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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Towards genetic manipulation of wild mosquito populations to combat malaria: advances and challenges.

Malaria kills millions of people every year, yet there has been little progress in controlling this disease. For transmission to occur, the malaria parasite has to complete a complex developmental cycle in the mosquito. The mosquito is therefore a potential weak link in malaria transmission, and generating mosquito populations that are refractory to the parasite is a potential means of controlling the disease. There has been considerable progress over the last decade towards developing the tools for creating a refractory mosquito. Accomplishments include germline transformation of several important mosquito vectors, the completed genomes of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and the identification of promoters and effector genes that confer resistance in the mosquito. These tools have provided researchers with the ability to engineer a refractory mosquito vector, but there are fundamental gaps in our knowledge of how to transfer this technology safely and effectively into field populations. This review considers strategies for interfering with Plasmodium development in the mosquito, together with issues related to the transfer of laboratory-acquired knowledge to the field, such as minimization of transgene fitness load to the mosquito, driving genes through populations, avoiding the selection of resistant strains, and how to produce and release populations of males only.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off.

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral-parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2003

Photochemically enhanced gene delivery with cationic lipid formulations.

Entrapment and degradation of transfecting DNA in endocytic vesicles often hampers the use of lipidic vectors for gene delivery purposes. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technology for achieving light-induced release of DNA trapped inside these vesicles, and therefore represents a way of overcoming the endocytic membrane barrier and improving gene transfer. The technology is based on utilising photosensitizers which localise in the membranes of endocytic vesicles, causing photochemical damages that rupture the vesicles upon illumination. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of PCI on transfection mediated by the cationic lipid N-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide (betaAE-DMRIE), with or without the helper lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). It was shown that PCI has no effect on betaAE-DMRIE mediated transfection, whereas it significantly enhances transfection mediated by the combination of betaAE-DMRIE and DOPE. The effect of PCI was highly dependent on the timing of illumination relative to the time of DNA delivery, both regarding the sequence of, and the time between, these two treatments.

Cations↗
PubMed1994

Towards engineering proteins by site-directed incorporation in vivo of non-natural amino acids.

Altering protein structure via the techniques of protein engineering has already allowed the development of proteins displaying both modified and novel activities. The only limitation of conventional site-directed mutagenesis, the cornerstone of protein engineering, is that substitutions are restricted to the 20 naturally occurring, proteinogenic amino acids. However, the discovery of a 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, and the development of novel in vitro translation systems have demonstrated that considerably more substitutions are possible. To this end, a number of experimental approaches have been developed that allow the incorporation of synthetic amino acids into proteins. Some of these have already been successfully applied in vitro and efforts to transfer this technology to in vivo systems are now underway.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Strengthening antivenom production in Central and South American public laboratories: report of a workshop.

A workshop on antivenom production in Central and South American public laboratories was performed at Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from June 12 to June 16, 2006, under the auspices of the program CYTED. The activity was attended by representatives of public laboratories from Costa Rica, Colombia, Perú, Bolivia, Brazil, and Uruguay. Representatives of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health also participated in the workshop. The political, institutional and technological issues related with antivenom manufacture and distribution in these countries were discussed. Current problems on antivenom production and distribution were analyzed, and the need to strengthen collaborative links between countries was stressed, particularly regarding training programs, transfer of technology, and distribution of antivenoms, with the involvement of the Pan American Health Organization and the WHO. Future workshops on other relevant issues, such as quality control and regulatory policies, are being planned, together with collaborative research efforts between the laboratories.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A simple approach to sensor discovery and fabrication on self-assembled monolayers on glass.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on glass were used as a platform to sequentially deposit fluorophores and small molecules for ion sensing. The preorganization provided by the surface avoids the need for complex receptor design, allowing for a combinatorial approach to sensing systems based on small molecules. The resulting libraries are easily measured and show varied responses to a series of both cations and anions. This technology is transferable from the macro- to the microscale both via microcontact printing (microCP), where the fluorophore is printed onto a glass surface, and via direct attachment of the fluorophore to microchannel walls. The ease of miniaturization of this technology may make the generation of a wide variety of simple yet efficient microarrays possible.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[Putting it into practice is difficult. A qualitative study on the theory-practice transfer in the case of kinesthetics].

The theory-practice-gap in nursing is a well-known phenomenon. However, to date there is only very little well-founded evidence in nursing research available on this topic, especially in the context of the FRG. Therefore, a qualitative nursing research project, oriented by the methods of Grounded Theory, on theory transfer into practice using the example of a continuing in-service education program on kinesthetics in nursing was carried out that aimed at examining factors that influence the implementation of kinesthetics into nursing practice. After the program, the researcher conducted mainly semi-structured interviews with the participants about their experiences with using what they had learned in their daily work on the ward. As part of the results, the impact of the category "attributes of kinesthetics" on the theory-practice-transfer of the participants in the continuing education program on the topic will be shown. That is to say something about whether the fact that kinesthetics is perceived as practical, strange and exotic, connected with closeness, or as difficult or risky, has an influence on the use of newly learned knowledge in practice. Finally, the relation of this category to the key-category "working in knowledge and new things" will be shown. The findings of this study suggest that putting emphasis on transfer of knowledge alone is not sufficient to account for the complex structure of the process of theory-practice-transfer.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Free Trade Agreement and environmental health in Mexico].

This work offers an overview of the state of the art and future state of environmental health in our country from a viewpoint of the impact of the commercial opening established in the Free Trade Agreement among Mexico, the USA, and Canada. In the first section of this work, we analyze the expected economic changes resulting from the implementation of the FTA and foretells the way in which those changes will influence the present environmental and epidemiologic profiles of this country in the medium and long term. The main changes predicted by the analysis are, in the epidemiologic context, the acceleration of the transference of occupational, consumption, environmental and population risks, characteristic of industrialized countries, to the country's polarized epidemiologic profile; and, in the environmental context, a transition consisting of a broadening and composition of the spectrum of pollutants, including and important lagging of bacteriologic control. The second section offers an analysis of the predicted response capacity facing the new environmental risk dynamics in the country, encompassing regulation, normativeness and enforcement of environmental and consumer protection, as well as obstacles found in health services to the implementation of surveillance, detection and treatment of health damages caused by environmental factors. The analysis of the organized social response to these problems discloses a relative flexibility of the normativeness and enforcement functions in comparison with our northern neighbors, a paramount factor for the possible transference of environmental risks, as well as the informational and research deficiency about environmental issues, basic elements for sustaining environmental health in the country, aiming at speeding up the development and transference of technologies for prevention, detection and management of environmental risks in the country, drawing upon the systematization of our experience and that of our neighbors. This speeding process ought to match, in the medium term, the velocity of risk transference produced by the commercial opening. In this way, the commercial integration of North America will become a favorable context for the development of the environmental health infrastructure of the country.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increasing productivity and quality of care: robot-aided neuro-rehabilitation.

This paper presents an overview of our research in robot-aided stroke neuro-rehabilitation and recovery. At the onset of this research we had to confront squarely (and solve!) a critical question: If anatomy is destiny, can we influence it? Our efforts over the last five years have been focused on answering this question and we will present a few of our clinical results from over 2,000 hours of robot-aided therapy with 76 stroke patients. To determine if exercise therapy influences plasticity and recovery of the brain following a stroke, we needed the appropriate "microscope" that would allow us to concomitantly control the amount of therapy delivered to a patient, while objectively measuring patient's performance. Back-driveable robots are the key enabling technology. Our results to date using common clinical scales suggest that robot-aided sensorimotor training does have a genuinely positive effect on reduction of impairment and the reorganization of the adult brain. Yet while clinical scales can help us to examine the impact in the neuro-recovery process, their coarse nature requires extensive and time-consuming trials, and on top of that they fail to show us details important for optimizing therapy. Alternative, robot-based scales offer the potential benefit of new finer measurements-and deeper insight into the process of recovery from neurological injury. We also plan to use present technology to establish the practicality and economic feasibility of clinician-supervised, robot-administered therapy, including classroom therapy. We feel quite optimistic that the march of progress will accelerate substantially in the near future and allow us to transfer this technology from the research realm to the everyday treatment of stroke survivors.

Efficiency↗