Parents and physicians should be aware that movies with the same rating can differ significantly in the amount and types of potentially objectionable content. Age-based ratings alone do not provide good information about the depiction of violence, sex, profanity, and other content, and the criteria for rating movies became less stringent over the last decade. The MPAA rating reasons provide important information about content, but they do not identify all types of content found in films and they may particularly miss the depiction of substances.

Child↗
PubMed1991

[Postoperative analgesia using propacetamol].

Postoperative analgesia using propacetamol was studied in 50 patients, 42 +/- 16 years old, after little or moderate surgery. Two grams of propacetamol in intravenous perfusion were administered every six hours. Three scales were utilized to note the intensity of the pain (simple verbal, behavioral and visual analogue scales), before the first injection and, one, four, six hours after. From this study, satisfactory analgesic efficiency and good tolerance of propacetamol were established.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A process evaluation of a required primary care clerkship.

A process evaluation was implemented to guide faculty in developing a new required primary care clerkship. During the first eight months of the clerkship, 23 medical students were observed in a time and motion analysis and a study of the verbal content of the precepting interactions as students presented their patients to a preceptor. Students spent an average of 44% of their clinic time in examination rooms with patients, 21% interacting with preceptors and 13% waiting without interaction. The verbal behaviors accounting for 80% of the student-preceptor interaction time were case presentations (50%), direct or indirect questioning (16%), and making recommendations for management (13%).

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1991

Avoiding heterosexual bias in language. Committee on Lesbian and Gay Concerns.

This article presents suggestions for avoiding heterosexual bias in language concerning lesbians, gay men, and bisexual persons. Problems in language occur when terminology is unclear or when terminology has been associated with negative stereotypes. The article suggests preferred terminology and also presents ways of increasing the visibility of lesbians, gay men, and bisexual persons in language.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Effects of mother-infant social interactions on infants' subsequent contingency task performance.

20 3-month-old infants participated in a nonsocial contingency task immediately following a social interaction with their mothers. A measure of the time the dyads spent in a state of vocal turn-taking predicted individual differences in the infants' subsequent performance on the contingency task. These results parallel the social transfer effects we reported earlier in which the turn-taking dimension of social structure was experimentally manipulated to assess its effect on a subsequent nonsocial contingency task.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

The greeting behavior of fragile X males.

Mentally retarded males with a fragile site on the X chromosome (Xq27) were observed to exhibit a highly idiosyncratic but well-coordinated, stereotypic form of gaze avoidance during greeting ceremonies that involved the whole upper body. A comparison group of persons with other etiologically defined syndromes of mental retardation did not. Results suggest that the aberrant greeting behavior may be uniquely associated with one syndrome of mental retardation with a defined genetic etiology. The behavior pattern does not appear until middle childhood, however, and its developmental induction remains to be explained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Nonverbal communications and psychotherapy].

The authors review the research on non-verbal communications in therapy; they distinguish between psychoanalytic, psychiatric, phenomenological and ecosystemic approaches and compare their respective methodologies. They show that the structural approach is the most advanced as far as systematic description of non-verbal behavior is concerned and therefore is presently the most promising for the inference of the therapeutic process.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Communicative, sensorimotor, and language skills of young children with Down syndrome.

The transition from preverbal to verbal communication of retarded and nonretarded children was explored in a prospective, longitudinal study. Mental development was tested at ages 13 months and at 2 and 3 years. At age 2 years, the MA of the retarded subjects matched the MA of the nonretarded at 13 months. Sensorimotor development of the retarded children at 2 and 3 years of age was assessed by the Uzgiris-Hunt scales. Splitting the sample according to whether or not the retarded subjects had reached Sensorimotor Stage 6 at age 3 yielded differential results on concurrent language skills. Pragmatic skills measured at age 2 for the retarded subjects were deficient as compared with such skills assessed at 13 months for the nonretarded subjects. Results seem to support the postulate of a skill-specific homology in the transition from preverbal to verbal communication.

Child Development↗