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PubMedDate not supplied

Color vision deficiencies: a common sign of intoxication in chronically digoxin-treated patients.

On the basis of anamnestic data from digitalis-intoxicated patients, rates of general disorders of vision between 6 and 20% have been reported. We used a psychophysical method, an automatically evaluated Farnsworth's Munsell 100-Hue Test, to detect color vision deficiencies in patients who received beta-methyldigoxin or beta-acetyldigoxin for at least 4 weeks as maintenance therapy. Patients were subgrouped according to serum digoxin concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay. There was a significant correlation between extent and rate of color vision deficiencies and serum digoxin concentrations. About 80% of the intoxicated patients showed generalized color vision deficiencies.

Acetyldigoxins↗
PubMed1981

Xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic disc neovascularization. Part 2. Effect on colour vision.

Patients with long-standing diabetes develop acquired colour vision defects in parallel with retinal vascular changes. This may take the form of an overall loss of hue discrimination or a specific tritan (blue) defect. A battery of colour vision tests can be used to monitor the different features of diabetic retinopathy and to assess the effects of treatment. Diabetic disc new vessels form when approximately a quarter of the retina is ischaemic. The colour vision defect in these patients is usually severe and is frequently tritanopic. The effect of both argon laser and xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation is to increase the severity of the colour defect. All the eyes examined were tritanopic after treatment and did not recover during the 12-month follow-up period. The severity of this acquired colour vision defect can result in practical difficulties for the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A review of vision physiology.

As one of the most important aspects of aviation physiology, vision is a virtual sine qua non of the aviation field. A basic understanding of vision is vitally important in the field of aviation medicine. Following is a summary of some aspects of visual physiology, including visual acuity, night vision, dark adaptation, and acceleration effects on vision.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1981

Color vision defects in retinitis pigmentosa.

Sixty-seven patients with retinitis pigmentosa underwent color vision testing with the Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test. Results showed both similarities and differences among different genetic types. The presence of an atrophic-appearing foveal lesion found in individual cases served as a reliable indicator of performance on color vision testing as did a reduction in visual acuity to less than 20/30. When no foveal lesion was apparent in patients with visual acuity better than 20/30, patients with autosomal dominant disease showed superior performance on color vision testing when compared to autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and isolated cases. Regardless of genetic type, the FM 100-hue test was more sensitive in detecting poor color vision performance than the Nagel anomaloscope.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Panel D-15 test under reduced illumination for persons with color vision defects].

We evaluated the panel D-15 test under reduced illumination in subjects with color vision deficiency and in normal subjects. Forty subjects with color vision deficiency (3 protanopes, 10 protanomalies, 10 deuteranopes, 7 extreme deuteranomalies and 10 deuteranomalies) and 10 normal subjects were the subjects for the experiment. Seven light levels ranging from 0.9 to 900 lux were used. All normal subjects passed the test at 3.5 lux or more and 30% failed at 0.9 lux. Color vision defective subjects began to fail the test at 225 lux, with 56% failing at 3.5 lux and 92% at 0.9 lux. The performance on the panel D-15 test decreased in proportion to decreasing the illumination in some color vision defective subjects. Some protanomalous subjects showed a deutan pattern at low illumination levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Landing from a jump: the role of vision when landing from known and unknown heights.

This study investigated the modulation of prelanding muscle activity with normal or perturbed vision under conditions where jump height was known or unknown. Lower leg electromyography (EMG) was monitored while subjects jumped from a constant (0.45 m) or variable (0.35-0.55 m) heights when vision was unaltered or perturbed by a strobe light, blackened goggles or a visual conflict dome. Results indicated that visual perturbations had a global effect on muscle onsets only when height was randomized. Randomization rather than jump height also affected the onset patterns observed for normal vision jumps. It is suggested that strategies for triggering prelanding EMG are mutable and may depend on availability of sensory modalities and impact force estimation as well as on vision.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[An epidemiologic survey of blindness and low vision in persons over 45 years old in Doumen County].

An epidemiologic survey of blindness and low vision in persons over 45 years old in Doumen County, Guangdong Province was carried out in 1991. The sample size was 932 subjects. We found that the impairment of vision < 0.3 accounted for 10.94%. The prevalences of bilateral blindness and low vision were 1.61% and 3.22%, respectively. Both the prevalences of blindness and low vision were increased with age. The leading cause of blindness was cataract (45.20%) and the second, corneal opacity (16.70%).

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Occupational testing of near vision.

The quality of near vision depends on distance visual acuity, accommodation capability and near vision correction, and cannot therefore be expressed in acuity values. Most near vision tests do not recognize this, and the lack in standardization should be mainly attributed to this fundamental shortcoming. A new test, the Priegel test, with a basically different conceptual basis is introduced. Its characteristics are discussed and a comparison with existing near vision tests is made. Consequences for legal testing are drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Visual rehabilitation in low vision patients with aging macular degeneration.

Using optical visual aids, visual rehabilitation was performed in 14 cases (25 eyes) for low-vision patients with aging macular degeneration (AMD). With distance aids, visual acuity improvements were recorded for 24 eyes (95 percent) out of 25 eyes. Twelve eyes (48 percent) achieved vision equal to or better than 0.4. Utilizing near visual aids, the near visual acuity for all eyes (100 percent) were improved. Thirteen eyes (52 percent) received near vision equal to or better than 0.5. Ten patients were able to read No. 5 equal to or better than 0.5. Ten patients were able to read No. 5 Chinese print (corresponding visual angle is 0.67 at 30 cm of reading distance). The reading success rate was 71.4 percent. The results suggest that the application of visual aids is an effective method to improve the distance and near visual acuity of low vision patients with AMD.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Low vision: the physician's role in rehabilitation and referral.

Decreased vision in older adults is extremely common and carries a wide range of functional and emotional implications. Primary care physicians play an important part in helping patients realize that low vision or even total vision loss does not mean an end to most of life's activities. You can recommend magnifiers and other devices that enhance vision as well as nonoptical devices that help patients rely on other senses. Your role also includes providing emotional support and making referrals to a rehabilitation clinic or support group when appropriate.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Vision quality of elderly Oklahomans.

The purposes of this study are to determine if age related visual changes are affecting the ability of older adults to perform everyday tasks, to identify histories of eye diseases/eye surgeries, and to document eye care practices. Our sample was obtained from the Third Age Life Center at Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City. The survey was mailed to 14,856 members; 848 (6%) surveys were returned. Over 84% of the respondents have never been diagnosed with dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy. Sixty percent rated their health and vision quality as good. Females expressed more vision problems than males. Advanced age (75 years or older) did increase likelihood of experiencing eye diseases and vision difficulties. The majority of respondents in this study appear to be experiencing healthy vision with minimal age-related changes and have not been diagnosed with the eye diseases characteristic of this age group. Evidence of regular eye examinations was reported, with 33% of the respondents reporting having eye exams once a year and 33% twice a year.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Establishment of comprehensive low vision services in Michigan.

The AOA Low Vision Section presented its distinguished service award to the Michigan Commission for the Blind during the Section's 10th anniversary celebration at the 95th AOA Congress in Montreal. A progressive low vision service delivery system has evolved in Michigan over the past 22 years with optometry identified as the provider of clinical low vision care. The development of this system is described as the relationship between the Michigan Optometric Association, Michigan Commission for the Blind, and other multidisciplinary agencies is explained. Strategies for serving the visually impaired pediatric, career/vocationally aged, elderly and multiply handicapped populations in Michigan are highlighted. This historical review offers ideas for future planning as optometric low vision services are integrated into other state programs.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Low vision rehabilitation of multiple sclerosis: a case report.

A 34-year-old white male presented with a previous diagnosis of optic atrophy secondary to multiple sclerosis, seeking low vision rehabilitation. This case report is presented to illustrate the importance of prescribing both conventional optical low vision devices, as well as computer low vision aids in order to provide comprehensive low vision rehabilitation for a young visually impaired adult.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Different uses of chromatic signals in patients with congenital and acquired colour vision deficiencies.

Chromatic signals can be used to generate perceived colour and also to detect spatially structured objects defined only by chromatic differences. These two attributes have previously been investigated in dichromats and cerebral achromatopsic patients using a new colour vision test developed at City University that makes possible the isolation of pure chromatic signals (Barbur et al. Proc. R. Soc. London B 258, 327-334, 1994). We have investigated acquired colour vision changes in a 69-year-old patient, after conventional colour vision tests gave ambiguous results. His ability to detect an object using chromatic signals was impaired more than his ability to detect a colour change, and this impairment was greater in the right eye than in the left eye. This dissociation suggests parallel pathways may be involved in the two processes of coding chromatic signals. Recent neurological testing on the same patient has indicated the onset of multiple sclerosis. Our much earlier finding based on colour vision testing may therefore have useful diagnostic implications.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of vision and ocular disease conditions in a clinical pediatric population.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to fill a significant void in the ophthalmic literature by performing a large scale, comprehensive, prospective study of the prevalence of vision disorders and ocular pathology in a clinical pediatric population using well-defined diagnostic criteria. METHODS: A prospective study was performed on 2,023 consecutive patients between the ages of 6 months and 18 years presenting for an initial comprehensive examination at the Eye Institute of The Pennsylvania College of Optometry. There were 373 subjects between 6 months and 5 years, 11 months of age, and 1,650 subjects between 6 years and 18 years of age. RESULTS: The most important finding from this study is that other than refractive anomalies, the most common conditions optometrists are likely to encounter in a pediatric population are binocular vision and accommodative disorders. The prevalence of accommodative and binocular (strabismic and non-strabismic) vision disorders is 9.7 times greater than the prevalence of ocular disease in children 6 months to 5 years of age, and 8.5 times greater than the prevalence of ocular disease in children 6 to 18 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study has great significance for clinicians, optometric educational institutions, health care planners, and administrators. This data suggests that other than refractive anomalies, the most prevalent conditions in the clinical pediatric population are binocular and accommodative disorders. Clinicians should use a minimum data base that includes assessments of accommodation and binocular vision that will allow them to detect conditions with the highest prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Iowa's pediatric low vision services.

BACKGROUND: Reports in the literature concerning the evaluation and low vision management of visually impaired children are limited, resulting in a lack of information about the characteristics and needs of this population. METHODS: A review was performed of 762 children evaluated over a 14-year period in a low vision clinic program coordinated by the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School. RESULTS: The age, sex, ocular condition, best corrected visual acuity, habitual near point working distance, and optical devices recommended for use by these children were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing, comprehensive multidisciplinary low vision services are necessary to help children with visual impairments meet their educational, vocational and avocational needs. With ongoing low vision care unnecessary costs-such as those for large print material-can be avoided, therefore creating a significant savings to local or state educational services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Color vision measured with pseudoisochromatic plates at five-and-a-half years in eyes of children from the CRYO-ROP study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of color deficits at age 5 1/2 years in preterm children with birth weights of less than 1251 g who participated in the multicenter Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. METHODS: Two cohorts of CRYO-ROP participants served as subjects: 1055 children who participated in a long-term study of the natural history of ROP at 5 of the 23 CRYO-ROP centers, and 187 children (from all 23 study centers) who had threshold ROP in both eyes and who were randomized to receive cryotherapy in 1 eye. Monocular color vision was tested at age 5 1/2 years, using the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates, part 2 (SPP2) for acquired color vision defects. RESULTS: In the Natural History cohort, prevalence of red-green (R-G) color deficits was 6.6% for males and 1.0% for females, similar to that of the general adult population. Prevalence of blue-yellow (B-Y) color deficits was 2.8% for males and 2.2% for females, more than 200 times that in the general adult population. Prevalence of B-Y deficits was not related to birth weight, gestational age, acute-phase ROP, optic atrophy, or retinal residua of ROP, but was related to visual acuity. In the Threshold ROP cohort, color vision deficits were no more likely in eyes that had received cryotherapy than in control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm an increased prevalence of B-Y deficits in children born before term, and provide evidence that the increased prevalence is not related to birth weight, gestational age, or severity of ROP within this group of preterm children. No evidence was found to indicate that cryotherapy increased the rate of color vision deficits in eyes with threshold ROP.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1996

Cone-specific measures of human color vision.

PURPOSE: To describe a new test of color vision (cone-specific contrast sensitivity) and to evaluate its sensitivity in comparison to standard clinical tests. METHODS: Cone-specific colored letter charts were generated by computer and displayed on a color monitor. Each chart consists of colored letters that are most visible at the top but that gradually fade into a gray background. Cone contrast varies systematically on each chart so that letters are visible to only one cone type (L, M, or S cone). Cone-specific letter contrast sensitivity was measured in 30 color normals and 13 subjects with hereditary color deficiency. Values were compared to standard measures of color vision. RESULTS: In color normals, mean log contrast sensitivity was approximately the same on L-cone (1.84 +/- 0.08 log contrast sensitivity) and M-cone (1.87 +/- 0.08) tests but was reduced on the S-cone test (0.89 +/- 0.15) because of the fewer number of S-cones in the human retina. Subjects with red color deficiency showed significantly reduced contrast sensitivity on the L-cone test but normal performance on M- and S-cone tests. Subjects with green color deficiency showed decreased contrast sensitivity limited to the M-cone test. When standardized relative to variability, cone contrast sensitivity identified color deficiency unequivocally in all subjects, whereas FM 100 hue error scores detected 9 of 13 subjects with color deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Cone-specific contrast sensitivity provides a quantitative measure of normal color vision and indicates both type and severity of color deficiency. It is useful for diagnosing hereditary color deficiency and for monitoring early color vision loss in ocular and systemic disease.

Adult↗